苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结材料504

..,..ThegreenteamTheteamingreenTheteamwhowerewearinggreen,which,that,who,whom,whose,,when,where,why.,,,.Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcan’tremember.TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二that,which,who,whom,和whose,thatwhich指Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingcontest.,who指人.IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustebackfromtheUK.3who时,用mm比oItweefermIwnermotherday.时,who,whom,which和that被省略.Helikesallthebirthdaypresents<that/which>hisfriendsgavehim.Whose示属,它既指人指物.IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.prepositionprepositionwhom〕which/whom,.Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.,.ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.,whichthat,whomthatwho.Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.,,whothat.Thetopic<which>EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson<whom>Iwanttomakefriendswith.way,in,,in或.Ididn’tliketheway<that/inwhich>shetalkedtome.副when,where,why副whentime,moment,day,season,year等.Doyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouincharge?IoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.副whereplace,house,city,country,city,world.Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.副whyreason.Idon’tknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.更加,where,whenwhyh.eyseenhIneshyThisisthereasonwhy/forwhichmyparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三单元 一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句,在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号.如：Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.当先行词是整个主句时,可以用 which来引导定语从句.如：Hemissedtheshow,whichwasagreatpity.我们可以用 all＋whom/which来表示全部数量,用 someof＋whom/which来表示局部数量.如：Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二附加疑问句附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句.它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话,以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息,温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事.我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意.当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时,为了期待对方能同意我们的观点,附加疑问句会用降调来表达.当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时,我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情,这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达.附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1,.,的附加疑问句.如：Wecanstillbefriends,can’twe?Hedoesn’tlikeicecream,doeshe?当主句中有像neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly或seldom这类,,因此跟.如：Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?人称代词如 I,we,you,he,she,it或 they会放在附加疑问句中.如：Iwasprettysilly,wasn’tI?Everyonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haven’tyou?助动词,情态动词或 be动词会放在附加疑问句中.如：Youliketraveling,don’tyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isn’tthere?Youcan’tspeakItalian,canyou?祁使句后用willyou,Let’s后用shallwe如：Postaletterforme,willyou?Let’shaveabreak,shallwe?牛津高中英语－模块二第一单元一现在完成时态unhappy.IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.在完成时态.经常连用的时间短语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yetalready用语肯定句,yet用语否认句.：Theboyhasalreadyehome. Ihaven’theardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段时间 since+点时间如：Wehaven’tseenhimfortwoyears. Wehaven’tseenhimsince2002.注：当已给定具体的时间时,我们往往用一般过去时态,而不是现在完成时态.我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作.Thepolicehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作.SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词二现在完成进展时态IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.long?---Yes,I’vebeenwaitingforanhour.3．现在完成进展时态的构成：have/has+been+doing注：forsinceIhavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineo’clock.,.LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.<Shefinishedreadingthebook.>LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.<Sheisstillreadingthebook.>,.IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.howmany/much,howlong. Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake?Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake?,.Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears. <>IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.,go,play.,like,know,existnever,yet,already,ever,,.’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.第二单元将1将一段间正事情.TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2从将某一点开始能要续一段间事情.yltennnextTuesday.Hewillbeclimbinginthe3没任何意图达将事情.ertsttlegneen这种情况下事情很自然,没人为安排.4礼貌地询关其他人将计划.WillyoubevisitingyouruncleinTanzania?将构1陈述Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will<not>beflyingtoMorocco.2疑willWilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly?3wilno〕Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot<wont>二过去将来时态我们用过去将来时态和过去进展时态来：1表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作.Theysetoffat9a.m.andwouldreachtheairportanhourlater.2>暗指一个过去的目的.Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.3>暗指一个过去的安排.ndroytesgrrt4>指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作.ThejourneythatwastochangeToby’slifestartedinJulythatyear.：1wouldItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.2>was/weregoingto,was/wereto,was/wereabouttoWeweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidn’thavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool---hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三单元一过去完成时态我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作.当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生nge,r’syt,hddmoplace,waseatenbyasnake."Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,〞Cartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作,并不是指发生在一长段时间IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum.过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用,when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.had+v-edHowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.,.drsefetssedsr,,.tgafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCarter’steambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英语－模块三第单元名词性从句名词性从句介绍句中和名词或名词短语样.1ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegivememakesmehappy.Whetherhe’llbeabletoeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.可以itItwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely.可以名词性从句来做词宾语.shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthat’sagoodidea.Pollydidn’tknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.可以名词性从句来做介词宾语.’minterestedinwhothattallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.可以itweallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning.可以名词性从句来做表语.thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.TheproblemishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd.可以名词性从句来做名词同位语.thefactthatPollydidntaskfortheman’snameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing?我们用that,if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句.IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecouldn’timaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.thatif/whether1．我们用that来引导名词性从句.1〕当从句是一个陈述句时,我们用that来引导名词性从句.Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.2>在大多数情况下,我们不用thatthatexceptTheproblemliesinthatthemistmaybeeathickfog.Ididn’ttellhimanythingexceptthatIwasn’tabletofindmywayback.3〕当名词性从句做句子的主语时,thatThatwecouldntfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4,that可以省略.Shewished<that>someonewouldealongtohelpher.Thetruthis<that>thebuseswillnotberunning.我们用ifwhether当从句是个一般疑问句时,我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句.我们把if或whetherShewondered.Wouldthebusesstillberunning?Shewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.介词后只能用whether,而不能用if.Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.whetherif.Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.只能用whetherornot,而不能用ifornot.IwanttoknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.andbutthatwhether/ifwhether/ifedtednyhdten’tenwhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewilletowork.,,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow.wh-,.,.Whereapersonesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules..tepeoplefromthenorthsaying?Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying.,.it,..用it.It,.it.1〔更好〕ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.〔确ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.2带o〔更好〕Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.〔确〕Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.3动-ing〔更好〕Smokingisdifficulttostop.〔确〕Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.Itseem,appear,happen,chance,turnoutprove.Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighboresfrommyhometown.=mynewneighborhappenstoefrommyhometown.型it+be+短+thatwho,状.tslastnight<notanyothertime>thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight..TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty.++,.TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.toto.Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhang’sspeechmadeusalllaugh.介.Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert.在数上.ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.二Either…or… Neither…nor…1我们用eithe…or…〕eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.<连接peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.<连接>wecouldchoosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.<连接状>theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.3我们用neithe…no…来连接表示否认…d〕neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.主谓致主谓致指在主后选择正确复数.几点帮助我们决数复数.应果主1）数数thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.2>,标题字twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.3>travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists.,bothcitieswereveryrich.andthenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain.allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof/,.allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered.,band,crowd,class,dozen,family,public,team,,,.ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang.news,physics,mathematics,Aids,goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings,.etsstenysgdnAlltheirbelongingsweredestroyedintheearthquake.either…orneither…nornotonly…butalso…,not…but…,子的,采取就近原此.eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one,.牛津高中英－模块四第元直引和间引语我们直引来阐述所说话.我们把引写下来,这些就会被放在引号但,我们通常更愿意间引来阐述所说话.Shesaid,"ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.〞间引ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.我们可通过把所说话改成宾不定式形式来把直引变成间接.Shesaid,"I’musedtoads.〞----Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads."Wemustnotfallforthiskindoftrick!〞Shewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick.除了句型的改变外,还有其它的改变：人称代词的改变：Shesaid,"Ididsomeresearch.〞-----Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.时态的改变：e,sssyedttdsclever.时态时,时态是何变化的：直接语 间接一般现在时 现在进展时 一般过去时 现在完成时 一般将来时 过去完成时 现在完成进展时 过去完成进展注当陈述一个不变的事实时,时态不变.ttravelsatgreatspeed,〞hesaid.----Hesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.时间和地点状的变化：m,Imgemdesgthatday.下面列举这种变化的例子直接语 间接today thatday/yesterday/onWednesday,etc.tomorrow thenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.yesterday thedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.nextmonth themonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyear theyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekago aweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4〕其它的例子：直接间接thisthatthesethoseego陈述句,疑问句和祈使句陈述句1〕我们用that导的名词性从句来陈述一件事.Shesaid,"Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.------Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.2>say,tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn"PSAsareoftenplacedforfree〞ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.whether/if.MattaskedAnn,"Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld?-----MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.wh-wh-.Iaskedher,"Howcanthatcouldbe?’-----Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue.祈使句1〕下结构祈使notto-不定式ewritersaid,"Thinkaboutwhyyoushoulddothethingstheadsuggests.〞-----Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested."Don’tworry,Mickey,Jensaid.-----JenaskedMickeynottoworry.2>advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn"Do’tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,〞MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二单元情态总体介绍1：1〕能力Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.2>义务oughtto/should----haveto mustYoumustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.3>确定确定由弱到强排列might---- may---- could----should oughtto----will mustShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.4>允许can----could----may mightHeisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames.也情态1〕提要求：will---can----could wouldCanyouhelpmewithmytraining?Shallwedoexercisethismorning?Illwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou?建议：Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.toShecouldwinthegoldmedal.我们用情态动词的进展时来谈论现在可能发生的事情,用情态动词的完成时来谈论过去Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二情态动词can和beableto等1．Can和beableto1,canbeabletobeabletocanMybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.2>我们用can来谈论将来可能发生的动作.t’sgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.beto’msorryIhaven’tbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.It’snicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.4>cancould,beabletowas/wereabletoHecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthepetition.shall和 will1〕我们通常用shallwilln’tworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2>,shall或建议,will愿.Shallwegoswimmingthisweekend?Agroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.Shalltheyein?Willyougohikingwithmeinthemountain?Willhepayforme?mustn’tneedn’tMustn’t,needn’tYoumustn’tmissthisfootballmatch.It’sveryimportant.Youneedn’twatchthegameifyoudon’twantto.needdare,..Youneedn’t/do’tneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromthebridge?第三单元语态1．主语被语意思上没有太大区别,互换.主语的子,我们作的发者作为子的主语；被语的子作的承受者作为子的主语.ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset. AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2be+-ed,e的.,e是s或ee是g；完成,be是have/has+been；一般将,be是will+be.Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.被语的下几点需要注意：1引导作的发者,但没必要提与作的发者或作的发者不重要,或很难说作的发者是谁,作的发者省略不提.hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCineputersystem.2）give,lend,offer,send,tellshow接宾语,分别指人些被语的候,我们把后面接的人为子的主语；有些候,也会把Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3〕主语,一些后面往往接宾语原形.被语,原形前面要接to.Isawhimgothere. Hewasseentogothere.4>有,被语t换.getchanged,getdressed,gethurtPleasewaitawhile. Illjustgoandgetchanged.有些主形式表被含义.ThiskindofputersellswellinChina. Yourarticlereadswell.状不能于被语.Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.