TOEFL托福阅读理解真题精选篇

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托福阅读真题1

Naturalistsandcasualobserversalikehavebeenstruckbythespecialrelationshipbetweensquirrelsandacorns(theseedsofoaktrees).Ecologists,though,cannotobservetheseenergeticmammalsscurryingupanddownoaktreesandeatingandburyingacornswithoutwonderingabouttheircomplexrelationshipwithtrees.Aresquirrelsdispersersandplantersofoakforestsorpeskyseedpredators?Theanswerisnotsimple.Squirrelsmaydevourmanyacorns,butbystoringandfailingtorecoverupto74percentofthemastheydowhenseedsareabundant,thesearborealrodentscanalsoaidregenerationanddispersaloftheoaks.

Theirdestructivepowersarewelldocumented.Accordingtoonereport,squirrelsdestroyedtensofthousandsoffallenacornsfromanoakstandontheUniversityofIndianacampus.Aprofessorthereestimatedthateachofthelargewhiteoakshadproducedbetweentwoandeightthousandacorns,butwithinweeksofseedmaturity,hardlyanintactacorncouldbefoundamongthefallenleaves.Deer,turkey,wildpigs,andbearsalsofeedheavilyonacorns,butdonotstorethem,andarethereforeofnobenefittothetrees.Flyingsquirrels,chipmunks,andmicearealsounlikelytopromotetreedispersal,astheyoftenstoreseedsintreecavitiesandundergroundburrows.Onlysquirrels—whosebehaviorofcaching(hiding)acornsbelowtheleaflitter—oftenpromotesuccessfulgerminationofacorns,andperhapsbluejays,importantlong-distancedispersers,seemtohelpoaksspreadandreproduce.

Amongsquirrels,though,thereisaparticularlypuzzlingbehaviorpattern.Squirrelspryoffthecapsofacorns,bitethroughtheshellstogetatthenutritiousinnerkernels,andthendiscardthemhalf-eaten.Thegroundundertoweringoaksisoftenlitteredwiththousandsofhalf-eatenacorns,eachoneonlybittenfromthetop.Whywouldanyanimalwastesomuchtimeandenergyandriskexposuretosuchpredatorsasred-tailhawksonlytoleavealargepartofeachacornuneaten?Whileresearchisnotconclusiveatthispoint,onethingthatiscertainisthatsquirrelsdohidesomeoftheuneatenportions,andtheseacornhalves,manyofwhichcontaintheseeds,maylatergerminate.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theecologyofoaktrees

(B)FactorsthatdeterminethefeedinghabitsofSquirrels

(C)Variousspeciesofanimalsthatpromotethedispersaloftreeseeds

(D)Therelationshipbetweensquirrelsandoaktrees

2.Thewordtheyinline7refersto

(A)oakforests

(B)acorns

(C)squirrels

(D)predators

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatdosquirrelsdowhenlargequantitiesofacornsareavailable?

(A)Theydonotstoreacorns.

(B)Theyeatmorethan74percentofavailableacorns.

(C)Theydonotretrievealltheacornsthattheyhavestored.

(D)Theyhideacornsintreecavities.

4.Thewordestimatedinline11isclosestinmeaningto

(A)commented

(B)judged

(C)observed

(D)discovered

5.WhydoestheauthormentiontheUniversityofIndianacampusinline10-11?

(A)toprovideevidencethatintactacornsarehardtofindunderoaktrees

(B)toindicateaplacewheresquirrelscanaidseeddispersalofoaks

(C)toargueinfavorofadditionalstudiesconcerningthedestructiveforceofsquirrels

(D)tosupporttheclaimthatsquirrelscandogreatdamagetooakstands

6.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatchipmunksdonotaidinthedispersalofoaktrees

because

(A)theystoretheiracornswheretheycannotgerminate

(B)theyconsumemostoftheirstoredacorns

(C)theirstoredacornsarelocatedandconsumedbyotherspecies

(D)theycannottravelthelongdistancerequiredfordispersal

7.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdosquirrelsandbluejayshaveincommon?

(A)Theytravellongdistancestoobtainacorns.

(B)Theypromotethereproductionofoaktrees.

(C)Theyburyacornsunderfallenleaves.

(D)Theystorelargequantitiesofacorns.

