2019年8月17日雅思考试真题汇总合集

AcheaperwithB.canbookinC.moreconvienientthanbuyintheA.toseehowenginesworksBcandressoldunifromC.peoplecanhavedinnerinsidetheold17-18WhatareincludedinthefamilyBeducationalbookfortheCDEguidetourto19-20Whatshouldbenoticedwhencitizensvotetothemostfavouriteeventinthefestival?AregardlessofthevotingBonlylocalscanCvoteby canvoteseveralE.votingendsatthemidnightofRonsuggestedthatinhispresentationheshouldhaveAgivecreditstotheoriginatorofJITideaB.discusswhyJapaneseadoptedJITideaCexinhowsupermarketusedJITThetutorsaysinthepresentationRonomittedAdescriptionRonfoundtheinformationABjournalCtextThetutorsuggestedthatinserviceaspectJITisAhasanabsenceofcountablethingsCunlikelytobeacceptedbyimportantBtooFtooGtoolooselyHtoovague题型：4选择+6匹配thetutor mendsthatstudentshouldhaveA.givencredittotheoriginatorofJIT,theUSthestudentregretsthathehadomittedB.theintroductorydefinitionofJITthedatainformationfoundbythestudentisC.athetutorthinksthesystemmaynotbeusefelbecauseC.unlikelytobeacceptedbythemostimportantcustomerspurpose→F.toopictures→G.toolooselyindustrialusesexploresofthe31.oceansothernetsdomesticuses33.increasedhighestsalesinrobotsofmoreinterestinrobotsthatlooklike35animalsmedicineusestocarrytinytomakedentalsurgeriesquickerand37.cheaperproblemsinrobotdesignRobotsarestilltooweakornot38.smallThereisneedtoinventnewsensorwhichrelyon39.visiontoknowitsenvironmentInordertogetbetterrobotdesigns,variestypesof petitionsareorganizedSectionComputerGamesforPreschoolers:ADesigningcomputergamesforyoungchildrenisadauntingtaskforgameproducers,who,foralongtime,haveconcentratedonmore“hardcore”gamefans.ThisarticlechroniclesthedesignprocessandresearchinvolvedincreatingNintendoDSforpreschoolgamers.BAfterspeakingwithourproducerswhohaveakeeninterestindesigningfortheDS,wefinallyagreedonthreekeygoalsforourproject.First,tounderstandtherangeofphysicalandcognitiveabilitiesofpreschoolersinthecontextofhandheldsystemgamey;second,tounderstandhowpreschoolgamersinctwiththeDS,specificallyhowtheycontrolthedifferentformsofyandgamemechanicsofferedbythegamespresentlyonthemarketforthistform;third,tounderstandtheexpectationofpreschooler’sparentsconcerningthehandheldsystemsaswellasthepurchaseandycontextswithinwhichgameyoccurs.Theteamofresearchdecidedthatin-homeethnographieswithpreschoolersandtheirfamilieswouldyieldcomprehensivedatabasewithwhichtogiveourproducersmoreinformationandinsights,sowestartbyconducting26in-homeethnographiesinthreemarketsacrosstheUnitedStates:anEastcoasturban/suburbanarea,aWestcoasturban/suburbanarea,andaMidwestsuburban/ruralarea.CThesubjectisthisstudyincluded15girlsand11boysrangingfrom3yearsand3monthsoldto5yearsand11monthsold.Also,becausepreviousresearchhadshowntheeffectsofoldersiblingsongamey(demonstrated,forexample,bymoreadvancedmotorcoordinationwhenusingacomputermouse),householdswereemployedtohaveacombinationofpreschoolerswithandtform,wedividedthesamplesothat13familiesownedatleastoneNintendoDSandtheothersdidnot.ForthosehouseholdsthatdidnotownaDS,onewasbroughttotheinterviewforthekidtoy.Thisallowedustoseeboththeinstinctiveandintuitivemovementsofthenewyers(andofthemoreexperiencedyerswhenyingnewgames),aswellasthelearnedmovementsofthemoreexperiencedyers.Eachofthoseinterviewstookabout60to120minutesandincludedthepreschooler,atleastoneparent,andoftensiblingsandanotherDThreekindsofinformationwerecollectedaftereachinterview.Fromanyoldersiblingsandtheparentsthatwereavailable,wegathereddataabout:thebuyingdecisionssurroundinggamesystemsinthehousehold,thefamily’stypicalgameypatterns,levelsofparentalmoderationwithregardtocomputergaming,andthemostfavoritegamesybyfamilymembers.Wecouldalsounderstandtheideologyofgaminginthesehomesbecauseofthesein-homeinterviews:whattypesofspaceswereusedforgamey,howthesystemwereinstalled,wherethehandheldyoccurredinthehouse(aswellason-the-goy),andthenumberandtypeofgamesandgamesystemsowned.Themostimportantis,wegatheredthegame-yinginformationforeverysingleEBeforecarryingouttheinterviews,theresearchteamhadcloselydiscussedwiththein-housegameproducerstocreatealistofgamemechanicsandproblemstiedtopreschoolers’motorandcognitivecapabilitiesthatwerecriticalforthemtounderstandpriortowritingthegames.Theserangedfromgeneraldexterityissuesrelatedtogamecontrollerstotheeffectivenessofin-gameinstructionstospecificmechanicsincurrentgamesthattheproducerswereinterestedinimplementingforfuturepreschooltitles.Duringtheinterviews,themoderatorgavespecificguidancetothepreschoolerthroughaseriesofgames,sothatheorshecouldobservetheinctionandprobeboththepreschoolerandhisorherparentsonfeelings,attitudes,andfrustrationsthataroseinthedifferentcircumstances.FIfthesubjectintheexperimenthadpreviousexposuretotheDSsystem,heorshewasfirstaskedtoyhisorherfavoritegameonthemachine.Thisgavetheresearchersinformationaboutcurrentlevelofgamingskillrelatedtothecomplexityofthechosenone,allowingthemtoseethechildyingagamewithmechanicsheorshewasalreadyfamiliarwith.Acrossthe26preschoolers,theNintendoDSselectionsscopewereverybroad,includingNewSuperMarioBros,SonicRush,Nintendogs,andTonyHawk’sProvingGround.Theinterviewobservedthechildy,notingpreferencesforgamemechanicandmotorinctionswithdeviceaswellasthecomplexityleveleachgamemechanicwasforthetestedsubject.Theresearchersaskedallofthepreschoolerstoywithaspecificgameinconsultationwithourproducers,TheLittleMermaid:Ariel’sUnderseaAdventure.Thegamewaschosenfortwomajorreasons.First,itwasoneofthefewgamesonthemarketwithcharactersthatappealtothisyoungagegroup.Second,itincorporatedalargevarietyofmechanicsthathighlightedtheuniquenessoftheDStform,includingusingthemicrophoneforblowingorsinging.GThefindingsfromthisinitialexperimentwereextensive.Afterreviewingthe esanddiscussingtheimplicationsforthegamedesignwithourinternalgameproductionteam,wethenoutlinedthedesigningneedsandpresentedthefindingstoafirmspecializingingamedesign.Weworkedcloselywiththoseexpertstosetthegamedesignforthetwopreschool-targetedDSgamesunderdevelopmentonwhatwehadgathered.HAsthetwoDSgameswentintothedevelopmentprocess,aformativeresearchcourseofactionwassetup.Wheneverwedevelopednewgamemechanics,webroughtpreschoolersintoourin-houseutilitylabtotestthemechanicsandtoevaluateboththeirsimplicity,andwhethertheywereengaging.Wetestedeitheralphaorbetaversionsofdifferentelementsofthegame,inadditiontolookingatoverarchinggamestructure.OnceafullversionoftheDSgamewasready,wewentbackintothefieldtestwithadozenpreschoolersandtheirparentstomakesurethateachofthegameelementsworkedforthechildren,andthattheoverallobjectiveofthegamewasunderstandableandtheprocesswasenjoyableforyers.Wealsocollectedparent’sfeedbackonwhethertheythoughtthegameisappropriate,engaging,andworththepurchase.