跨文化交际英文

跨文化交际英文ppt演示文稿当前1页，总共299页。跨文化交际英文ppt当前2页，总共299页。FurtherReading林大津《跨文化交际学：理论与实践》，福建人民出版社“Communication

Between

Cultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读

《中国和英语国家非语言交际对比》Leger

Brosnahan

著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社《语言研究的跨文化视野》许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编《跨文化交际丛书》外语教学研究出版社胡文仲《跨文化交际概论》杜学增《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较》平洪&张国扬《英语习语与英美文化》毕继万《跨文化非言语交际》王克非《从翻译史看文化差异》朱永涛《美国价值观一个中国学者的探讨当前3页，总共299页。FurtherReading

与陌生人交际——跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&

YoungYunKim著，Steve

Kulich

等导读跨文化交际学基础，Guo-Ming

Chen

&

William

J.Starosta

著，林大津、尤泽顺导读

跨文化能力：文化间人际沟通导论（第五版）Myron

W.Lustig

&

Jolene

Koester

编著，庄恩平导读当前4页，总共299页。WarmUp

Pleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1

CommunicationAcrossCultures

当前5页，总共299页。WarmUpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences－thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?当前6页，总共299页。ReadingI

Readthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone’squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?What’sthedifferencebetweentoday’sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?Whatdoesone’sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?当前7页，总共299页。ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?当前8页，总共299页。DiscoveringProblems:

SlimisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.What’smore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.当前9页，总共299页。CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefsbutalsoinwhattheyvalue.

Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedesiredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculture'svaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsactualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.当前10页，总共299页。Supplement

Whatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

当前11页，总共299页。FormsofIC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethnic(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.当前12页，总共299页。FeaturesofIC

Itisabranchofcommunication.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.当前13页，总共299页。GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenon12ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).当前14页，总共299页。GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.当前15页，总共299页。DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)当前16页，总共299页。DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachone’sculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.当前17页，总共299页。ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”on16andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the‘global’maybemorelocalthanthe‘local’”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?当前18页，总共299页。Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.Thusthenewsubject—IC—poppedup.当前19页，总共299页。Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousaca­demicandyouth-orientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrec­ognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchas"interculturaltensions"and"interculturalproblems"in1950.当前20页，总共299页。Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

In1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958TheUglyAmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959TheSilentLanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.当前21页，总共299页。IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p18-19).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.当前22页，总共299页。IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,it’sbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.当前23页，总共299页。IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.当前24页，总共299页。SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish-speakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleave-taking?当前25页，总共299页。SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglish-speakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.当前26页，总共299页。SurveyMakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.当前27页，总共299页。SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.当前28页，总共299页。CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”当前29页，总共299页。CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

2.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself－beitafamilyoravastcorporation－ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.当前30页，总共299页。CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.当前31页，总共299页。Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.当前32页，总共299页。CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydon’tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.当前33页，总共299页。Readthearticleof“StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication”(p26-31).Somequestionswillbeaskednextclass.HomeworkWhatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?Howtoovercometheseblocks?ReviewofUnit1当前34页，总共299页。ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesecouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.I'mSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.Chinesecouple:It'sapleasure.I'mLiFang,andthisismyhusband.WelcometoChina,MissSusan.

Thankyou.Britishtourist:Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?Chinesecouple:No,thanks.Caseanalysis当前35页，总共299页。WarmUp

Pleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?

Unit2

CultureandCommunication当前36页，总共299页。ReadingI

Readthearticleof“WhatIsCulture”(p39-43).Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed:1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?Why?2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?当前37页，总共299页。Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41)

当前38页，总共299页。ReadingI4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?当前39页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.当前40页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文，以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.当前41页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?

DefinitionofCultureinEnglishandChineseTheterm“culture”doesnotcorrespondperfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:他没有文化(Heisilliterate.)“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculturetheideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.”—R.BenedictDefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”[BatesandPlog]当前42页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebyscholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:thebroadsenseandthenarrowsense.A.CultureinitsbroadsenseCultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.当前43页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;②Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.当前44页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthecomprehensivefeaturesthatdistinguishonegroup(beitanation,araceoranysectionofpeople)ofpeoplefromanother(一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).当前45页，总共299页。Supplement:

Whatisculture?CultureinitsnarrowsenseIt'scalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小写字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents②,③,④,⑤and⑥,withcomponents②,④,⑤and⑥asthecentralpart.Somescholarsareinterestedin“largeCculture”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.当前46页，总共299页。SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Readthearticleon48.Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculture–coherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingsculturedoes–culturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.当前47页，总共299页。SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,makinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.当前48页，总共299页。PropertiesofCultureItishumanspecific.Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodimentofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.Itisanationalphenomenonforeachnationhasitsownculture.Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewon’tnecessarilyremainthesame.Itisgeneralandabstract.当前49页，总共299页。Fill-inTask(p44-45)

Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelowthewaterandisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Itissometimescalled“deepculture”.Butwhatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewater–withinoroutofourawareness?当前50页，总共299页。TheStructureofCulture

当前51页，总共299页。TheStructureofCulture当前52页，总共299页。ReadingIIDecidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?Why?1)Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.2)TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.3)AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.4)Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.5)Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.6)Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.7)Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.8)Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.当前53页，总共299页。ReadingIITheBasicsofCommunication:Communicationoccursif:1.twoormorepeople;2.contact;3.asharedlanguage;4.anexchangeofinformation.当前54页，总共299页。ReadingIIReadthearticleof“ElementsofCommunication”.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?1.Context:fouraspects(thephysicalsetting,historicalaspect,psychologicalaspect,cultureaspect)2.Participants:threevariables(relationship,gender,culture)3.Messages