胡壮麟语言学教程练习题

胡壮麟语言教程练习胡壮麟语言学教程练习题重点章节测试题TestInvitationstoLinguisticsI.1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryforhuman__________.communicationrelationcommunity2.WhichwordsisentirelytreeC.crashD.bangfunctionofboilsatCentigrade.‖is__________.interrogativedirectiveC.informativeperformativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksbowlorplatethepresentlikelysay碎碎（岁岁）平安”ascontrollingtheybelievesfeelmighttheirWhichitInterpersonalB.EmotivePerformative5.Whichoflanguagelanguageuserstocausedandplace,duethisfeatureofspeakerslanguagetalkanysituation?Transferability

DualityC.DisplacementArbitrariness6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingfunctionsoflanguage?―Aday,isn’tit?―Right!Ireallythesunlight.EmotiveC.PerformativeInterpersonal7.__________toactualideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.CompetenceD.Parole8.dogisitisforsomethingoratthathearnow.Itcouldn’tforlostlovelostof__________.culturaltransmissionproductivity__________answerssuchquestionsashowweinfantsacquirefirstII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.isameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

PsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsA.LinguistictheoryC.AppliedlinguisticsAnthropologicallinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsPracticallinguisticsD.linguisticsanswer.10.__________withlanguageapplicationtofields,particularlyeducation.胡壮麟语言学教程练习题12.is13.SpeakingisquickestmostefficientwayhumancommunicationLanguageiswrittenwritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.allbornwiththeabilitywhichmeanstheofanysystemcantransmitted.areablecommunicate.17.F.Saussure,madedistinctionbetweenintheearly20thwaslinguist.18.ofthefeaturesoftheusedin’sisanexampleoflanguage.

19.SpeechandwritingintobeingatmuchAlltheintodaybothspokenforms.III.Fillinblanks.(10%)21.Language,broadlyismeansof__________22.Inlanguagecanusedwaystomeanandcancombinedintoinnumerablesentencesonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23.manycanlanguagetotalkitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24.thatprimitivemanperformingworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.Linguisticsis__________oflanguage.26.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatlinguisttriestowhatlanguageisthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.generalprincipleoflinguisticanalysisisofwriting.Thedescriptionlanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.

29.Saussuretwoconcepts.toabstractlinguisticsharedbyallspeechcommunity.30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussureand’s__________.Explaintheterms,31.DesignDisplacement33.34.SynchroniclinguisticsV.Answerquestions.(20%)35.takeasoneofthefeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutellwhatlanguagewillifithasnofeature?（南开大学，20XX年）36.isitdifficultdefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，20XX年）胡壮麟语言学教程练习题Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanlinguistanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）TestTwo:andI.answer.1.variationisknownaswhenitspatterns

sentences.A.intonationB.pronunciation__________isvoiceallophonephoneC.p,anunaspiratedpandanareofpphoneme.C.D.allophonesopeningbetweenvocalcordsissometimesto__________.A.glottisvocalcavityuvuladiphthongsarewithtonguethe__________6.7.B.narrowAphonemeisagroupofsimilar__________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsphonesconcernsproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticD.ArticulatoryNoneabove8.Whichisdifferentotherstoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheaccordingofvowels?[u]C.[e]10.wemakewhenvocal

vibrating?VoicelessVoicedC.Glottalstop[i]D.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.Suprasegmentalphonologytothephonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-suchassyllable,12.Theairstreamhastoundergonumberoftoacquirethequalityof13.areinfreevariationwheninenvironmentanddonamely,thesubstitutionoffortheotherproducedifferentword,butdifferent14.[p]is胡壮麟语言学教程练习题15.isconcernedperceptionofspeechsounds.16.Allbutnotallcontainonsetand17.purevowelsor

arenovowelglidestake18.Accordingtoorofthecandividedintotenselaxorshort.19.Pronunciationisbymost20.ThemaximalstatesthatwhenisastoitisintoratherthanIII.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.Consonantsoundsbeeither__________or__________,vowelsoundsare__________.22.Consonantsoundsalsobemadewhenofinareclosetogetherthattheairisoutthem,__________.23.Thequalitiesofdependposition__________lips.24.elementinofisoftheisatthepointinAsecondelementisthethatpartoftongueisraised.25.differthatthelatter