被语的其它特殊形式：1）it+的被语+that句ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreality.主语+的被语+todoThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.类似的有believe,report,suppose,know,prove,,,.FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine.+be+Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.态 Cantouch canbetouchedMayfeel maybefeltMightnotimpress mightnotbeimpressedCoulduse couldbeusedShoulduse shouldbeusedOughttodevelop oughttobedevelopedMustwear mustbeworn..edhbebornin/onbedisappointedat/bybefascinatedbybeimpressedat/by/withbeinterestedinbesetupbybesituatedin/onbesurprisedat/byAndywasboredwithlisteningtothesameCDeveryday.IwasbornonaWednesday.Mydadwasdisappointedbymytestresults.Peoplehavealwaysbeenfascinatedbynewtechnology.ShewasimpressedatthenumberofpointsIscored.Someofmyfriendsareinterestedinstudyingabroad.ThisnewexhibitionwassetupbytheStudents’Union.Ourschoolissituatedinaquietarea.TheyweresurprisedatthepossibilitiesoftheInternet.这里bebee取代.牛津高英－模块五第单元不定to不定式to-不定结构to+原,to组.Iwasdeterminedtobecheerful.1to1odabestfriendisdifficult.=Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.2Ineedtosleepforeighthourseverynight.Iaskedhimtoeover.Ihaveaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.Hisintentionwastocheermeup.Mydadarrangedsomeswimminglessonstosurpriseme.to-Thingsseemtobegettingbetter.Johnpretendednottohaveseenme.toto1let make have〔候〕Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.2感官feel hear see watchIsawhertalktohernewfriends.3wouldrather hadbetter whyIwouldrathergoswimming.YouhadbettertidyyourbedroomWhynotvisityourcousininJapan?注感官后v-ingIsawhertalktohernewfriend.Isawhertalkingtohernewfriend一见证整个谈话过程>Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV?Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.V-ing1V-ing.1Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.2Iloveswimmingintheseaduringthesummer.3> Ikeepfitbyswimmingeveryday.4Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.,.Thankyouforing.5Thereisashoeintheswimmingpool.v-ingAdmitdislikeimaginedelayconsidermindunderstandavoidenjoypracticemissfinishkeepsuggestv-ingWouldyoumind cannothelp lookforwardto feellike cannotstand isnouse/good putoff keeponWouldyoumindhelpingmewithmyhomework?Icannothelpwonderingwhyshedoesnotlikeme.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouattheparty.Idon’tfeellikedoinganythingnow.Shecannotstandseeingthatboy.Ithinkitisnousecryingaboutyourexamresultsnow.Ihadtoputoffshoppingforawhile.Hekeptonaskingmeformyphonenumber.v-ing或todo,意思上几乎没有区别.Continue prefer hatelikestart些既v-ing,也todo,但意义和法上有区别.在使时要保形式正.,forget regret remember try goonforget+todo>Heforgottoclosethedoorwhenheleft.Forget+doing了>Illneverforgetwinningmyfirstgoldmedal.V-ing1v-ing1〕定语v-ing以放在名样修饰名.Thiswillhavealastingeffect.有时候会把个v-ingThatwasanextremelyinterestingspeech.v-ing以和名构成复合.Thefast-growingeconomyhascausedenvironmentalproblems.Awood-burningstoveisenvironmentallyfriendly.v-ing以放在名后,像定语从句样修饰名,v-ing以被改成定语从句.egthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.=Peoplewhorunthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.2〕表语如Thisdestructionisfrightening.3）宾语补足语如Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.2v-ing放在stand,sit,lieystoodtalkingtoeachother.=Theystoodwhentheyweretalkingtoeachother.3v-ing,havingworked如Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.V-ingv-ing以以接宾语状语.Theysattheresmiling.Theysattheresmilingateachother.1v-ing短语以表示：1〕时间如Askingaround,IfindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforareIaskIwillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.Havingobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.Afterheobservedtheproblemforofourtime.2〕原因eegrsne,godghavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.3〕结果Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke,makingtheairdirty.=Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke.Asaresult,theairismadedirty.4>条件g,enet.=fee,eachievegreatthings.2．连+v-ing也可以来表示时when whenever while onceuntilWehavetotakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhendevelopingtheeconomy.3．v-ing从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致.edneee,geena.=a4Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.第三单元一V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法.1．v-ed可以被用作：1〕定语v-ed放在名词的前面,像形容词一样修饰名词.V-ed可以改成定语从句.fIdechance,Iwouldhaveaclonedbaby.=ifIhadthechance,Iwouldhaveababywhoiscloned.v-edv-ed,escapedretiredfallen.比拟下面的短语：thehighlypraisedscientist<Thescientisthasbeenhighlypraised.>表过去theretiredscientist<Thescientisthasretired.>v-edwell-trainedteachersv-ed可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词.underdevelopedregion handmadev-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词.Ikescientificadvancesmentionedinyourarticleareinteresting.=Ithinkthescientificadvancesthatarementionedinyourarticleareinteresting.2〕表语MygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearIpassedmyexams.3〕宾语补足语Aftertherobbery,theyfoundthefrontwindowsbroken.2v-ed.stand sit lieeydregre.eyedtrapped.