自然崩落法全英文(壹)

CAVERISKCONTENTSTypesofriskMajoroperationalrisksBlackhatactionstrategiesTypesofriskHeslop2000DesignrisksOperationalhazardsDrawrisksTechnologyrisksDesignrisksEconomiceffectBasedonincorrectgeotechnicaldataAbovecollectedyearsbeforePoorassessmentofgroundconditionsCommonexample

-partiallyloggedcore(egUCS&RQD) -Forcedtousebecauseoflackoffunds -Resultsotherparametershavetobeguessed -uncertaintyindesignparameters -Undersupportofdriftsby25%CommongeotechnicalfailuresNostudydoneStudymissingLackofdetailforstudylevelDetaildefaultScopingstudydetailacceptedforDEFSClassificationdesignusedonlyNotaddressingthekeyissuesmentionedatearlierstagesConceptualstagenotcorrectNotunderstandingimplicationsofrecommendationsNotunderstandingdesignphilosophyNotreadingstudyreports -80%donotreadreport -15%executivesummary -5%reportPracticalmeasuresFocussstudy/reasonablenesstest

-Reviewandcompileotherstudies -Readextensively(take1week) -Literaturestudy -Benchmark -developfeelfortheproject -FindingsFindout(Summers2000):

-Whatweknow -Whatwedon’tknow -Whatweknowwedon’tknowStudystandards(AusIMM)UnresolvedissuesUnresolvedissuesAspectsthatcannotberesolvedduringthestudySpecialbridgingstudies(i.e.caving)Ruleforspecialstudies

-Impactonprojectgreaterthancontingency -Infrastructurestability -Cavability -dilutionanddilutionblanketsIfnocashortimeforspecialstudy -Runprojectonbluesky -Sensitivityonworstcase -opinionrequired

