考研英语一真题试卷8经典方便打印版

实用文档2021考研英语（一）真题试卷UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But_1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes_2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4—,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.—6—,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7—,studiesdatingbacktothe1930,sindicatethatlaughter__8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual,semotionalstate.__11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso 14___tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile一orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)-17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown, 19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround_20—,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.[A]among[A]reflect[A]stabilizing[A]transmit[A]among[A]reflect[A]stabilizing[A]transmit[A]measurable[A]Inturn[A]opposite[A]hardens[A]aggravate[A]physical[A]Exceptfor[A]with[A]unless[A]exhausts[A]into[A]fecth[A]disappointed[A]adapted[A]suggesting[A]Eventually[B]except[B]demend[B]boosting[B]sustain[B]manageable[B]Infact[B]impossible[B]weakens[B]generate[B]mental[B]Accordingto[B]on[B]until[B]follows[B]form[B]form[B]excited[B]catered[B]requiring[B]Consequently[C]despite[C]indicate[C]impairing[C]evaluate[C]affordable[C]Inaddition[C]average[C]tightens[C]morderate[C]subconscious[C]Dueto[C]in[C]if[C]precedes[C]towards[C]pick[C]joyful[C]turned[C]mentioning[C]Similatly[D]like[D]produce[D]determining[D]observe[D]renewable[D]Inbrief[D]expected[D]relaxes[D]enhance[D]intermal[D]Asfor[D]at[D]because[D]supresses[D]beyond[D]hold[D]indifferent[D]reacted[D]supposing[D]ConverselyReadingComprehensionPartA实用文档Directions:Readingthefollowingfourstexts.AnswerthequestionbeloweachtextbyChoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkphilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2021.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast“Hooray!Atlast!〃wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccriticOneofthereasonwhytheappiontmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilberiscommparativelylittleknownEvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert,sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.〃AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatsemmslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintprwiseFormypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,beperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcomposition,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeramddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicformiTumesDevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theeatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorsedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingarecheap,availableeverwhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday,schoosing.ThewidespreadavailabilytyofsuchrecordinghasthusbroughtaboutactisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalcouncertOnepossiblereponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattravtivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecors.Gilbert,sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhiharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization〃Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merely,expandingtheorchestra,srepertorrewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthrPhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica,aolderestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara1thatGilberfsappointmenthas[A]incuredcriticism[B]raisedsuspicion[C]raceivedacclaim[D]aroundcuriousity22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpenseofliveperformance[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformance[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformanc[D]overestimatethevarietyofliveperformance实用文档Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninterrortoliveconcertsinquality[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegenralpublic[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic[D]TheyhaveonlyconveredmasterpiecesRegardingGilbert,sroleinrevitalixingthePhilharmonic,theauthirfeels[A]doubtful[B]enthusisastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexpanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopresuemygoalofrunningacompany,broadcastinghisambition"wasverymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.MaGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetorefectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNO.2executivesAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsebusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEoturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKrnFerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey,"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiedexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCItigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstiturionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadon."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,buthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong"WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeingA.ArrogantB.frankC.self-centeredD.impulsiveAccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredbytheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatustheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelifetheirstrainedrelationswiththeboardstheirpursuitofnewcareergoalsTheword"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeansA.approvedof实用文档B.attendedtoC.huntedforD.guardedagainstItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattopperformersusedtoclingtotheirpostsloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-datedtopperformerscaremoreaboutreputationsit'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?CEOs:wheretoGO?CEOs:AlltheWayUp?TopmanagersJumpwithoutaNetTheOnlywayoutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebesite.Thewayconsumenrsnowapproatchtheboardrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paindandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorsforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedifinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthaotherorganizationpalcetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thiestrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfance,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurtherJohn&JOhnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomehostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessethatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappends,passinateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlysitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssitDigg.Consumersmaycreat"earned"mediawhentheyareobscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsitesB.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem实用文档eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproductsenthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproductsAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureA.asafebusinessenvironmentrandomcompetitionStrongusertrafficflexibilityinorganizationTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassinateconsumerscanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketingmayberesponsibleforfiercercompetitiondeserveallthegetativecommentsaboutthemToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofrespondingeffectivelytohijackedmediapersuadingcustomersintoboycottingproductscooperatingwithsupportiveconsumerstakingadvantageofhijackedmediaWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?AlternativestoconventionalpaidmediaConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmediaDominanceofhijackedmediaPopularityofownedmediaText4It,snosurprisethatJenniferSenior,sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,“isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperienceRatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness,insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tenseconditionEventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,osotanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn,tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparenttotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn,thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazinelikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceof实用文档cake."It,shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren,tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel"mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringtemporarydelight.enjoymentinprogress.happinessinretrospect.lastingreward.WelearnfromParagraph2thatcelebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolk.areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.arelargelyignoredbythemedia.failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinespensatory.misleading.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethoseparagraphintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphEandChavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmthehumanities.Youcan,Mr.Menandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofsytle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshould实用文档posses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation"shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread",theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentawardedmorebachelor,sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodusomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.ManystudentsexperiencebothvarietiesAlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.Thegrowthonpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr.Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable."Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.“Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookThemarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,〃creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadep