托福考试真题2013330托福考试阅读机经

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！第一篇：AgriculturalManagementintheLateAztecsociety版本一：一个什么地区的农业问题。讲了农业上三个问题，假设是ABC吧。A是家庭就可以完成。B是灌溉，建设起来工程大，维护起来很费力，是政府介入的，几个城市还是分别独立的不影响。C是既有A的特点又有B的特点(这句话有改写题，改写成：C像B一样建设和维护起来很麻烦需要政府的力量，也像A一样后期可以家庭就可以实现不需要政府的力量)。版本二：第一篇：mesoamerica的农业，讲那个地方的人农业很密集，但都是各户耕种就足以自足了，后来又有政府神马的公众机构涉入，建造和maintain河道(好像是河道)AztecAgricultureFarmingprovidedthebasisoftheAztececonomy.Thelandaroundthelakeswasfertilebutnotlargeenoughtoproducefoodforthepopulation,whichexpandedsteadilyastheempiregrew.Tomakemorelandsuitableforfarming,theAztecdevelopedirrigationsystems,formedterracesonhillsides,andusedfertilizertoenrichthesoil.Theirmostimportantagriculturaltechnique,however,wastoreclaimswampylandaroundthelakesbycreatingchinampas,orartificialislandsthatareknownpopularlyas“floatinggardens.”Tomakethechinampas,theAztecdugcanalsthroughthemarshyshoresandislands,thenheapedthemudonhugematsmadeofwovenreeds.Theyanchoredthematsbytyingthemtopostsdrivenintothelakebedandplantingtreesattheircornersthattookrootandsecuredtheislandspermanently.Onthesefertileislandstheygrewcorn,squash,vegetables,andflowers.Aztecfarmershadnoplowsorworkanimals.Theyplantedcropsinsoftsoilusingpointedsticks.Cornwastheirprincipalcrop.Womengroundthecornintoacoarsemealbyrubbingitwithagrindingstonecalledamanoagainstaflatstonecalledametate.Fromthecornmeal,theAztecmadeflatcorncakescalledtortillas,whichwastheirprincipalfood.Othercropsincludedbeans,squash,chilipeppers,avocados,andtomatoes.TheAztecraisedturkeysanddogs,whichwereeatenbythewealthy;theyalsoraisedducks,geese,andquail.Aztecfarmershadmanyusesforthemagueyplant(alsoknownastheagave),whichgrewinthewildtoenormoussize.Thesapwasusedtomakeabeerlikedrinkcalledpulque,thethornsservedasneedles,theleaveswereusedasthatchfortheconstructionofdwellings,andthefibersweretwistedintoropeorwovenintocloth.AztecSocietyAgricultureThepre-conquestAztecswereanempirethatprosperedagriculturally,andtheydidsowithoutthewheelordomesticbeastsofburden.Theyhadfourmainmethodsofagriculturethatwerequitesuccessful.Theearliest,mostbasicformofagricultureimplementedbytheAztecsisknownas“rainfallcultivation.”TheAztecsalsoimplementedterraceagricultureinhillyareas,orareasthatcouldnotbeusedfornormalfarming.Terracingallowedforanincreasedsoildepthandimpededsoilerosion.Theterraceswerebuiltbypilingupawallofstonesparalleltothecontourofthehillside.Dirtwasthenfilledin,creatingviable,flatfarmland.Therewerethreetypesofterraceagriculture,eachoneusedforspecificcircumstances.Thethreetypeswere;hillslopecontourterraces(steeperslopes),semi-terraces(gentleslopes,wallsweremadewithMagueyplantsratherthanstones),andcross-channelterraces.TerracingwasusedmostlyinthehighlandsoftheAztecempire.TheAztecsinventedthewheelfortheuseoftheirchildrenbutnotforthem.Inthevalleysoftheempire,irrigationfarmingwasused.Damsdivertedwaterfromnaturalspringstothefields.Thisallowedforharveststobesuccessfulonaregularbasis.Theprosperityofafieldwasnotdependentupontherain.IrrigationsystemshadbeeninplacelongbeforetheAztecs.However,theybuiltcanalsystemsthatwerelongerandmuchmoreelaboratethananypreviousirrigationsystems.TheyevenmanagedtodivertalargeportionoftheCuauhtitlanRivertoprovideirrigationtolargeareasoffields.Thenetworkofcanalswasaverycomplexandintricatesystem.IntheswampyregionsalongLakeXochimilco,theAztecsimplementedyetanothermethodofcropcultivation.Theybuiltwhatarecalledchinampas.Chinampasareareasofraisedland,createdfromalternatinglayersofmudfromthebottomofthelake,andplantmatter/othervegetation.These“raisedbeds”werebetween2and4meterswide,and20to40meterslong.Theyroseabout1meterabovethesurfaceofthewater,andwereseparatedbynarrowcanals,whichallowedfarmerstomovebetweenthembycanoe.Thechinampaswereextremelyfertilepiecesofland,andyielded,onaverage,sevencropsannually.Inordertoplantonthem,farmersfirstcreated“seedbeds,”orreedrafts,wheretheyplantedseedsandallowedthemtogerminate.Oncetheyhad,theywerere-plantedinthechinampas.Thiscutthegrowingtimedownconsiderably.第二篇：日本气候版本一：日本的气候，受两气流的影响，西伯利亚气流和啥，一冷一暖，有图。第一段的题问哪个不是西伯利亚冷空气带来的影响。后面说气候对农业(冬天冷不好啦夏天多雨好啦)，对居住的影响。最后一段说twomillion啥以来，人们居住从south向north了，导致农业产量不太好(这里有题，我貌似选了人们居住从south向north了，whereplants也种的好，差不多意思)版本二：日本的气候，还给了图，先是说西伯利亚冷空气的影响，后来什么降水和台风还是什么风之类的也有影响，再然后讲到气候对日本农业的影响，南北不一，一边好一边不好，具体也忘了那边好那边不好了，反正有区别(这里有题，还不止一道，细节题和排除题)，然后日本人就都挪窝到东北了貌似，因为气候和其他因素限制农业发展。本篇解析请直接回顾2013年1月26日的阅读解析的第二篇。第三篇：动物选择栖息地版本一：第一段集合了好几个词汇题。动物选择habitat。第二段有一个人做了一个实验(有题问为什么提到这个实验，我选为了挑战那一段第一句的说法)中间提了光照什么的，也有实验，结果鸟儿调整了自己的。。。(作息??)后面还说了迁徙时female鸟不想和male竞争就飞得远一点(有题为啥female飞得远)。版本二：动物选择栖息地，受多种因素控制，有一种叫photoperoid，指光照时间，讲了鸟因光照长短不同而选择不同栖息地的实验，还有避免竞争(有题，female不想和male竞争就飞得远远儿的)，然后还有predator的威胁。就这三个了貌似。HabitatSelectionCharlesDarwinvisitedtheFalklandIslandsintheSouthAtlanticduringhis1831-1836globe-girdlingexpeditioninH.M.S.Beagle.Hereported:"TwokindsofgeesefrequenttheFalklands.Theuplandspecies(Anasmagellanica)iscommon,inpairsandinsmallflocks,throughouttheisland....Therockgoose,socalledfromlivingexclusivelyonthesea-beach(Anasantarctica),iscommonbothhereandonthewestcoastofAmerica,asfarnorthasChile."Thenamesofthegeesehavesincechanged(toChloeophagapictaandC.hybrida,respectively),butthese,twocloselyrelatedspecieseachlive,asDarwindescribed,inadifferentrangeofhabitats.Ornithologistsareinterestedinansweringtwomajorquestionsabouthabitatselection--whatdeterminestherangeofhabitatsinwhichaspeciesoccurs,andhowdoeseachindividualdeterminewhenit'sinanappropriatehabitat?Thefirstquestionisevolutionary:howhasnaturalselectionshapedhabitatchoices?Thesecondisbehavioral:whatcuesdoesabirdusein"choosing"itshome?Weputchoosinginquotestoemphasizethepresumedabsenceofconsciouschoice.Indeed,someecologistsemploytheterm"habitatuseratherthan"habitatselection"toavoidtheconnotationofbirdsmakingdeliberatedecisionsamonghabitatalternatives.Birdsarenearlyidealsubjectsforstudiesofhabitatselection,becausetheyarehighlymobile,oftenmigratingthousandsofmiles(andintheprocesspassingoveranenormousrangeofenvironments),andyetordinarilyforage,breed,andwinterinveryspecifichabitats.Indeed,thelivesofsmallmigrantsongbirdsarerepletewithhabitatchoices--wheretofeed,wheretoseekamate,wheretobuildanest,wheretostoptoreplenishdepletedstoresoffatwhenmigrating,andsoon.Choicescanbesofinelytunedthatoftenthetwosexesofaspeciesusehabitatsdifferently.Ingrassland,maleHenslow'sSparrowsforagefartherfromthenestthanfemales;inwoodlands,femaleRed-eyedVireosseektheirfoodclosertotheheightoftheirnest(10-30feet),andmalesforageclosertotheheightoftheirsongperches(20-60feet).Manystudieshavedemonstratedthespecialhabitatrequirementsofdifferentspecies.BeltedKingfisherschoosenestingsitesatthosepointsalongstreamswhereparticularkindsofrifflesshelterfish.Broad-tailedHummingbirdsintheColoradoRockiesselectnestsitesunderacanopyofconiferbranches;thenighttimemicroclimateiswarmerthere,andthechanceofdaytimeoverheatingisless.Red-cockadedWoodpeckerssettleinwoodlandsofferingthetall,oldpinesinfectedwithheartwoodfungusthattheirclansrequirefornests.SpottedOwlsmayrequireahabitatthatincludescoolspotsindeepcanyonsinwhichtoroost,andFerruginousHawksselectopencountrywithlowcoverandsuitableperchsites.Somegroupsofbirdsaremuchmorehabitat-specificthanothers.Ourwoodwarblers(tribeParulini)aregenerallymuchmoretiedtocertainhabitats,andtendtorestricttheheightatwhichtheyforagemuchmorecloselythandomanyOldWorldwarblers(familySylviidae).InmostcasesthelatterdonotshowthesortofspecializationthatrestrictsthePineWarblerlargelytopineandcedargroves,andseparatesandOvenbirdandBlack-and-whiteWarbler(whichoccurinawidevarietyofvegetationtypes)byforagingpreference.Theformersearchesthegroundandthelattergleanstreetrunksandlimbs.ThebehavioraldifferencesbetweenthesuperficiallysimilarNewWorldandOldWorldwarblersindicatethatevolutionhas,toadegree,geneticallyprogrammedhabitatchoice.Butthehabitatpreferencesthatevolutionhasprogrammedintoaspeciesarenotcastinconcrete.Localpopulationsmayrespondeithergeneticallyorbehaviorallytospecialconditionsbychangingthehabitatstheyoccupy.Forinstance,inaclassicstudyornithologistKennethCrowellcomparedtheecologyofNorthernCardinals,GrayCatbirds,andWhite-eyedVireosineasternNorthAmericaandontheislandofBermuda.Onthemainlandallthreespeciespreferforestedgesites,andthecatbirdandvireotendtoselecthabitatsnearwater.OnBermuda,whichislargelydryanddevoidofforest,densepopulationsofallthreespeciesarefoundinareasofscrub.Similarly,ecologistM