宁波服装产业竞争力分析外文翻译

外文翻译原文（节选）AnalysisoftheCompetitivenessoftheNingboGarmentIndustryMaterialSource:June2005JournalofKristianstadUniversityCollegeAuthor:LeoWangPeterWangRogerWang1.1OverviewoftheNingboGarmentIndustryNingboislocatedontheeastcoastofChina,inthesouthoftheYangtzeDelta.ItisanimportantindustrialbaseintheZhejiangProvinceandhasbecomeoneofthelargestportcitiesinChina.ThegarmentsectorisanimportantpartofNingbo’smanufacturingindustry,givingemploymenttomorethan200,000people.Itsimportanceforsocialandeconomiccohesionhasincreasedbecauseitisdominatedbyagreatnumberofenterprises.Morethan2,000firmsareengagedinthisindustry,ofwhich439aremedium-sizedandlarge-sizedenterpriseswithatotal117,000employees.In2003,allNingbo’sgarmentindustryproducedover1.4billionsuits,accountingfor12%ofthecountry’stotalproductioncapacity,andhada22.8billionRMB(approximately$2.76billion)turnover.AstheoldestsectorinthehistoryofNingboindustrialdevelopment,thegarmentindustryhasundergoneremarkableexpansionandmodernizationeffortsthroughitsprivatizationandmarketizationduringthelast1990s.Ithasincreasedproductivitythroughtheclusterandproductionchain,re-orientedproductionfromlow-qualitytohigh-qualityproductsandmadeabundantestablishedbrands.NowinNingbo,11firmsareofChina’s100bestgarmententerprises.TheNingbogarmentindustryhasnurturedanumberoffamousbrandsinmen’sandchildren’swearsuchasFirs（杉杉）,Youngor（雅戈尔）,Romon（罗蒙）,Yixiu（一休）andsoon,ofwhich12arenationalbrands.TheyenjoysignificantmarketsharesintheirrespectivemarketsegmentsontheChinesemainland.Firs,YoungorandRomonareveryfamousinChina.Meanwhile,theirpresencehasacceleratedthedevelopmentofthewholeNingbogarmentindustry.Ningboisalsoknownasaforeigntradingportwithalonghistory.Ningbocreatedthegloryof“thesilkroadonsea”inancienttimesanditwasthebirthplaceofthegarmentindustryinmodernChina.NingbotailorsmadethefirstChinesetunicsuitandthefirstWestern-stylesuit,managedthefirstWestern-stylesuitstore,andwrotethefirstbookonmakingWesternsuitsinChina.Whatismore,NingboneseinChinafoundedthefirstgarmentschool.Theabovefive“first”inChinafullyprovetheplaceandfunctionofthecityinthehistoryofclothingdevelopmentofChina.Since1978Ningbohasboastedrapiddevelopmentofexporttrade,especiallythegarmentindustry.ThedegreeofopennessoftheNingbogarmentindustryisveryhigh.Theproportionofexportvolumetototalsaleishigh,64.9%in2000and70%in2003.ThetopdestinationsareJapan,theUS,theEUandKorean.NingbohasbeenanimportantexporterofgarmentinChinaandalsohasbeenanimportantproducerofmen’sclothingintheworld.Ningbogarmententerpriseshaveintroducedthemostadvancedproductionequipmentstoimproveproductivityandquality.ItisgreatthatthegarmentindustrycontributiontotheGDPofNingbo,and4%ofthepopulationareinvolvedinthislabor-intensiveindustry.TheprofitoftheNingbogarmentindustrymountedto1,224millionRMB(about$148.4million).ComparedwithShanghai,Hangzhouandotherneighborcities,theproductionvalue,sale,profitandprofitmarginoftheNingbogarmentindustryarethehighest.TheNingboTextileandgarmentisoneofsixmajorindustriesinthearea,notonlydirectlypromotethedevelopmentofNingboeconomyandsociety,butalsoboostthefashionatmosphereandglobalization.However,withthetransformationoftheinternationalgarmentindustryandtradesituation,withincreasingdegreesofgarmenttradeliberalizationontheinternationalmarket,theNingbogarmentindustryisfacedwithanumberofchallenges.HowcantheindustrykeepthepredominantpositioninChinesemainlandandsharemoreoftheopeningmarketabroad.Therefore,inthefuture,Ningbomustimprovethecompetitivenessofthegarmentindustry,adapttonewcompetitiveregulationsandchangingbusinessenvironment,andgaintheadvantagesinbothdomesticandinternationalcompetition.1.2FactorConditionsThefactorsconditionsarecomposedofthetwoparts:basicfactorsandadvancedfactors.Thebasicfactorsincludegeographicconditionsandnaturalresources,infrastructureandenergysupply,basiclaborforceresourcesandlocalfinancialmarket.Meanwhile,theadvancedfactorsconsistoftechnicalequipments,talents,education,innovationactivities,capitaloperationandthelike.A.BasicFactorsGeographicConditionandNaturalResourcesNingbocityislocatedintheeasternpartoftheZhejiangprovincealongtheEastChinaSea,withtheZhoushanArchipelagoasitsnaturalshelterintheeast,borderingontheHangzhouBayinthenorth,neighboringonthecityofShaoxinginthewest,facingSanmenBayinthesouth,andadjacenttothecountryofTaizhou.TheYaojianRiverandtheFenghuajianRiverconvergedowntownandflowintotheEastChinaSeathroughtheYongjianRiver.NingboPortranksasthesecondamongthecontinentportsinChinaandisoneofthelargestportswithanannualcargothroughputofmorethanonehundredmilliontons.Theshallowestsectionoftheentrychannelismorethan18.2metersdeep,enoughforvesselsoflessthan250,000tonnagestoentryfreely.Hugeshipsof250,000to30,000tonnagescanalsonavigateattide.ItiswellsituatedatthemiddleofthecoastlineofMainlandChina,justattheT-shapedjoiningpointofnorth-southshippinglineandthegoldenwaterwayoftheYangtzeRiver.ItsserviceareacoversthewholeEastChinaandthehigh-developedeconomicdrainageareasoftheYangtzeRiver.ItisalsoconvenienttonavigatetotheSoutheastAsianandthewholeAsianPacificregions.Thankstotheport,Ningbohasalonghistoryofforeigntrade.NingboislocatedinthefastdevelopingeconomiczoneoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.ThecomplementaritiesandinteractionbetweenJianshuprovince,ZhejiangprovinceandShanghaiandtheprosperityofShanghaiMetropoliswillsignificantlystimulatethedevelopmentofNingbo’seconomy.InfrastructureandEnergySupplya)Transportationsystem.Thereisahigh-developedtransportationnetworkofhighway,railway,aviationandwaterway.Withthecompletionofcross-seaandcross-gulfbridges,Ningbowillbesoonintegratedintothe“two-hour”economiccircleofShanghai.b)TheConstructionofInformationalization.NingbohasestablishedtheInternetExchangeCenterandNingboBranchofDigitalCertification(CA).Thescaleofnetwork,theleveloftechnologyandtheabilityofservicekeepaheadinthenation.Thelocalnetworkhasacomprehensiveabilitytoprovidewithfixedandmobileaudiocommunicationservices,datumservices,computermulti-mediaservicesandimagecommunicationservices.c)ElectricitySupply.Thesevereshortageofelectricitysupply,whichresultsinthehaltofoperation,isashort-termproblemthatwillbesolvedbythecompletionofmassiveelectricityprojects.BasicLaborForceResourcesNingboisabundantinhigh-qualitybasiclaborforceresourcesandjobseekerscomingfromotherpoverty-strikenregions.Soitisveryeasyforthelocalgarmentfirmstoemployhighqualitybutcheaplaborforceresources.ComparedwithsomeeasternEuropeancountries,thelaborcostinNingboiskeptlower.Nevertheless,withtheriseoflivingcostsoftheinhabitants,thefirmswillbeconfrontedwithanincreaseoflaborforcecosts.Furthermore,theyarefacingmoreandmorepressurefromsomedevelopingcountriessuchasPakistanandIndiaetc.Theaveragehourlypayrateinsomedevelopingcountriesareasfollows:1.77$inTunisia,1.89$inMorocco,$1.01inAlbania,2.9$inPolandand2.13$inTurkey,whilelowerlevelscanbefoundinAsiancountries(Indonesia0.7$,China0.6$,Vietnam0.6$,Thailand0.5$,India0.2$,Pakistan0.2$).Comparedto$19192annualwageinLosAngeles(LosAngelesFashionIndustry2003),Ningbohasanaverageannualwageof$1653(0.62$/h,closetotheChina’saveragelevel),whichishigherthaninwesternChinaandsouthernAsia.ThesefiguresillustratethattheNingbogarmentindustrywillfacechallengesnotonlyfromtheinnerlandofChina,butalsofromsomedevelopingcountrieswheretheirwagesmaintainalowlevel.TalentsandEducationWithregardstotalentsandeducation,NingbohasbeeninvestinghugeamountsinpreparingforconstructionoftheNingboVocationalCollegeofTextileTechnology,theNingboVocationalCollegeofApparelTechnologyandtheNingboGarmentSchool.Bynow,thecoursesrelatedtothetextileandclothingindustryaretaughtatmorethan30collegesandschoolsinthecity.Inthepastfiveyears,Ningbohasnurturedmorethan6,000studentsHowever,theundergraduatesonlyaccountsfor1.5%ofthem.Thosecollegesandschoolslackabilitytofosterthehigher-leveltalents.Atthesametime,theprofoundculturaltraditionandatmosphereofthegarmentindustryinNingbohavecultivatedalargegroupofexcellentlyskilled-workersinthegarmentindustry.Nowthegovernmentpaysmuchattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheexcellentculturaltraditionofclothing.However,comparedwiththeneighborcities,suchasShanghai,HangzhouandShuzhou,Ningbohassomecomparativedisadvantages,tosomeextent,especiallyintheaspectoffame.Thisgivesrisetoaflow-outoflocaltalentsandexcellenttalentsfromotherregionsareunwillingtoworkinNingbo.ThemajorityofthenumerousSMEsinNingbo,whichareprivate-ownedandoperatedinafamilymanner,lackinstrumentsattractingandretainingtalents.Uptonow,Ningboonlyhas40garmentseniortechnicians,whichaccountsfor0.8%ofallthetailors.Thephenomenonoflackingseniortalents,suchasdesignersandseniormanagersinthegarmentindustry,impedestheNingbogarmentindustryfurtherdevelopment.1.3TeamofdesignersandCapitalOperationTheApparelDesignHeadquarterofFirsLtd.Co.:owningalargegroupofdomesticwell-knowndesignersandforeigndesigners:TheDesignCenterofYoungorLtd.Co.:beingledbythedeputydeanfromtheGarmentCollegeofShanghaiDonghuaUniversity;TheDesignCenterofRomonLtd.Co.:cooperatingwithfamouscompaniesinSouthKorea,owningover300professionaldesigners:TheVocationalClothingDesignCenterofChina:beingfoundedwiththecooperationbetweenPeiluochenGroupandManQiCo.fromtheUS.CapitalOperationThemajorityofthegarmentfirmsinNingboareprivate-operatedandalmostalltheoriginalstate-ownedenterprisesexperiencedreconstructionandreform.Theynowenjoyaflexiblemechanismofmanagement.Theformsofcompanyorganizationhavebeentransforminggraduallyfromprivate-owned,householdsystemtotheonesofjointventure,cooperationandjointstockoperation.Agreatdealofhigh-organizedprivate-operatedfirmsunderthecooperationsystemestablishedtheirpresence.Meanwhile,themannersofmanagementarealsochanginggraduallyfromhouseholdtypetomoremodernandhumancharacter.Thefirmslaymuchemphasisonemployingseniortalentsofmanagement.Andagroupofprofessionalmanagersconsistingofengineers,productionmanagers,financiers,andsalesmanagersareemerging.Apartofthefirmsenteredthecapitalmarketbybeinglistedinthestockmarketandbroadenedtheirfinancingchannels.Somekeycompaniesstrengthenthemselvesbymeansofcapitalmanagement,suchasshareholdingcontrollingandmerging.Thus,theresourcesareconvergingthesuperiorcompanies.Incontrast,thephenomenonthatarelativelygreatamountoffirmsstillhaveanold-fashionmanagementstyleandlackperfectinstrumentsofemployingandretainingtalents,alongwiththeimperfectsocialcreditsystem,thesinglemeanoffinancingandinsufficientutilizationofciviccapital,hamperNingbo’sgarmentfirmsfromfurtherdeveloping.1.4TheIndustryStrategy,StructureandRivalryStructureNingbogarmentindustryhasformedacluster.The“corridor”oftheL-shapeclothingindustryandXiangshanknittingmanufacturersarerecognizedasremarkablefeaturesofcluster.Nevertheless,thelevelofclusteringisstilllowanditexistshomogeneousphenomenon.Thedegreeofintegrationbetweenthefirmsisnotstrong.Theprivate-operatedfirmsdevelopfast.Theyhavethecharacteristicsofflexiblemanagementmechanism.Afterseveralyears’fiercecompetitioninthemarket,someofthemhavegrownintokeyfirmswithstrongcompetitivenessintheindustry.However,agreatnumberofprivate-operatedenterprisesstillhaveanold-fashionhouseholdmanagementstyleandtheirfurtherdevelopmentisrestricted.TheNingbogarmentindustryhasadualstructure.Thatisaco-existenceoflargeenterprisesandSMEs.Alongwithalargenumberofthefamilyfactories,themajorityofenterprisesareSMEs.Thisstructureisadaptabletothecharacteristicsofthegarmentindustry.TheSMEsthathaveflexiblemechanismanddistinguishingspecialtycanmakequickresponsetothechangesoftheexternalenvironment.Meanwhile,theSMEscanattainexternalscaleeconomybydevelopingwithallkindsofsocialrelationships,divisionsandcooperations.StrategyWiththedevelopmentoftheNingbogarmentindustry,agroupoffirmshavegrownupinto“key”firms,whichhasanadvantageofinternalscaleeconomyandplayleadingrolesintheindustry.Theunderstandingof“largeenterprise”conceptisgraduallychangingfromsimpleexpansion,diversifiedeconomytoindustrycooperation.ThelargeenterprisesoughttointegratewithagreatnumberofSMEsintheindustryhorizontallyandverticallyandthenturnthemintothelargeenterprises’supplementaryandprocessingfactoriesbymeansofdevelopingtheabilityofcorestrategy,alongwiththescalizationandstandardizationofproduction.Therearenumbersofdomesticallywell-knownbrandsintheNingbogarmentindustry,suchasFirs,Youngor,Romon,Yixiu,PeaceBird,Peilouchen,GiantEagle,Bulijie,Weishen,Aiyimei,Tong-lionandsoforth.Someofthemhavebuilttheirpresencesintheinternationalmarket.ThisshowsNingboadvantageinbrandmarketing.SothatNingbogarmentindustrywillownthewholebrandadvantagedrivenbythefirms’brands.ItisveryobviousinNingbothataroundalargegarmententerprise,asacenterofthearea,therearenumeroussmallfactoriesdependingonandservingthelargeone.Forinstance,bydrawingacirclewithacenteroftheDongfangClothingFactoryandradiusof5km,thereare30embroiderymills,20printinganddyeingplantsandsupplementarymaterialproducersand10water-washingmillsinthiscircle.Thesesmallplants,whichattachthemselvestoandprovidethegarmentfactorywithextendedservices,canassistthegarmentfactoryinmeetingtheclients’accessorydemandsbetterandtoimproveitscompetitiveness.ThisevidentlydemonstratesthataninteractionindustryclusterhasbasicallybeenshapedinNingbo.Nevertheless,thereisaphenomenonofhomogeneityintheNingbogarmentindustry.ThemainvarietyoftheNingbogarmentismen’sclothes,especiallywestern-stylesuitsandshirts.Andthedifferencesbetweenthefirms’strategiesarenotapparent,whichgivesrisetolow-pricecompetitions.RivalryTheNingbogarmentindustryisconfrontedwithtwofiercecompetitionsinthedomesticandinternationalmarkets.Inthedomesticmarket,therearemanystrongdomesticrivalriesfortheNingbogarmentindustry,suchasWenzhou’smen’swear,Dongguan’swomen’swear,Foshan’sknittingproductsandsoon.TakingWenzhougarmentindustryasanexample,thereareover2000clothingenterprisesand120,000employeesworkintheindustry.Meanwhile,therearemorethan200firmsthatproduce50,000western-stylesuitsannuallyand10keyfirmswhosesalesreachover100millionRMB(about$12.12million).AndinWenzhou,therearemanydomesticoriginalbrandsbuildingtheirpresenceinthemarket,suchasXiameng,Judger(Zhuangji),Baoxiniao(meanspiedmagpie)andthelike.Withaplentyofequipmentsandadvancedtechnics,theWenzhougarmentindustryhasprimarilyformedasalenetworkinthedomesticmarketandhassucceededinvirtualoperation,suchasMetersbonweGroup,SemirCo.andsoon.TheWenzhougovernmenthassetagoalof“Buildingawell-knowngarmentcity-wearinginWenzhou”andhasembarkedontheconstructionof“theChineseFamousGarmentIndustryGarden”.ThemajorityofNingbogarmententerprisesareengagedinprocesstradesandtheirmainexportproductsarelowandmediumgrade.SoNingbogarmentindustrywillfacefiercelow-costcompetitionsfromdevelopingcountries,suchasPakistan,India,Indonesia,Vietnamandsoon.Besides,thedropofthetaxdrawbackofexport,tosomeextent,alsoimpactsthecostcompetitivenessoftheexportfirms.Meanwhile,thedramaticfluctuationofthecottonpricescostexposestheexportfirmstothehighrisksofoperation.译文宁波服装产业竞争力分析（节选）资料来源:《克里斯蒂安斯塔德大学院学报》，2005年6月作者:LeoWangPeterWangRogerWang1.1概述宁波服装产业宁波位于中国东部沿海，在长江三角洲南翼。这是浙江省一个重要的工业基地，已成为中国最大的港口城市之一。制衣业是宁波制造业的重要组成部分，提供就业超过20万人。因为宁波服装业充斥着大量的企业，它对于经济和社会凝聚力的重要性增加了。2000多个公司从事这一行业，其中的439个公司是中型和大型企业，拥有117000名员工。2003年，所有的宁波服装产业生产了14亿套西服，约占全国服装业的总生产能力12％，并有228亿元人民币（约合27.6亿美元）的营业额。作为宁波工业发展历史中最古老的行业，服装业在20世纪90年代期间，通过私有化和市场化，使其急剧扩张，并且加快了其现代化建设的进程。通过集群和生产链的生产力，重新定位从低品质到高品质的产品的过程和建立大量的知名品牌，宁波服装业生产能力得到提升。现在，在宁波，11家企业是中国百强服装企业。宁波服装行业已经在男装和童装方面创建出一系列的知名品牌，如Firs（杉杉），Youngor（雅戈尔），Romon（罗蒙），Yixiu（一休）等，其中12个是国家知名品牌。在内陆，他们在各自的细分市场上占有重要的市场份额。杉杉，雅戈尔和罗蒙在中国非常有名。同时，他们的存在加速了整个宁波服装产业的发展。宁波还以历史悠久的外贸港口而闻名。在古代，宁波享有“海上丝绸之路”之称，它是现代中国服装工业的发祥地。在中国，宁波裁缝制造出第一套中山装和西式套装，经营第一个西式服装店，并撰写制作西装的第一本书。更重要的是，宁波人创办了中国第一所服装学校。上述五个“第一”充分证明宁波在中国服装发展史上的区位作用。自1978年以来，宁波一直自诩出口贸易的快速发展，特别是服装行业。宁波服装产业的开放程度非常高。出口总额在销售总额中占有比例高，在2000年和2003年分别达到了64.9%和70%。最多的进口国是日本，美国，欧盟和韩国。宁波一直是中国服装的重要出口地，也一直是世界上男装的重要生产地区。宁波服装企业引进了最先进的生产设备来提高生产效率和质量。服装业对宁波当地的GDP有着巨大的贡献，宁波4％的人口参与这个劳动密集型产业。作者：宁波服装行业利润已经达到12亿两千四百万元人民币（约1亿四千八百四十万美元）。与上海，杭州和邻近城市相比，产值，销售，利润和利润率，宁波服装产业是最高的。宁波服装纺织业是该地区的六个主要行业之一，不仅直接促进宁波经济和社会的发展，而且还能提升时尚氛围和促进全球化。然而，随着国际服装工业和贸易形势的转变和国际市场上的服装贸易自由化的程度加深，宁波服装行业正面临着一系列的挑战。如何做？既能保持在宁波服装业中国大陆市场的地位，又能开放更多的国外市场。因此，在未来，宁波必须提高服装业的竞争力，适应新的竞争法规和瞬息万变的商业环境，并增强在国内和国际上的竞争力。1.2条件因素条件的因素是由两个部分组成：基本因素和先进因素。基本因素包括地理条件和自然资源，基础设施和能源供应，基本劳动力资源和当地的金融市场。与此同时，先进的因素，包括技术设备，人才，

教育，创新活动，资本运作等等。基本因素地理条件和自然资源宁波市位于浙江省东部，濒临东海，东有舟山群岛为天然屏障，北濒杭州湾，西接绍兴市，南临三门湾，毗邻台州。余姚江、奉化江在市区“三江口”汇合成甬江，流向东海。宁波港在中国大陆港口排名第二，年均货物吞吐量超过亿吨。进港航道水深在18.2米以上，25万吨至30万吨船舶可侯潮进港。宁波港地处中国大陆海岸线中部，南北在有“黄金水道”之称的长江“T”形结构的交汇点上。其服务范围直接覆盖整个华东地区及经济发达的长江流域并且覆盖东南亚和整个环太平洋地区。因为宁波港有着悠久的外贸历史。宁波地处经济发展快速的长三角经济开发区。与江苏省，浙江省其他地区和上海互补。上海大都市的繁荣，将大大刺激宁波的经济发展。基础设施和能源供应a）交通运输系统。拥有高度发达的公路，铁路，航空和水路交通网络。随着跨海湾大桥的建成，宁波将很快纳入上海“两小时”经济圈。b）信息化建设。宁波建立了网络交流中心和宁波（CA）数字证书支部。网络规模，技术水平和服务能力在全国处于领先地位。当地的网络具有综合能力提供固定和移动语音通信服务，数据服务，计算机多媒体服务和图像通信服务。c）电力供应。电力供应严重短缺，导致工厂停止运作，是一个短期的问题，将通过建成大规模电力工程来解决。基本劳动力资源宁波拥有丰富的高素质劳动力资源和来自其他贫困地区的求职者。因此，当地服装企业可以轻易地聘请到高素质，廉价的劳动力。与一些东欧国家相比，宁波劳动力成本更加低廉。然而，随着生活水平提高，居民消费水平上升，这些公司将面临劳动力成本增加这一问题。此外，他们正面临着来自诸如巴基斯坦和印度等一些发展中国家的压力。在一些发展中国家，平均每小时工资标准如下：突尼斯：1.77美元，摩洛哥：1.89美元，阿尔巴尼亚：1.01美元，波兰：2.9美元和土耳其：2.13美元，而亚洲国家的工资水平更低（印度尼西亚：0.7美元，中国：0.6美元，越南:0.6美元，泰国:0.5美元，印度：0.2美元，巴基斯坦：0.2美元）。与年工资有19192美元的洛杉矶（洛杉矶时装业2003年）相比，宁波平均年工资为1653美元（0.62美元/小时，接近中国工资的平均水平），但比中国西部和南亚平均水平工资高。这些数字说明，宁波服装行业将面临的挑战不仅来自中国本土，还来自一些发展中国家，他们的工资维持在低水平。人才与教育随着对人才和教育方面逐步重视，宁波已投资巨额资金筹建宁波纺织职业技术学院,宁波服装职业