__________.26.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfailveildistinguishablebecauseofphonemes/f/-isforillustrating__________.27.Inthereareof__________,whicharebymovingfromvowelpositionthroughinterveningpositions.28.__________tothephenomenonofcontinuallyshowtheinfluenceofneighbors.29.__________isthesmallestlinguistic30.Speechtakestheorgansofproducepatternssound.movementsanthe__________comingfromlungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,using31.assimilation32.Suprasegmental33.distributionDistinctiveV.Answerquestions.(20%)35.isacoustic（中国人民大学，）36.arethedifferencesbetweenandvoicelessintermsof（南开大学，年）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

胡壮麟语言学教程练习题37.Writethethattoeachofphoneticdescriptions;givethatcontainsthissound.Example:alveolardog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）TestThree:MorphologyI.theanswer.voicelessunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowelliquidvelarnasalfricative1.adjectivesbeclassifiedas__________.lexicalwordsgrammaticalfunctionwordsD.wordsthatrepresentgender__________morpheme.inflectionalfreeC.derivationalsixstems3.Thereare__________morphemesinthewordthreeB.fourC.fiveInEnglish

__________.A.suffixesC.infixesTheofaffixessuffixand__________.derivationalaffixinflectionalaffixC.infix6.__________isawayinwhichwordsmaybefromexistinganaffixisthoughttoofaffixationC.insertion7.Theisformedtheof__________.disagreementallomorphB.initialismwordslikesitcom__________.A.clipping9.stemofdisagreementsis__________.C.agreementagreedisagree10.Allofthemexceptfor__________.lexemeC.morphemeII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.

11.Phonetically,ofcompoundfallsonfirstelement,secondelementreceives12.Foreasinforetellisprefixandboundmorpheme.13.referswordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.胡壮麟语言学教程练习题14.Incases,prefixesmeaningbasewhereassuffixesof15.fromnountoisthemostproductiveof16.Reduplicativecompoundisformedrepeatingthemorphemeofawordswhimper,whistleareformedintheonomatopoeia.Incases,thenumberofofwordtonumberofmorphemes.19.Back-formationisaproductivewayword-formations.20.InflectionisparticularwayofIII.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,__________is22.incases,issynonymouswith__________.23.Orthographically,compoundsarewrittenin

__________,____________________.24.Allbesaidto__________.25.smallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsbelongto__________class,whilelargestofadjectivesadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.__________isprocessofandisofshortening.27.__________isproductive,becausehadlostmostofitsinflectionaltheofMiddlewhichfacilitatedusewordsoradjectives,andviceversa.28.Wordsdividedintosimple,wordsonthe29.byderivationiscalleda__________,andawordiscalled__________.30.areclassifiedinto____________________.IV.Explain31.AllomorphClosed-classruleV.Answerquestions.(20%)

35.Howmorphemesarethereinlanguage?（厦门大学，20XX年）36.aremainfeaturescompounds?Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.MatchunderIwithunderlinedfromCOLUMNII（武汉大胡壮麟语言学教程练习题学，20XX年）(2)IacronymmorphememorphemeIIfoeUNESCOcalculation(5)prefixTestSyntaxI.answer.1.Thestructureis________.linearhierarchicalC.linearTheoflanguage____inlargesmall

C.finiteinfinite3.The________rulesaretherulesthatwordsandtoformgrammaticalsentences.lexicalmorphologicalC.linguistic4.Asentenceis____whenitdoestoknowledgeinthemindnativespeakers.rightwrongC.grammaticalungrammatical__________embeddedclausereferstointroductorywordthatintroducesembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionstructurerules____properties.subordinatorgrammaticalD.7.structurerulesallowtobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsformsentences.constitutesgrammaticalitystringswordspeopleandpossiblesentencesD.theabove.8.TheheadphraseDthecityis__________.thecitycity9.phraseDonshelfbelongsto

__________construction.C.subordinatethecityRomeD.10.ThesentenceDTheytoremainandnot‖isa__________C.complex胡壮麟语言学教程练习题II.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.foundintheallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemlinguisticknowledgeofaknownlinguistic12.Thesyntacticrulesoflanguagearefiniteinnumber,thereisnolimitnumberofsentencesspeakersofthatareabletoand13.Incomplextheclauses

status,onesubordinatingthatcanbeforoneanotherlossofgrammaticalitytosyntacticcategory.15.lexicalopenbecausefixedandmembersare16.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriescommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,phrase,phrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.InEnglishusuallyprecedesverbobjectusuallytheverb.18.isactuallyintheofnativeiscompletelistofwordsrathergrammatical19.phrasemustbutotherelementsare20.Itisbelievedthatstructurerules,withtheinsertionoflexicon,generatesentencesattheD-structure.III.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.__________consistssinglecontainsasubjectpredicateandaloneasits

22.__________isstructurallyindependentunitthatcomprisesnumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questioncommand.23.__________maybeaoraphraseinthatusually24.Thepartwhichcomprisesfiniteverbphrasewhichsomethingtheis__________.25.__________containstwo,ofisintothe26.Incomplextheorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalled__________27.Majorlexicalarecategoriesinthesensethatwords28.__________assignmentstatesthatassignorarecipientshouldstayto29.__________syntacticUGthatgeneraloperateinwayorandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenamongnaturallanguages.