>V-edv-edv-ed,/.Shelefttherestaurant,disappointed.Shelefttherestaurant,disappointedwiththebadservice.1v-ed1〕间escientisthascopiedahumancell,assistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalscienceThescientisthascopiedahumancellandatthattimewasassistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.2〕原因dye,enearoe.=womanwrotealettertothenewspaperbecauseshewasshockedbythearticle.3>条件dh,eleltol2d..thescientistwhowasassistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalsciencethewomanwhowasshockedbythearticlethecelltissuewhichistreatedwithelectricity所有这些主都跟主句主一致.V-edV-ing做形容词1v-ing.Inoticedanamazingdifference.Somepeoplefinditexcitingthattheycouldmakecopiesofthemselvesinthefuture.2v-ed被一个所影响.Iwassurprisedtolearnthattheyhadcopiedahumancell.Theboywasmorefrightenedthanhurt.,,,.1.IamataedyThesunrisesintheeast.2.TheAcademyAwardsshowisontelevisioneveryyear.Everytimeapropediantellsajoke,heorsheusesathing,calledaprop.1Theaudienceislaughingatthejoke.IdotunderstandwhyIamnotlosingweight!2,.TheedyClubisgivingalectureaboutstand-upnextmonth.TheyaregoingtotheAcademyAwardsshowinFebruary.3,always,Youarealwaysmakingthesamemistakes!Sueisalwayschanginghermind..1.Hehashostedtheshoweighttimes.BillyCrystalhasbeeninmanyfilmsandtelevisionshow.2,.Doctorshavefoundthatpeoplewholaughalotlivelonger!Somestand-upedianshavebeefamousastelevisionandfilmactorslateroninlife.3,.Peoplehavealwaysenjoyedlaughing.edianhavealwaystoldjokesandperformedicacts.,,.Doctorshavebeenresearchingthatquestion.esyneeengnrrshowtostart.,,.1.SangLanwasborninNingbo,Chinain1981.,.Sheknewthatinthoseyearsshewasmakingherparentsproud.1.dfgtted,gntttcoulddotogetbetter.2>.yetimeshepetedintheNewYorkGoodwillGames,shehadbeenadedicatedjuniorgymnastforelevenyears.,,,.1.Shewillewithustowatchthefootballmatchtomorrow.1will shallIknowIwillthinkaboutherwhenevermylifefeelsunbearable.Ishallworkhardandlearntobeeagymnast.2begoingto+do,’mgoingtotalkabouthowtofindhappiness.2.DrBrainwillbetalkingaboutsuccessnexttime.3.eetoel,gndrsegoingtowinherevent.三非真实条件句非真实条件句阐述条件或况是不真实或是想象.1IfIgotmarriedintheUSA,Iwouldexpectapresent.IcouldreachthebookifIwereabittaller.IfIhadthechance,Imightwanttobeatranslator.非真实条件句指代想象.fuddetmns,udenweweretalkingabut!IfthemanhadpointedwithhisfirstfingerwhilehewasinBrunei,everyonewouldhavethoughtthathewasveryrude..IfIhadtimetomorrow,Iwouldcertainlyhelpyou.在fd,would/could/mightdo…去Ihadbeen/don,would/could/mighthavedone…来Iwas/were/di,would/could/mightdo…would,could,might,.d,dt,werewas.,was.Ifhewas/werehere,hewouldbeabletohelpus.,wereto/shouldfIeolys,Ideoetnteoftheterm.Ifheshouldetomorrow,Iwouldtalktohimaboutit.,if,should,were,had.Shouldyoumakeamistake,youshouldnotbeembarrassed.Hadyoutoldmeearlier,Iwouldnothavethisproblemnow.Wereyoutotakethetrain,youwouldbetheremuchsooner.ifcould+havedone.fIdedutlsnydUK,Iwouldhave..,,,.fuddoekteN,udwanswertothequestionnow.IfTangNingwereintown,Iwouldhaveheardaboutit.otherwiseor,with,without,butforif,.With<ifIhad>moremoney,Icouldhelpmorepeopleinneed.tfent>eN,,eonprojectswouldnotbeencouraged.Butforthe<Iftherewasno>helpfromtheUN,thosewomenwouldnothavebeenabletosetuptheirmind.I’mtoobusynow,otherwise/or<IfIweren’tsobusy>Iwouldhelpyoudothework.我们也可以用evenif,asif,asthough,ifonly来引导非真实条件句.IwouldnevergothereevenifIweregiventhechanceto.Nicholasissmilingasifheknewnothingabout.MiketalksasthoughhehadbeentotheGreatWallbefore.IfonlyIwereaGoodwillAmbassador!Wishwouldratherworld.Iwouldratheryouhadn’ttoldmeaboutit.牛津高中英语－模块七第一单元一介词介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间,地点,行动等等.介词也可以放在v-ing的前面.时间介词at,in,on,,by可以被用来表示时间.At,in,on接具体某一天.For用来表示某事延续了多长时间,by指的是不晚于什么时间〔到为止〕,since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止.其它表示时间的介词还有during,after,before,between,from,until如：Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhand.RegularpublicTVbroadcastingfirstbeganin1928.Thefirstrecordplayersonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.By1967,mostTVbroadcastswereincolor.theoftheofMP3hasintheononSundaymorningontheafternoonof5thJune.地点介词at,in和on.At,in,on西的外表.其它表示地点的介词还有above,against,behind,between,by,near,opposite,under等.如：I’llmeetyouatthedepartmentstore.WangLiisatamediaandtechnologyexhibition.CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofUSAfamilieshaditintheirhomes.ThisnewtypeofTVcanbehungonthewall.to,"〞.其它的还有across,along,down,into,off,over,outof,past,round,through,under,up如：Theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.短语可以和,名,和形容连构成短语.1用许多可以跟连构成withlookfor,lookinto,headfor,standfor.如：ScientistsagreewitheachotherthatthedevelopmentofTVwillnotstop.Iamlookingforthemostrecentmodel.Doyouhaveanyinstore?Thefortheofcase.

TheshipsetsailandheadedforShanghai.MDstandsforMiniDisc.2与名连用可以跟名连,如：intimefor,ontime,bymeansof,byaccident/mistake,for/onsale,onthemarket,inthatcase,uptodate如：Wethoughtwewouldbelate,butwewere