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什么是UML?

1.6WhatistheUML?TheUnifiedModelingLanguageisavisual（可视化）languageforspecifying（描述）,constructing（构造）anddocumenting（文档化）theartifacts（制品）ofsystems

ThreeWaystoApplyUMLUMLassketchUMLasblueprint(ReverseEngineering逆向工程/CodeGeneration代码生成，前向工程)UMLasprogramminglanguage(MDA)

1.6WhatistheUML?UMLand"SilverBullet"ThinkingWhatis"SilverBullet“From"NoSilverBullet"byDr.FrederickBrooks,inhisclassicbook“MythicalMan-Month”(20thanniversaryedition).UMLisnota“SilverBullet”.ApersonwithoutgoodOOdesignandprogrammingskillswhodrawsUMLisjustdrawingbaddesigns1.6WhatistheUML?ThreePerspectives（视点）toApplyUMLConceptualperspective（概念视点）DiagramsareinterpretedasdescribingthingsinasituationoftherealworldSpecification(software)perspective（规格说明视点）Diagramsdescribesoftwareabstractionsorcomponentswithspecificationsandinterfaces(noimplementation)Implementation(software)perspective（实现视点）Diagramsdescribesoftwareimplementationsinaparticulartechnology(suchasJava,C#).1.6WhatistheUML?1.6WhatistheUML?Meaningof"Class"inDifferentPerspectivesConceptualclassreal-worldconceptorthinginUPdomainmodelSoftwareclassspecificationorimplementationperspectiveofasoftwarecomponent什么是面向对象的分析与设计?1.4.WhatisObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesign?AnalysisEmphasizefindinganddescribingtheobject(concept)inproblemdomain（问题领域）DesignEmphasizesdefining（定义）softwareobjectsandhowtheycollaborate（协作）tofulfilltherequirements

1.4.WhatisObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesign?PlanetailNumbervisualizationofdomainconceptpublicclassPlane{privateStringtailNumber;publicListgetFlightHistory(){...}}representationinanobject-orientedprogramminglanguagedomainconcept领域概念什么是UP?RUP?2.1.WhatistheUP?SoftwareDevelopmentProcessdescribesanapproachtobuilding（构造）,deploying（部署）,andpossiblymaintaining（维护）softwareWaterfallProcessWaterfallProcessRequirementsAnalysisDesignCodeandUnitTestSubsystemIntegrationSystemTestHeavydocumentationFrustratedesignersandprogrammersFrequentlyresultsinmajorunplannediterationsDelaysconfirmationofcriticalriskresolutionDelaysandaggregatesintegrationandtestingIterativeDevelopmentProducesExecutablesPlanningRequirementsAnalysis&DesignImplementationDeploymentTestEvaluationManagementEnvironmentEachiterationresultsinanexecutablerelease.2.1.WhatistheUP?UnifiedProcess(UP)apopulariterativesoftwaredevelopmentprocessforbuildingOOsystemsUPencouragesincludingpracticesfromotheriterativemethods（鼓励引进其他迭代方法中的有用的实践）ExtremeProgramming(XP)（极限编程）ScrumTest-drivenDevelopmentRefactoring（重构）Continuousintegration（持续集成）什么是UP的阶段?什么是UP科目?2.10.WhataretheUPPhases（阶段）Inception（初始）approximatevisionbusinesscasescopevagueestimates.（模糊评估）Elaboration（细化）refinedvisioniterativeimplementationofthecorearchitectureresolutionofhighrisksIdentification(确定）ofmostrequirementsandscopemorerealisticestimates.（更加实际的评估）2.10.WhataretheUPPhasesConstruction（构造）iterativeimplementationoftheremaininglowerriskandeasierelementspreparationfordeployment.Transition（移交）betatestsdeployment2.10.WhataretheUPPhases2.11.WhataretheUPDisciplines?Discipline（科目）asetofactivities(andrelatedartifacts)inonesubjectarea（在一个主题域中的一组活动）DisciplinesinUPBusinessModeling（业务建模）TheDomainModelartifactvisualize（可视化）noteworthy（重要的）conceptsintheapplicationdomain.2.11.WhataretheUPDisciplines?RequirementsTheUse-CaseModelandSupplementarySpecificationartifacts（补充性的规格说明书）capturefunctionalandnon-functionalrequirements.DesignTheDesignModelartifactdesignthesoftwareobjects.2.11.WhataretheUPDisciplines?timecontentDisciplinesgrouprelatedactivities.Inaniteration,youwalkthroughalldisciplines.P35/262.11.WhataretheUPDisciplines?Oneiterationworkgoesoninmostoralldisciplines.Relativeeffortacrossthesedisciplineschangesovertime.