30.The__________explainsthethatnounphrasesin胡壮麟语言学教程练习题objectpositions.Explaintheterms,usingexamples.31.Syntax32.analysis33.HierarchicaltheoryV.Answerquestions.(20%)35.areendocentricandconstruction?（武汉大学，20XX年）36.Distinguishthetwopossibleofbeautifulflowers”bymeansof（北京第二外国语大学，）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.atreeaccordingPSrulestothestructureTest[Mainlytakenexercises.Cicywarmtea]I.answer.Thewroteletteryesterday.1.Thetheoryisadvancedby________.

Firth2.DWeshallwordbycompanyitstatement_______.A.theviewC.thenamingtheoryWhichisNOTtrue?behaviorismisinherentthelinguisticform.B.istheofallfeatureslinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseisdictionaryarenot4.DCanIyour‖_______DYoubike.‖issynonymousisinconsistententails5.___________isawayinwhichthewordcandissectedinto胡壮麟语言学教程练习题features.analysisC.analysisanalysisDAliveandDdeadare______________.gradableantonymsantonyms

antonymsNoneoftheabove7._________withrelationshipbetweenlinguisticelementnon-linguisticworldofA.ReferencePolysemyC.SemanticsSense8.___________tophenomenonthathavingdifferentmeaningsSynonymyC.Homonymysynonyms9.thatinarecalled______________.homonymsB.C.10.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgoverned_______.grammaticalrulesrestrictionsC.D.featuresII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.synonymscanbefounddifferent

dialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanbutfoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,BritishEnglishorEnglish.12.Senseistherelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticofthetheinherentlinguisticform.13.Linguistichavingsamedifferentindifferentsituations.Inofisastheintrinsicinherentrelation15.isonthethatonederivemeaningfromormeaningtoobservablecontexts.16.attemptedtodefineoflanguageastheintheuttersittheitforthinthehearer.17.Theofisthesumtotaloftheallits18.Mostsetsoflexicalsimilarintotheir19.DItis‖isano-placebecauseit

noargument.20.Ingrammaticalsentenceistakentobebasicunit,analysisofbasicunitisisabstractionofofIII.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.__________bedefinedasofmeaning.22.Theviewholdsthereisno__________linkbetweenlinguisticformwhatitrefersto.胡壮麟语言学教程练习题23.__________meanswhatalinguisticformtointheworld;itdealstherelationshipbetweenthelinguisticnon-linguisticworldof24.thatinarecalled__________.25.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,differentinandmeaning,theyarecalled__________.26.__________arewordsthatexhibitthereversalbetweentheitems.27.__________analysisisbasedthebeliefthattheofwordcandividedintomeaning28.Whetheraisiscalled__________restrictions,whichare

constraintslexicalitemswhatothers.29.__________isalogicalparticipantinlargelyidenticalelement(s)in30.Accordingto__________theoryofmeaning,theinaretobelabelsoftheyfor.Explaintheterms,usingexamples.31.EntailmentProposition33.analysis34.Referencequestions.(20%)35.arethesensebetweenwords?Dogs,parrots;roots（青岛海洋大学，1999）Whatarethreeantonymy?（武汉大学，年）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Foreachgroupofwordsgivenstateorareby(a)the(b)ordistinguishclassesof(a)wordsandTestSix:Pragmaticsa.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,bull,

rooster,(2)a.table,stone,milk,alcohol,soupmountain,road,tractorcharity,sincerity,bravery,（青岛海洋大学，1999）胡壮麟语言学教程练习题Chooseanswer.1.pragmaticsiswhethertheof_________isconsidered.A.speechC.practicalusage2.Asentenceisa_________themeaningofisoftenstudiedinisolation.grammaticalC.mental3.Ifwethinkofawhatpeopleactuallyinthecourseofitbecomes(n)_________.constativeB.Whichistrue?