8.Thephrasepryoffinline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)swallow

(B)remove

(C)squeeze

(D)locate

9.Thewordlitteredinline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)covered

(B)displayed

(C)fertilized

(D)planted

10.Accordingtothepassage,scientistscannotexplainwhichofthefollowingaspectsofsquirrel

behavior?

(A)Wheresquirrelsstoretheiracorncaches

(B)Whysquirrelspreferacornsoverotherseeds

(C)Whysquirrelseatonlyaportionofeachacorntheyretrieve

(D)Whysquirrelspreferacornsfromaparticularspeciesofoaktrees

PASSAGE98DCCBDDBBAC

托福阅读真题2

Scientistshavediscoveredthatforthelast160,000years,atleast,therehasbeenaconsistentrelationshipbetweentheamountofcarbondioxideintheairandtheaveragetemperatureoftheplanet.TheimportanceofcarbondioxideinregulatingtheEarthstemperaturewasconfirmedbyscientistsworkingineasternAntarctica.Drillingdownintoaglacier,theyextractedamile-longcylinderoficefromthehole.Theglacierhadformedaslayeruponlayerofsnowaccumulatedyearafteryear.Thusdrillingintotheicewastantamounttodrillingbackthroughtime.

Thedeepestsectionsofthecorearecomposedofwaterthatfellassnow160,000yearsago.ScientistsinGrenoble,France,fracturedportionsofthecoreandmeasuredthecompositionofancientairreleasedfrombubblesintheice.Instrumentswereusedtomeasuretheratioofcertainisotopesinthefrozenwatertogetanideaoftheprevailingatmospherictemperatureatthetimewhenthatparticularbitofwaterbecamelockedintheglacier.

Theresultisaremarkableunbrokenrecordoftemperatureandofatmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxide.Almosteverytimethechillofaniceagedescendedontheplanet,carbondioxidelevelsdropped.Whentheglobaltemperaturedropped9F(5C°),carb°ondioxidelevelsdroppedto190partspermillionorso.Generally,aseachiceageendedandtheEarthbaskedinawarminterglacialperiod,carbondioxidelevelswerearound280partspermillion.Throughthe160,000yearsofthaticerecord,thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmospherefluctuatedbetween190and280partspermillion,butneverrosemuchhigher-untiltheIndustrialRevolutionbeginningintheeighteenthcenturyandcontinuingtoday.

Thereisindirectevidencethatthelinkbetweencarbondioxidelevelsandglobaltemperaturechangegoesbackmuchfurtherthantheglacialrecord.CarbondioxidelevelsmayhavebeenmuchgreaterthanthecurrentconcentrationduringtheCarboniferousperiod,360to285millionyearsago.Theperiodwasnamedforaprofusionofplantlifewhoseburiedremainsproducedalargefractionofthecoaldepositsthatarebeingbroughttothesurfaceandburnedtoday.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Chemicalcausesoficeages

(B)Techniquesforstudyingancientlayersoficeinglaciers

(C)Evidenceofarelationshipbetweenlevelsofcarbondioxideandglobaltemperature

(D)Effectsofplantlifeoncarbondioxidelevelsintheatmosphere

2.Thewordaccumulatedinline6isclosestinmeaningto.

(A)spreadout

(B)changed

(C)becamedenser

(D)builtup

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedrillingoftheglacierineasternAntarcticawasimportant

becauseit

(A)allowedscientiststoexperimentwithnewdrillingtechniques

(B)permittedthestudyofsurfacetemperaturesinanice-coveredregionofEarth

(C)providedinsightaboutclimateconditionsinearlierperiods

(D)confirmedearlierfindingsabouthowglaciersareformed

4.Thephrasetantamounttoinline7isclosestinmeaningto

A)complementaryto

(B)practicallythesameas

(C)especiallywellsuitedto

(D)unlikelytobeconfusedwith

5.Accordingtothepassage,Grenoble,France,istheplacewhere

(A)instrumentsweredevelopedformeasuringcertainchemicalelements

(B)scientistsfirstrecordedatmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxide

(C)scientistsstudiedthecontentsofanicecorefromAntarctica

(D)therelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturewasdiscovered

6.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsusedisotopesfromthewateroftheicecoretodetermine

whichoffollowing?