2.11.WhataretheUPDisciplines?HowistheBookStructureInfluencedbyUPPhasesandDisciplines?TheinceptionphasechaptersintroducethebasicsofrequirementsanalysisIteration1introducesfundamentalOOA/Dandassignmentofresponsibilitiestoobjects.(为对象分配职责）Iteration2focusesonobjectdesign,especiallyonintroducingsomehigh-use“designpatterns.“设计模式Iteration3introducesavarietyofsubjects（各种主题）,suchasarchitecturalanalysis（架构分析）andframeworkdesign.（框架设计）为什么说初始阶段不是需求阶段?4.1.WhatisInception?TheinitialstepofaprojectThevisionandbusinesscaseforthisprojectFeasible（可行性）Buyand/orbuildRoughunreliablerangeofcost:Isit$10K,100Korinthemillions?Proceedorstop?Thepurposeoftheinceptionphaseisnottodefinealltherequirements,orgenerateabelievableestimateorprojectplan.4.1.WhatisInception?Inceptioninonesentence:Envision（预见）theproductscope,vision,andbusinesscase.Themainproblemsolvedinonesentence:Dothestakeholders（涉众）havebasicagreementonthevisionoftheproject,andisitworthinvestinginseriousinvestigation（认真研究）?4.1.WhatisInception?Ananalogy（对比）Intheoilbusiness,Decideifthereisenoughevidenceorabusinesscasetoevenjustifyexploratorydrilling（勘测钻探）.Ifso,domeasurementsandexploratorydrilling.Providescopeandestimateinformation.

Furthersteps…

什么是参与者?

什么是场景?如何写场景?6.2.WhatareActors,Scenarios,andUseCases?Actorsomethingwithbehavior,suchasaperson,computersystem,ororganization;forexample,acashierScenario(UseCaseInstance)aspecificsequenceofactionsandinteractionsbetweenactorsandthesystemoneparticularstoryofusingasystem,oronepaththroughtheusecaseforexample,thescenarioofsuccessfullypurchasingitemswithcash,thescenariooffailingtopurchaseitemsbecauseofacreditpaymentdenial.6.6.WhatareThreeKindsofActors?PrimaryactorhasusergoalsfulfilledthroughusingservicesoftheSuD(SystemunderDiscussion)thecashier.Supportingactor（协助参与者）providesaservicetotheSuD.theautomatedpaymentauthorizationserviceOffstageactor（幕后参与者）hasaninterest（利益）inthebehavioroftheusecase,butisnotprimaryorsupporting;agovernmenttaxagency.什么是用例?

6.2.WhatareActors,Scenarios,andUseCases?UseCaseacollectionofrelatedsuccessandfailurescenariosthatdescribeanactorusingasystemtosupportagoal.RUP Asetofuse-caseinstances,whereeachinstanceisasequenceofactionsasystemperformsthatyieldsanobservable（可观察的）resultofvaluetoaparticularactor