C.utteranceexpressiveusuallynottakeformsentences.betosentences.C.Noformsentences.Allberestoredtosentences.5.theorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.late’softheC.inthe1960theearly’sin6.__________isperformedresultingfromsayingsomething;itisthebroughtaboutbyutterance.A.locutionaryactB.illocutionaryactC.actperformativeactAccordingtheillocutionaryofis______.A.hearertosomethingtocommittobeingthecaseC.tocommitspeakertosomecourseofactionthefeelingsorattitudeexistingstateof

8.AllthethattocategorybutdiffertheirillocutionaryactstheirorforcetheirintheireffectbroughtPrinciple9.__________isadvancedbyCooperativePrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalAdjacencyPrinciple10.Whenanyofmaximsprincipleisflouted,_______arise.impolitenessB.C.mutualunderstandingII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.treatsoflanguageassomethingintrinsic胡壮麟语言学教程练习题12.Itwouldimpossibletogivedescriptionofifthecontextlanguagewasleftunconsidered.13.andpragmatics

iswhetherintheoftheofuseis14.differencebetweenandisthataisutteredwhileutteranceis.15.Theofaiscontext-dependent.meaningutteranceisthereforealwaystakeformsentences18.theoryoriginatedBritishJohnSearle.19.acttheorystartedin’softhe20thcentury.20.madedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.III.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.notionof__________isessentialtheoflanguage.22.Ifthinkofaswhatactuallyutterinthecourseofitbecomesan__________.23.Theofais__________,and24.__________statementsthateitherstateor

werethusverifiable.25.__________sentencesthatdidnotstatefactdescribeastate,andnotverifiable.26.A(n)actisutteringwords,Itistheofconveyingmeansofsyntax,lexiconand27.A(n)actisexpressing’sintention;itistheperformedinsaying28._________iscommitthespeakertocourseof29.A(n)isfeelingsattitudeanexistingstate.30.aremaximsundertheprinciple:theof__________,theofthemaximofrelationmanner.Explainthefollowing31.Conversational32.Performative33.actQ-principleV.Answerquestions.(20%)35.Explaintheremarksexamplesorsomesemanticspragmaticsare

meaning,butthecantwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:What(b)X?”（东北师范大学，20XX年）胡壮麟语言学教程练习题36.thinkBiscooperativeSupportwith（南开大学，20XX年）37.istheincommunication?tothanjuststatefacts.TestLanguage,andSocietyI.answer.roomisItwouldifhadskirtisthecoming?Therehasfurtherroad.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)1._______isthesociallanguagevariationandlanguageusedifferentspeechcommunities.PsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAppliedlinguistics2.Thedistinguishablelinguisticfeature

isits__________.A.usewordsuseC.accent3.__________isvariationtoparticularwhereA.variationLanguagevariationC.variationvariation_______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationofGeographicalLoyaltytoinonenativeC.Physicalpsychologicalresistancechange5._________thatcertainsuchthegovernmentparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitspreadtheitboundaries.A.LanguagechangesC.Languagetransfer6._________in’sspeechwritingusuallyrangesfromorcolloquialtoorpoliteaccordingthecommunicativesituation.A.variationinemotions

C.inStylisticvariation7.Aisvarietylanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsforlinguistic胡壮麟语言学教程练习题registerC.Creolelanguage8.Although_______simplifiedgrammaticaltheyarelikeanyhumanlanguage.A.creolespidginssociolectsInsituations,speakerstendtousemoreprestigioustheir____socialbackground.maleB.femaleC.youngD.10.linguisticreferswordorexpressionthatisprohibitedfromslangC.II.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.

11.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationishomogeneoussystemwithhomogeneousofspeakers.12.Thegoalsociolinguisticsistothenatureoflanguagevariationlanguageavarietyofcommunitiesandindifferentsituations.13.sociolinguisticperspective,termDspeechvariety‖cannotusedtotolanguage,pidgin.14.Thedistinguishablelinguisticfeatureaisits15.’ssocialdonotexertashapingonoflinguisticfeatures.16.Everyspeakerofais,instricterofdistinctidiolect.17.Acanwithinparticularcountryforcommunicationgroupsdifferentlinguistic18.usuallyhigher,dominant,languageinitsandlanguageintheiroccasionallysyntax.andmeanthething.