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.MainObjectives:Determinetherelevant1abilitiesinthecontextObservehowpreschoolersmanageying26childrenfromdifferentUS3Agerange:3yearsand3monthsto5yearsand11Somechildrenhaveolder4siblingsinthehouseasyingpeersEqualnumberofnewand5experiencedyersSomehouseholdshaveNintendoDSandsomedon’tLengthofInterview:1-2DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage?Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENiftheseisnoinformationonthis6Oneareaofresearchishowfarmothersandfatherscontrolledchildren’syingafter7Theresearchersareallowed accesstothesubject’shouses.——8TheresearchersregardedTheLittleMermaid:Ariel’sUnderseaAdventureaslikelyappealto9TheLittleMermaid:Ariel’sUnderseaAdventureisoperatedentirelybyhandcontrols.——Completetheflow-chartChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswerinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.Usingtheresultsofthe↓Presentationofdesignrequirementstoaspecialist10↓TestingthemechanicsoftwonewgamesintheNintendolab(assess11simplicityand↓A12fullversionofthegamestrailedbetwelve↓Collectionof13feedbackfromSection3：语言多样性Moreandmoreparentsareallowingtheirchildrentoyoncomputersandtabletsastheythinkthatchildrenshouldlearntechnologyskills.DotheadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweightheTheGreatbarrierreefgreenislandgreenislandisspecialforitsABC(fishisdifferentcategories,unknownpart,lastitmentioned,thewaterisAnowindBnorainofa(itisOKwithoutwind,occasionallynorainforoneAvisitorcandoalltheBvisitorcandoCvisitcannotdoclimbmountain——B(先说说visitorsarenotencouragedtoclimethemountain,比听 ,,碰,有Feedthefish——touchthefish——Section4：InvasiveSpecies植Someinvasivespeciescantakeovera31gardenMainlycometolandbybirdsand32humansInWesternUsthecommonbroomisoriginallyfrom33EuropeTheinvasivespeciesaffecttheeconomylike34timberTodealwiththeproblem,theyusebiologicalcontrolinformof35insectsIn1975,JapaneseBarberriesareimportedtotheUSfrom36.RussiaCommonbuckhornYellow37tissuesunderthebroomTheygrowin38pairscalledultimateSpreadmedia:flowersseedseatenbybirdsisthemain39migrationpatternApplication:treatserious40digestiveproblemssomepeopletakeoveramainlycametothelandbybirdsandoriginalce:EuropeEconomicproblem:affecttheindustryofcommodityindustrylikeBiologicalcontrolsuchas1975,seedsinvadeUSAformandyellowflowereatenSectionATherearestilldebatesabouttheoriginsofPolynesianculture,butonethingwecanensureisthatPolynesiaisnotasingletribebutacomplexone.PolynesianswhichincludesMarquesans，Samoans,Niueans,Tongans,CookIslanders,Hawaiians,Tahitians,andMaori,arcgeneticallylinkedtoindigenouspeoplesofpartsofSoutheastAsia.It’sasub-regionof prisingofalargegrouofover1,000islandsscatteredoverthecentralandsouthernPacificOcean,withinatrianglethathasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIslandasitscorners.BPolynesianhistoryhasfascinatedthewesternworldsincePacificcultureswerefirstcontactedbyEuropeanexplorersinthelate18thcentury.ThesmallislandofTikopia,formanypeople–evenformanySolomonIslanders--issofarawaythatitseemslikeamythicalland;acelikeNarnia,thatmagicallandinC.S.Lewis,classic,‘TheChroniclesofNarnia’.Maybebecauseofit—Tikopia,itspeople,andtheircultureshavelongfascinatedscholars,travelers,andcasualobservers.LikethepioneersPeterDillion,DumoniD’UrvilleandJohnColleridgePattersonwhovisitedandwroteabouttheislandinthe1800s,RaymondFirthisoneofthosepeoplecapturedbythealluringattractionofTikopia.Asaresult,hehadmadeanumberoftripstotheislandsince1920sandrecordedhisexperiences,observationsandreflectionsonTikopia,itspeople,culturesandthechangesthathaveoccurred.CWhileengagedinstudyofthekinshipandreligiouslifeofthepeopleofTikopia,Firthmadeafewobservationsontheirtattooing.BriefthoughthesenotesaretheymaybeworthputtingonrecordasanindicationofthesociologicalsettingofthepracticeinthisprimitivePolynesiancommunity.TheoriginoftheEnglishwordtattoo'actuallycomesfromtheTikopiaword'tatau1.Thewordfortattoomarksingeneralistau,andtheoperationoftattooingisknownastatau,tabeingthegenerictermfortheactofstriking.DThetechniqueoftattooingwassimilarthroughoutPolynesia.Traditionaltattooscreatetheirindelibletattoosusingpigmentmadefromthecandlenutorkukuinut.First,theybumthenutinsideabowlmadeofhalfacoconuts.Theythenscrapeoutthesootanduseapestletomixitwithliquid.Bluingissometimesaddedtocounctthereddishhueofthecarbon-basedpigment.ItalsomakestheoutlineoftheinscribeddesignsbolderonthedarkskinoftattooingEFortheinstrumentsusedwhentattooing,specialistsusedarangeofchiselsmadefromalbatrosswingbonewhichwerehaftedontoahandlewhichwasmadefromtheheartwoodofthebushandstruckwithamallet.Thetattooerbeganbysketchingwithcharcoaladesignonthesupinesubject,whoseskinatthatlocationwasstretchedtautbyonemoreapprentices.Thetattooerthendippedtheappropriatepoints-eitherasingleoneorawholecombintotheink(usuallycontainedinacoconut-scup)andtappeditintothesubject'sskin,holdingthebladehandleinonehandandtapitwiththeother.Thebloodthatusuallytrickledfromthepunctureswaswipedawayeitherbythetattooerorhisapprentice,thelatterhavingalsoservedbyrestrainingapain-wrackedsubjectfrommoving,fortheoperationwasinevitablypainfulatestoffortitudethattattooerssoughttoshortenbyworkingasfastaspossible.Infact,tattoosnearlyalwaysfesteredandoftenledtosickness-andinsomecasesdeath.FInancientPolynesiansociety,nearlyeveryonewastattooed.Itwasanintegralpartofancientcultureandwasmuchmorethanabodyornament.Tattooingindicatedonesgenealogyand/orrankinsociety.Itwasasignofwealth,ofstrengthandoftheabilitytoendurepain.Thosewhowentwithoutthemwereseenas soflowersocialstatus.Assuch,chiefsandwarriorsgenerallyhadthemostelaboratetattoos.Tattooingwasgenerallybegunatadolescence，andwouldoftennotbecompletedforanumberofyears.Receivingtattooconstitutedanimportanttonebetweenchildhoodandadulthood,andwas paniedbymanyritesandrituals.Apartfromsignalingstatusandrank,anotherreasonforthepracticeintraditionaltimeswastomakea attractivetotheopposite.GThemalefacialtattooisgenerallydividedintoeightsectionsoftheface.Thecenteroftheforeheaddesignateda 