高中英语Module1《BritishandAmericanEnglishculturalcornerandtask》学案2外研版必修5

高中英语Module1《BritishandAmericanEnglish-culturalcornerandtask》教学设计2外研版必修5高中英语Module1《BritishandAmericanEnglish-culturalcornerandtask》教学设计2外研版必修5高中英语Module1《BritishandAmericanEnglish-culturalcornerandtask》教学设计2外研版必修5Period5:CULTURALCORNER—TheManWhoMadeSpellingSimpleObjectives●Toreadtoknowmoreaboutlanguage●ToreadmoreaboutspellinginEnglishProcedures▇BeforeyoureadPleasegooverthewordlistforthismodule,payingattentiontothepronunciationoftheword,therelationshipbetweenitspronunciationanditsspelling.▇WhileyoureadCut/thesentencesintothoughtgroups,blackenthepredicates,underlinetheusefulexpressionsanddarkentheconnectives.TheManWhoMadeSpellingSimpleInEnglish/thespellingofwordsdoesnotalwaysrepresentthesound．Sopeoplesay/rait/butspellitright,orwrite,orevenrite.Combinationsofletters(likeough)maybepronounced/inanumberofways.And/somewordsjustseemtohavetoomanyletters.ForAmericans/thingsarealittlebiteasier,thankstotheworkofNoahWebster,ateacher/whograduatedfromYaleUniversity/in1778.Asayoungman/hehadfoughtagainsttheBritish/intheAmericanWarofIndependence,andhefeltthat/writtenEnglish/inthenewlyindependentUnitedStates/shouldhaveadistinctive"American"look.So/hebeganhiswork/onAmericanEnglish.Hisfirstbook,TheElementarySpellingBook,suggestedsimplifyingthespellingofEnglishwords．Thebookwasextremelypopular.Bythe1850s/itwassellingonemillioncopies/ayear,makingitoneofthemostpopularschoolbooks/ever.Manyofthesuggestionswerequicklyadopted.Centerinsteadofcentre,program/insteadofprogramme,andflavor/insteadofflavour.Others,however,suchasremovingsilentletterslikes/inisland/orthefinale/inexamine,werenot.Websterisbestknown/forhisAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,whichfirstappeared/in1828．ItintroducedlotsofnewAmericanwords,withinformationabouttheirpronunciationanduse,and,ofcourse,thenewspelling.TheBritishcriticisedthedictionary,butitquicklybecameastandardreferencebook/intheStates.Today,Webster'sdictionaryisstillthenumberonedictionary/forAmericanstudents.▇AfteryoureadCopyalltheusefulexpressionsintoyourExpressionBook.Youmaymakesentenceswiththeseexpressions.Expressionsfrom:TheManWhoMadeSpellingSimpleInEnglish,thespellingofwords,representthesound,combinationsofletters,bepronouncedinanumberofways,havetoomanyletters,forAmericans,alittlebiteasier,thanksto⋯,theworkofNoahWebster,graduatefrom⋯,asayoungman,fightagainst⋯,intheAmericanWarofIndependence,writtenEnglish,inthenewlyindependentUnitedStates,haveadistinctive"American"look,beginone’swork专心心心1on⋯,suggestdoing⋯,simplifythespellingofEnglishwords,beextremelypopular,bythe1850s,sellonemillioncopiesayear,oneofthemostpopularschoolbooks,adoptsuggestions,insteadof⋯,removesilentletters,bebestknownfor⋯,firstappearin1828,introducelotsofnewAmericanwords,withinformationabouttheirpronunciationanduse,ofcourse,thenewspelling,criticisethedictionary,becomeastandardreferencebook,intheStates,thenumberonedictionaryforAmericanstudents■ReadingmoreaboutspellinginEnglishSpellItinEnglishEnglishspellingisconfusingandchaotic,asanystudentofEnglishknowsalltoowell.“Howcanthelettersoughspellsomanydifferentsoundingwords,”theyask,“likedough,bough,rough,andthrough?”Andwhataboutawordlikecolonelthatclearlycontainnor,yetpretendsitdoes,andachewithitsksound,insteadofthechuhsoundofarch?Andwhydoesfourhaveauwhilefortydoesn’t?TherearenosimplerulesforEnglishspelling,butthereisanexplanationbehinditscomplexity.Wehaveonlytolookbackinhistory.Overthecenturies,theEnglishlanguagehasbeenlikeamagnet,attractingwordsfromnumerousotherlanguages.ItallstartedwiththeBritons,anancientpeoplelivinginapartofwesternEuropethateventuallybecametheBritishIsles.TheyspokealanguagecalledCeltic,whichwasacombinationoftheearlyformsofIrish,Scottish,andWelsh.WhentheBritonswereconqueredbytheRomansandlatertheGermanictribes,theirlanguagewasalsoinvaded.ThemergingofthelanguagesgavebirthtoOldEnglish,andaLatinalphabetreplaced,withafewexceptions,theancientGermanicalphabet.Intheninthcentury,theconqueringNorsemenfromScandinaviaaddedtheirpinchoflanguagespice,asdidtheFrenchintheeleventhcentury.Bythefourteenthcentury,English,withitsmixofatleastfivelanguages,hadevolvedintowhatiscalledMiddleEnglishandhadbecomeBritain’sofficiallanguage.Atthattime,however,itsspellingwerefarfromconsistentorrational.Manydialectshaddevelopedoverthecenturiesandsometimespeopleadoptedthespellingusedinonepartofthecountryandthepronunciationusedinanother.Forinstance,todayweusethewesternEnglishspellingsforbusyandbury,butgivethefirsttheLondonpronunciationbizzyandthesecondtheKentish(肯特的)pronunciationberry.Ofcourse,thisallhappenedwhenEnglishwasprimarilyaspokenlanguage,andonlyscholarsknewhowtoreadandwrite.Eventheyappeartohavebeenquiteindifferenttomattersifconsistencyinspelling,andwereknowntospellthesamewordseveraldifferentwaysinasinglesentence.EvenafterWilliamCaxtonsetupEngland’sfirstprintingpressinthelatefifteenthcentury,andthewrittenwordbecameavailabletoeveryone,standardspellingwasn’tconsideredveryimportant.Asamatteroffact,thetypesetters(排字工人)inthe1500smadethingsevenworsebybeingverycarelessaboutspelling.Ifablankspaceneededtobefilledoralinewastoolong,theysimplychangedthespellingsofwordstomakethemfit.Moreover,manyoftheearlyprintersinEnglandwerefromGermanyorHollandanddidn’tknowEnglishverywell.Ifthey专心心心2didn’tknowthespellingofaword,theymadeupone!Differentprinterseachhadtheirfavoritespellings,sothatonewordmightbespelledfiveorsixdifferentways,dependingonwhoprintedthepassage.Throughoutthisperiod,namesandwordsappearinmanydifferentforms.Forinstance,wherecanbewher,whair,wair,wheare,were,andsoon.Peoplewereevenveryliberalabouttheirnames.Morethaneightyspellingsof’snamehavebeenfound,amongthemShagspeare,Shakspeare,andevenShakestaffe.Shakespearehimselfdidn’tspellhisnamethesamewayinanytwoofhissixknownsignatures—heevenspelledhisnametwodifferentwaysinhiswill.Bythelatesixteenthcenturyandearlyseventeenthcentury,someprogresshadbeenmadeinstandardizingspellingduetotheworkofvariousscholars.Bythen,however,Englishspellingwasfarfromasimplephoneticsystem(音系).Foronething,wordpronunciationshadchangedtoorapidlyforatrulyphoneticspellingtokeepup.Also,Englishhadborrowedfrommanylanguagesandendeduphavingfartoomanysounds(morethanforty)forthetwenty-sixlettersinitsRomanalphabet.Bythetimeprintinghousesfinallybegantoagreeonstandardspellings,manyofthesewrittenformswereonlyashadowoftheirspokenselves.Inotherwords,spellingandpronunciationsometimeshadlittleincommon.Finallyin1775,SamuelJohnsongaveEnglishitsfirstgreatdictionary.Hischoiceofspellingmaynothavealwaysbeenthebestortheeasiest,butthebookhelpedtomakespellingsofmostEnglishwordsuniform.Eventually,peoplebecameawareoftheneedfor“correct”spelling.Meanwhile,ontheothersideoftheAtlantic,NoahWebsterwasstandardizingAmericanEnglishinhisAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageandAmericanSpellingBook.AlthoughtheBritishhadbeencomplainingaboutthemessinessofEnglishspellingforsometime,itwastheAmericanwhoscreamedtheloudest.Websternotonlyfavoredasimplified,morephoneticspellingsystem,butalsotriedtopersuadeCongresstopassalawmakingtheuseofnonstandardspellingapunishableoffense.In1906,thephilanthropistAndrewCarnegiegave$250,000tohelpestablishtheSimplifiedSpellingBoard.Theboardquicklyissuedalistof300wordscommonlyspelledtwoways,suchasaxandaxe,andcalled