什么是用例实现?18.1.WhatisaUseCaseRealization?Ause-caserealization用例实现DescribeshowaparticularusecaseisrealizedwithintheDesignModel,intermsofcollaboratingobjects.描述用例基于协作对象如何在设计模型中实现theconnectionbetweentherequirementsexpressedasusecasesandtheobjectdesignthatsatisfiestherequirements.18.1.WhatisaUseCaseRealization?如何找到概念类?9.2.WhatisaDomainModel?WhatareConceptualClasses?9.4.-9.5.GuidelinesHowtoCreateaDomainModel?FindtheconceptualclassesDrawthemasclassesinaUMLclassdiagram.AddassociationsandattributesHowtoFindConceptualClasses?Reuseormodifyexistingmodels.Useacategorylist(Table9.1).Identifynounphrases.何时使用描述类建模?什么是数据类型类?什么是限定关联?9.13.WhentoModelwith'Description'ClassesDescriptionClass（描述类）containsinformationthatdescribessomethingelse.aProductDescriptionthatrecordstheprice,picture,andtextdescriptionofanItemWhyUse'Description'Classes?Assumethefollowing:AnIteminstancerepresentsaphysicaliteminastore;ithasadescription,price,anditemID;Everyoneworkinginthestorehasamnesia健忘症.Everytimearealphysicalitemissold,Itemobjectisdeleted.9.13.WhentoModelwith'Description'ClassesWhathappensinthefollowingscenario?ObjectBurgersaresoldout.allinstancesofObjectBurgersaredeleted.WhoknowthecostofObjectBurgers?Description,price,anditemIDduplicatedforeveryinstanceoftheproductspace-inefficientanderror-prone9.13.WhentoModelwith'Description'Classes9.13.WhentoModelwith'Description'ClassesWhenAreDescriptionClassesUseful?Needtobeadescriptionaboutanitem,independentofthecurrentexistenceofanyexamplesofthoseitems.Deletinginstancesofthingsresultsinalossofinformation.Itreducesredundantorduplicatedinformation.9.13.WhentoModelwith'Description'ClassesExample:DescriptionsintheAirlineDomain9.16.AttributesWhentoDefineNewDataTypeClasses(数据类型类）?composedofseparatesections.phonenumber,nameofpersonoperationsassociatedwithit,motionalpricehaveastart(effective)date&enddateaquantitywithaunit.paymentamounthasaunitofcurrencyanabstractionofoneormoretypeswithsomeofthesequalities.itemidentifierinthesalesdomainisageneralizationofUPCandEAN9.16.AttributesWheretoIllustrateTheseDataTypeClasses?16.15.QualifiedAssociation限定关联usedtoselectanobject(orobjects)fromalargersetofrelatedobjectsbaseduponthequalifierkey暗示基于键对事物进行查找什么是SSD?10.2.WhatareSystemSequenceDiagrams?SequenceDiagramsNotationthatcanillustrateactorinteractionsandtheoperationsinitiatedbythem.SystemSequenceDiagramApicturethatshowstheeventsthatexternalactorsgenerate,theirorder,andinter-systemevents.准则：应为每个用例的主成功场景，以及频繁发生的或者复杂的替代场景绘制SSDSSD与用例之间的关系?10.5.WhatistheRelationshipBetweenSSDsandUseCases?

AnSSDshowssystemeventsforonescenarioofausecaseGRASP原则有哪些?请准确理解它们的含义.17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPNineGRASPpatternsCreatorInformationExpertLowCouplingControllerHighCohesion17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPCreatorProblem:WhocreatestheSquareobject?Name:CreatorProblem:WhocreatesanA?Solution:AssignclassBtheresponsibilitytocreateaninstanceofclassAifoneoftheseistrue(themorethebetter):B"contains"orcompositelyaggregatesA.BrecordsA.BcloselyusesA.BhastheinitializingdataforA.17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASP17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASP17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPInformationExpertProblem:WhoknowsaboutaSquareobject,givenakey?如果给定键值，谁知道Square对象的相关信息？Name:InformationExpertProblem:Whatisabasicprinciplebywhichtoassignresponsibilitiestoobjects?给对象分配职责的基本原则是什么？Solution:Assignaresponsibilitytotheclassthathastheinformationneededtofulfillit.把职责分配给具有完成该职责所需信息的那个类。17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASP17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPLowCouplingQuestion:WhyBoardoverDog?Name:LowCouplingProblem:Howtoreducetheimpactofchange?如何减少因变化而产生的影响？Solution:Assignresponsibilitiessothat(unnecessary)couplingremainslow.Usethisprincipletoevaluatealternatives.分配职责以使不必要的耦合保持在较低水平。17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASP17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPController17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPController17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPName:ControllerProblem:WhatfirstobjectbeyondtheUIlayerreceivesandcoordinates(“controls”)asystemoperation?Solution:Assigntheresponsibilitytoanobjectrepresentingoneofthesechoices:17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPOption1:Representstheoverall"system,"ora"rootobject“代表全部“系统”“根对象”suchasanobjectcalledMonopolyGame.Option2:Representsadevicethatthesoftwareisrunningwithin;运行软件的设备或主要的子系统。Option3:Representstheusecaseorsession.代表发生系统操作的用例场景asoftwareclasssuchasPlayMonopolyGameHandler.17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASP17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPName:HighCohesionProblem:Howtokeepobjectsfocused,understandable,andmanageable,andasasideeffect,supportLowCoupling?怎样使对象保持有内聚、可理解和可管理，同时具有支持低耦合的附加作用？Solution:Assignresponsibilitiessothatcohesionremainshigh.Usethistoevaluatealternatives.职责分配应保持高内聚17.8.AShortExampleofObjectDesignwithGRASPHighCohesion什么是设计模式?我们共学习了哪些设计模式?请熟练掌握它们的用法.26章ppt什么是持久性对象?37.1.TheProblem:PersistentObjectsAssumethatintheNextGenapplication,ProductDescriptiondataresidesinarelationaldatabase.Itmustbebroughtintolocalmemoryduringapplicationuse.

Persistentobjects持久性对象arethosethatrequirepersistentstorage,suchasProd