'sgeneralrank.Theareaaroundthebrowsdesignatedhisposition.Theareaaroundtheeyesandthenosedesignatedhishapu,orsub-triberank.Theareaaroundthetemplesservedtodetailhismaritalstatus,likethenumberofmarriages.Theareaunderthenosedisyedhissignature.Thissignaturewasoncememorizedbytribalchiefswhouseditwhenbuyingproperty,signingdeeds,andofficiatingorders.Thecheekareadesignatedthenatureofthe'swork.Thechinareashowedthe'smana.Lastly,thejawareadesignateda'sbirthstatus.HA'sancestryisindicatedoneachsideoftheface.TheleftsideisgenerallytheTheleftsideisgenerallythefather'sside，andtherightsidewasthemother's.Themanutahidesignisworkedonthemensback.Itconsistsoftwoverticallinesdrawndownthespine,withshortverticallinesbetweenthem.Whenamanhadthemanutahionhisback,hetookprideinhimself.Atgatheringsofthepeoplehecouldstandforthintheirmidstanddisyhistattoodesignswithsongs.Androwsoftrianglesdesignonthemen'schestindicatehisbravery.ITattoowasawaydeliveringinformationofitsowner.It’salsoatraditionalmethodtofetchspiritualpower,protectionandstrength.ThePolynesiansusethisasasignofcharacter,positionandlevelsinahierarchy.Polynesianpeoplesbelievethata ’smana,theirspiritualpowerorlife,isdisyedthroughtheirtattoo.ScientistsliketodoresearchinTikopiabecausethistinyceifofgreatremoteness——FirthwasthefirstscholartostudyonTikopia——FirthstudiedtheculturedifferencesonTikopiaaswellasonsomeotherislandsofPacific—TheEnglishwordtattooisevolvedfromthelocallanguageoftheisland——Bowlmadeof5.coconutsBurnthematerialinsidetoget6.sootAndstirinthe7.liquidProducedfrom8.heartwoodofsmalltreesProducedfrom9.wingboneofseabirdChinofmaleVerticallinesSectionTheworldisdesignedforright-handedpeople.WhydoesatenthofthepopulationprefertheTheprobabilitythattworight-handedpeoplewouldhavealeft-handedchildisonlyabout9.5percent.Thechancerisesto19.5percentifoneparentisaleftyand26percentifbothparentsareleft-handed.Thepreference,however,couldalsostemfromaninfant’simitationofhisparents.Totestgeneticinfluence,startinginthe1970sBritishbiologistMarianAnnettoftheUniversityofLeicesterhypothesizedthatnosinglegenedetermineshandedness.Rather,duringfetaldevelopment,acertainmolecularfactorhelpstostrengthenthebrain’slefthemisphere,whichincreasetheprobabilitythattherighthandwillbedominant,becausetheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebody,andviceversa.Amongtheminorityofpeoplewholackthisfactor,handednessdevelopsentirelybychance.Researchconductedontwinscomplicatesthetheory,however.Oneinfivesetsofidenticaltwinsinvolvesoneright-handedandoneleft-handed,despitethefactthattheirgeneticmaterialisthesame.Gene,therefore,arenotsolelyresponsibleforhandedness.GenetictheoryisalsounderminedbyresultsfromPeterHepperandhisteamatQueen’sUniversityinBelfast,Ireland.In2004thepsychologistsusedultrasoundtoshowthatbythe15thweekofpregnancy,fetusesalreadyhaveapreferenceastowhichthumbtheysuck.Inmostcases,thepreferenceafterbirth.At15weeks,though,thebraindoesnotyethavecontroloverthebody’slimbs.Hepperspeculatesthatfetusestendtopreferwhicheversideofthebodyisdeveloquickerandthattheirmovements,inturn,influencethebrain’sdevelopment.Whetherthisearlypreferenceistemporaryorholdsupthroughoutdevelopmentandinfancyisunknown.Geneticpredeterminationisalsocontradictedbythewidespreadobservationthatchildrendonotsettleoneithertheirrightorlefthanduntiltheyaretwoorthreeyearsold.Butevenifthesecorrelationsweretrue,theydidnotexinwhatactuallycausesamonganimals.Catswillfavoronepawoveranotherwhenfishingtoysoutfromunderthecouch.Horsesstompmorefrequentlywithonehoofthantheother.Certaincrabsmotionpredominantlywiththeleftorrightclaw.Inevolutionaryterms,focusingpoweranddexterityinonelimbismoreefficientthanhavingtotraintwo,fouroreveneightlimbsequally.Yetformostanimals,thepreferenceforonesideortheotherisseeminglyrandom.Theoverwhelmingdominanceoftherighthandisassociatedonlywithhumans.Thatfactdirectsattentiontowardthebrain’stwohemispheresandperhapstowardlanguage.DInterestinhemispheresdatesbacktoatleast1836.Thatyear,atamedicalconference,FrenchphysicianMarcDaxreportedonanunusualcommonalityamonghispatients.Duringhismanyyearsasacountrydoctor,Daxhadencounteredmorethan40menandwomenforwhomspeechwasdifficult,theresultofsomekindofbraindamage.Whatwasuniquewasthateveryindividualthateachhalfofthebrainwasresponsibleforcertainfunctionsandthatthelefthemispherecontrolledspeech.OtherexpertsshowedlittleinterestintheFrenan’sideas.Overtime,however,scientistsfoundmoreandmoreevidenceofpeopleexperiencingspeechdifficultiesfollowinginjurytotheleftbrain.Patientswithdamagetotherighthemispheremostoftendisyeddisruptionsinperceptionorconcentration.Majoradvancementsinunderstandingthebrain’sasymmetryweremadeinthe1960sasaresultofso-calledsplit-brainsurgery,developedtohelppatientswithepilepsy.Duringthisoperation,doctorsseveredthecorpuscallosum—thenervebundlethatconnectsthetwohemispheres.Thesurgicalcutalsostoppedalmostallnormalcommunicationbetweenthetwohemispheres,whichofferedresearcherstheopportunitytoinvestigateeachside’sactivity.EIn1949neurosurgeonJuhnWadadevisedthefirsttesttoprovideaccesstothebrain’sfunctionalorganizationoflanguage.Byinjectingananestheticintotherightorleftcarotidartery,Wadatemporarilyparalyzedonesideofahealthybrain,enablinghimtomorecloselystudytheotherside’scapabilities.Basedonthisapproach,BrendaMilnerandthelateThreRasmussenoftheMontrealNeurologicalInstitutepublishedamajorstudyin1975thatconfirmedthetheorythatcountrydoctorDaxhadformulatednearly140yearsearlier:in96percentofright-handedpeople,languageisprocessedmuchmoreintenselyinthelefthemisphere.Thecorrelationisnotasclearinlefties,however.Fortwothirdsofthem,thelefthemisphereisstillthemostactivelanguageprocessor.Butfortheremainingthird,eithertherightsideisdominantorbothsidesworkequally,controllingdifferentlanguagefunctions.Thatlaststatistichasslowedacceptanceofthenotionthatthepredominanceofright-handednessisdrivenbyleft-hemispheredominanceinlanguageprocessing.Itisnotatallclearwhylanguagecontrolshouldsomehowhavedraggedthecontrolofbodymovementwithit.Someexpertsthinkonereasonthelefthemispherereignsoverlanguageisbecausetheorgansofspeechprocessing—thelarynxandtongue—arepositionedonthebody’ssymmetryaxis.Becausethesewerecentered,itmayhavebeenunclear,inevolutionaryterms,whichsideofthebrainshouldcontrolthem,anditseemsunlikelythatsharedoperationwouldresultinsmoothmotoractivity.Languageandhandednesscouldhavedevelopedpreferentiallyforverydifferentreasonsaswell.Forexample,someresearchers,includingevolutionarypsychologistMichaelC.CorballisoftheUniversityofAucklandinNewZealand,thinkthattheoriginofhumanspeechliesingestures.Gesturespredatedwordsandhelpedlanguageemerge.Ifthelefthemispherebegantodominatespeech,itwouldhavedominatedgestures,too,andbecausetheleftbraincontrolstherightsideofthebody,therighthanddevelopedmorestrongly.FPerhapswewillknowmoresoon.Intheme,werlihat,ifany,diffrshandednessbringstoourhumantalents.Popularwisdomsaysright-handed,left-brainedpeopleexcelatlogical,yticalthinking.Lefthanded,right-brainedindividualsarethoughttopossessmorecreativeskillsandmaybebetteratcombiningthe