(A)Theamountofairthathadbubbledtothesurfacesincetheicehadformed

(B)Thetemperatureoftheatmospherewhentheicewasformed

(C)Thedateatwhichwaterhadbecomelockedintheglacier

(D)Therateatwhichwaterhadbeenfrozenintheglacier

7.Thewordremarkableinline14isclosestinmeaningto

(A)genuine

(B)permanent

(C)extraordinary

(D)continuous

8.Thewordlinkinline23isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tension

(B)connection

(C)attraction

(D)distance

9.Thepassageimpliesthatthewarmesttemperaturesamongtheperiodsmentionedoccurred

(A)intheearlyeighteenthcentury

(B)160,000yearsago

(C)attheendofeachiceage

(D)between360and285millionyearsago

10.Accordingtothepassage,theCarboniferousperiodwascharacterizedby

(A)areductioninthenumberofcoaldeposits

(B)theburningofalargeamountofcoal

(C)anabundanceofplants

(D)anacceleratedrateofglacierformation

11.Thepassageexplainstheoriginofwhichofthefollowingterms?

(A)glacier(line5)

(B)isotopes(line11)

(C)IndustrialRevolution(line21)

(D)Carboniferousperiod(lines26)

PASSAGE99CDCBCBCBACD

托福阅读真题3

Ofallmoderninstruments,theviolinisapparentlyoneofthesimplest.Itconsistsinessenceofahollow,varnishedwoodensoundbox,orresonator,andalongneck,coveredwithafingerboard,alongwhichfourstringsarestretchedathightension.Thebeautyofdesign,shape,anddecorationisnoaccident:theproportionsoftheinstrumentaredeterminedalmostentirelybyacousticalconsiderations.Itssimplicityofappearanceisdeceptive.About70partsareinvolvedintheconstructionofaviolin.Itstoneanditsoutstandingrangeofexpressivenessmakeitanidealsoloinstrument.Nolessimportant,however,isitsroleasanorchestralandchamberinstrument.Incombinationwiththelargeranddeeper-soundingmembersofthesamefamily,theviolinsformthenucleusofthemodernsymphonyorchestra.

Theviolinhasbeeninexistencesinceabout1550.Itsimportanceasaninstrumentinitsownrightdatesfromtheearly1600s,whenitfirstbecamestandardinItalianoperaorchestras.Itsstatureasanorchestralinstrumentwasraisedfurtherwhenin1626LouisXIIIofFranceestablishedathiscourttheorchestraknownasLesvingt-quatreviolinsduRoy(TheKings24Violins),whichwastobecomewidelyfamouslaterinthecentury.

Initsearlyhistory,theviolinhadadullandratherquiettoneresultingfromthefactthatthestringswerethickandwereattachedtothebodyoftheinstrumentveryloosely.Duringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcentury,excitingtechnicalchangeswereinspiredbysuchcomposer-violinistsasVivaldiandTartini.Theirinstrumentalcompositionsdemandedafuller,clearer,andmorebrillianttonethatwasproducedbyusingthinnerstringsandafarhigherstringtension.Smallchangeshadtobemadetotheviolinsinternalstructureandtothefingerboardsothattheycouldwithstandtheextrastrain.Accordingly,ahigherstandardofperformancewasachieved,intermsofbothfacilityandinterpretation.Left-handtechniquewasconsiderablyelaborated,andnewfingeringpatternsonthefingerboardweredevelopedforveryhighnotes.

1.Thewordstandardinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)practical

(B)customary

(C)possible

(D)unusual

2.TheKings24Violinsismentionedinline15toillustrate

(A)howtheviolinbecamearenownedinstrument

(B)thecompetitioninthe1600sbetweenFrenchandItalianorchestras

(C)thesuperiorityofFrenchviolins

(D)whytheviolinwasconsideredtheonlyinstrumentsuitabletobeplayedbyroyalty

3.Whatisthemainideapresentedinparagraph3?

(A)Theviolinhasbeenmodifiedtofititsevolvingmusicalfunctions.

(B)Theviolinisprobablythebestknownandmostwidelydistributedmusicalinstrumentinthe

world.

(C)Theviolinhadreachedtheheightofitspopularitybythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury.

(D)Thetechniqueofplayingtheviolinhasremainedessentiallythesamesincethe1600s.

4.TheauthormentionsVivaldiandTartiniinline19asexamplesofcomposerswhosemusic

(A)inspiredmorepeopletoplaytheviolin

(B)hadtobeadaptedtotheviolin

(C)demandedmoresophisticatedviolins

(D)couldbeplayedonlybytheirstudents

5.Thewordtheyinline22refersto