OperationalrisksHeslop2000LossoflifeClosemineorsectionofthemineRockburstsAirblastsMudrushes/floodsRock/strainburstingStressincreasesasundercutisdeveloped.Stressesincreasesfurtherbeforepropagation.PerimeterstressesincreasewithareaundercutandheightofundercutRock/strainburstdamagegreatestbeforepropagationRockburstingrelatedtocavingRockburstingrelatedtomanagementofcavingprocessRockburstcavepronecaves>300-400mHightectonicstressesMountainsMRMR>35DifficultyinpropagatedthecaveRapidratesofadvancesofpre-break/UCEl-Tiente1976RockburstingFracturedzoneexistsaroundthecave50mfromthecavefaceAsthecaveprogatesthiszoneincreasesFracturezoneincreaseduetostressrelaxationDuringthisstagesareasupto500mfromcaveeffectedStrainburstscanoccurinplaceslikecrusher,plats,cribbroomsStrainbursting,ejectionRockburstingBurstsoccurwithcavepropagationHighlevelsofseismisitybeforepropagation.MagofuptoRichter3.6Largecaveshaveupto6largeburstsifnotmanagedSeismiceventsduringpropagationareshearrelatedCommonareasforbursting20to40mfromcaveface/frontStrainburstingandrockejectionatbreakaways/intersectionsupto500mfromcave100mbelowthecaveLargeexcavationswith50mfromorebodyPillarsbetweenconferencingcavefrontsBeforepropagation.RockburstpreventionstrategiesMeshwalls/backsofintersections/largeexcavations500mfromcaveConeboltintersections/breakawaysInstallyieldingsupportwithin40mfrompropagationfacepositionReduceblockcavedrawrates<2000/tons/daybeforepropagationReduceblockcave/SLCpre-breakadvanceratesbelow3000m2/month.Propagatethecavefirst.SLC<45mvertical/m/yrMinetowardsthesolidMajorairblasts4conditionsAgapbetweenthemuckpileandcavebackCavinghasslowedorstoppedAlargevolumeofcavebackmustbeunstableAirescaperoutesGeotechnicalHardintrusivethroughtheorebodyHardorezonesaboveuclevelNeckingortaperingoforebodyNopitsubsidenceHistoryofcontactorewedgeformationHistoryofstallHardcavesMuckpileCavegapNorealhardrulesExperientialCriticizedOldminingrule200mm/daydrawrateRealisticcavebackgapsarebetween2mto15m2mto5mgoodfornormalproduction15-30mdrawrategreatercavingrate30m>problemofdrawcorrection/airblasts30m-50mofmuckpileAllabovewrongiftunnelsintocaveCavestallCavingstopsorslowsVerticalMRMR>thanUCHRCavinghoopstressesstrengthrockmassBlockheight2xfootprintwidthDrawrategreaterthancavingrateHardcaves<44mm/daySoftcaves<75mm/dayType1collapse(Bell1999)MUCKPILEAIRGAPSurfaceBackFailsType2collapse(Bell1999)MUCKPILEAIRGAPSurfaceBlockfallsfrombackType3(Flores1993)wedgeSTRUCTUREAirsources&escaperoutes2mainairsourcesroutes-airinmuck/cavebackgap-airinmuckpilevoidsAirescaperoutes-Viaundercutdrawpoints-Muckpiletodrawpoints-OldworkingsholedincaveeffectsLossoflifeSuddensubsidenceCollapseofblockcontactareaPointloadingondriftsHang-upsDestructionanddamagetoservicesLossofproductionDriftrehabPreventionDefinerockmasscondition100mverticalintervalsHRdesignedhardgeotechnicalunitMajorwedgestructureassessmentCorrectdefinitionofdrawrateKeepdrawpointsfullGooddrawcontrolCSMcaveifpossible/3ddrawprofilesPlugalltunnelsintocaveSiteplugsoutsidebreakbackzoneTele-remotedrawpointsDrawpointsfullMonitorcavebackEvacuatemineinfailure/dangertimesMUDRUSHESButcher(1999-2000)Effects-Lossoflife-Lossofmine-Productionloss-Airblasts-majorrehabMudrushconditionWaterMudmaterialsDischargepointDisturbanceMudformingmaterialsCavewasteswithshaleTailing/slimesormuddepositedingloryholeWeatheredoverburden/soilSuspectedTKBKimberlitematerialGypsum/claymineralsFinecavewaste20%sandsizematerialMoisture>8.5%MUDMudformingmechanicsShale/mudformingmaterialdrawnintocave.AbovematerialisgrounddownmuckpileactionGroundmaterialliesinmuckpilevoidsWatermixeswithmaterialtoformmudMudisdrawnoutorflowsoutMudcanbeforcedoutbycollapsingmuckpilevoidsDischargepointsTYPE1DRAWPOINTSMudtransportexcavationsMTE’sMudtransportexcavationsMufairia-morepeoplekilledfromMTEcut-offsCut-offonlowerlevelsandbehindMTE’s-Orepasses-RAP’s-Declines-AccessesFactsTailingsinrushesgreaterdangerWidedrawpointsgreaterdischargeSLCpoorcontrol2miningblockslostwithSLCPoormuckpiledrainagegreaterdangerAirblastsoccuraftermudrushesFloodingoccursDestructionofservicesMudrushprevention3D’SPRINCIPALDistance-keepmudformingmaterialsoutofmuckpileDrain-keepmuckpilesdryDraw––gooddrawcontrolstandardsMeaningGooddrawcontrol-Uniformdrawdown-drawdisciplineDrainage-Minepumping-Surfacepumping-keepundergroundworkingsdry-Preventinflowsinmuckpilefromundergroundandsurface-Hydro-geologicalstudyDistance-bottom-upcavingmethods(reduceSLC’s)-Sitetailing/slimesdamsawayfromgloryhole-Donotdisposeofminingwasteingloryhole-removemudformingmaterialifpossible-correctopenpitslopedesignMeaningUsesmalldrawpointsize(3.8mx3.8m)SealoldpassesandworkingsInstallmorepumpsInstallwaterpreventionstallsMudrushalarmsMonitoringpumpinglevelsLowerinpumpingmeanswaterinmuckpileTele-remotesClosedboggercab