20.Theusehastheeffectofovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectsuchisusuallylong-lasting.III.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.Thesocialanyiscalledthespeech22.Speech__________todistinguishableformspeechorgroupofspeakers.23.sociolinguisticperspective,varietyisnothan__________varietyof24.Languageisalsocalledlanguage__________.25.variationto__________whichareintosmallerspeechthatreflecttheireducational,occupationalbackground,etc.26.__________variationinperson’swritingusuallyrangescontinuumfrom胡壮麟语言学教程练习题orcolloquialtooraccordingofcommunicativesituation.Againstatusstandardizedor__________

ofcountry.28.Thestandardlanguageis__________,sociallyprestigious29.Languageotherthanstandardarecalled__________languages.30.typicallylacksinExplaintheterms,usingexamples.31.32.dialectSociolinguisticsV.Answerquestions.(20%)35.IstoEnglish?not?（中国人民大学年）36.Ifwetakeitrulelanguageistothendokinshipsuchasuncleandaunt,reflectculturaldifferencesbetweenChinese?（东北师范大学，年）Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesif（东北师范大学，20XX年）TestEight:ofModernLinguisticsanswer.

1.Thepersonisoftendescribedofmodernlinguistics‖is__________..FirthSaussure2.TheoftheSchooltolinguisticsisthatitlanguageinterms__________.functionD.systemdescriptivelinguisticsisBoasSapirC.Harris4.Generallythe__________specifieswhethercertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusinstructure.SlotC.RoleD.Cohesion5.__________ismostwidespreadandthebestunderstooddiscussing胡壮麟语言学教程练习题languages.TraditionalC.FunctionalD.__________startedfromAmericanlinguistinthe1950searly1960s.A.Stratificational

C.RelationalMontagueInHalliday’sthe__________functionisthefunctionthatchildusestoknowhissurroundings.heuristicC.imaginative8.TherhemeintheitJaneis__________.OnitC.itstoodD.9.follows__________inandmentalisminpsychology.A.behaviorismmentalismgrammarhas__________stagesofA.fourC.sixII.Decidewhetherstatementsareorfalse.11.FollowingSaussuredistinctionbetweenparole,thattowhereasphonologyparole.12.Thedistinctionistheasthethemeandrheme13.LondonSchoolisalsoknownas

systemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.14.AccordingtoFirth,asystemissetofmutuallythatintoatpointinlinguisticstructure.15.AmericanStructuralismisoflinguisticsthatemergedUnitedStatesat16.focusesdiscussiononanduniversalgrammar.17.descriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesdiversitiesoflanguages.’soflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sofparole,hisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentSaussure19.emphasizesstatusoflinguisticanditsrelationdescription.20.Ifsentencessameinterpersonaltheywouldbetheinofcoherence.III.Fillinblanks.(20%)21.TheSchoolpracticedspecialstyleof__________22.TheSchoolisbestknownrememberedfor

itstothedistinctionbetween__________23.TheturnedlinguisticsproperintodistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas__________.24.’sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionaltheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammaris__________.25.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)__________functionallinguisticapproach.胡壮麟语言学教程练习题26.Structuralismisonassumptionthatgrammaticalshouldnotinofintermsof__________.27.Inhistoryoflinguistics,theperiod1933and1950isalsoknownas28.__________inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.29.startingpointof’sTGgrammaris__________hypothesis.30.arguesthatconsistsofthatis__________,linguisticuniversal,andan

evaluationprocedure.Explaintheterms,usingexamples.31.FSP32.Cohesion33.V.Answerquestions.(20%)35.Whyishailedasfathermodernlinguistics?36.isbehaviorism?isbehaviorisminlinguistics?istherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsbehaviorismaccordingDoesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Canyoutosomeimportanttheirinmodernlinguistics?第二部分结束第三部分测试题参考答案[Inthekeys,I’tgiveexamplesorfurtherseemstoomuchme.Therefore,thiskeyisforIntothiskindofyouexamples.Soshouldcarefully.Cicywarmtea]TestOneI.1~5II.

11~15FFTFFIII.6~10FFFFF胡壮麟语言学教程练习题21.22.creativity24.26.descriptive28.linguisticcompetence23.metalingualfunction25.scientific27.31.feature:Ittothedefiningpropertieshumanlanguagethattelldifferencebetweenhumanlanguageanyofanimalcommunication.32.Displacement:Ithumanenabletheirwhichnot(inspace)atmomentof33.Competence:ItisessentialpartItisthe’sknowledgeofhisorherthatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsrules.is,oflanguage.theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisunconscious.Aismodelof34.Synchroniclinguistics:Itrefersoflanguage

pointintime.studiedmaybeeitherthepresentorparticularpointinthepast;alsobelanguages,suchasSynchroniclinguisticsiswithlinguistics,thestudyoflanguageaoftime.V.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.AlargedifferentunitsbeoutofsmallofelementsCforinstance,tensofwor