上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案

上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案2013-8-21来源：本站原创：佚名考博士难吗？考博英语历年真题破译！考博时间汇总考博招生简章汇总))aaa1aa3aaaaaaa'aaa上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案发布日期：2013-04-01上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案第一篇Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50Careoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryears,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.1.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?A)Theirlivesarebrief.B)Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.C)Theireggscansurviveyearsofdought.D)Theylaytheireggsinthemud.2.Bysaying"fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime"(Para.3,Line2)theauthormeans_____.A)theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglakeB)theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurviveC)theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendaysD)theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment'3.Thepassagemainlydealswith_____.A)thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimpsB)thesurvivalofdesertshrimpsC)theimportanceofwatertolifeD)lifeintheMojaveDesert4.Theword"dormant"(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans______.A)inactiveB)strongC)alertD)soft5.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A)appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesertB)aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurviveC)forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdroughtD)somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditions答案：1.C2.D3.B4.A5.D第二篇TheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx.oncewidelyspokenontheisleofManbutnowextinct.Governmentfinancingandcentralplanning,however,havehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicdocumentsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope’sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry’sthreemillionpeople.Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWalesmarkedthesecondanniversaryoftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub-Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales-abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.TheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionatelylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsimportanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhavebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,theoperasinger.Indigenousfoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboastsanationalairline.AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans“landofcompatriots,”istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation’ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere-onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecondclasscitizens,”saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales’sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.“Therewasalmostagenetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfancontinued.EquallycomfortableinhisWelshnessasinhismembershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago.“Weusedtothink.Wecan’tdoanything,we’reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat’schanging.”11.Accordingtothepassage,devolutionwasmainlymeanttoA.maintainthepresentstatusamongthenations.B.reducelegislativepowersofEngland.C.createabetterstateofequalityamongthenations.√D.grantmoresaytoallthenationsintheunion.2.Theword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphmeans9BBz14E8LA.separatist.√B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.WalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectsEXCEPTA.people’sdesirefordevolution.B.locals’turnoutforthevoting.C.powersofthelegislativebody.D.statusofthenationallanguage.√4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnationalidentityA.Welshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationallanguage.B.Poverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanUnion.√C.AWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinoperation.D.Thenationalsymbolhasbecomeafamiliarsight.5.AccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedisA.people’smentality.√B.popculture.C.town’sappearance.D.possibilitiesforthepeople.第三篇Barbedwire,firstpatentedintheUnitedStatesin1867,playedanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofAmericanfarming,asitenabledthesettlerstomakeeffectivefencingtoenclosetheirlandandkeepcattleawayfromtheircrops.Thishadaconsiderableeffectoncattleranching,sincetheherdsnolongerhadunrestricteduseoftheplansforgrazing,andthefencingledtoconflictbetweenthefarmersandthecattleranchers.Beforebarbedwirecamesintosgeneraluse,fencingwasoftenmadefromserratedwire,whichwasunsatisfactorybecauseitbrokeeasilywhenunderstrain,andcouldsnapincoldweatherduetocontraction.Thefirstpracticalmachineforproducingbarbedwirewasinventedin1874byanIllinoisfarmer,andbetweenthenandtheendofthecenturyabout400typesofbarbedwireweredevised,ofwhichonlyaboutadozenwereeverputtopracticaluse.Modernbarbedwireismadefrommildsteelhigh-tensilesteel,oraluminum.Mildsteelandaluminumbarbedwirehavetwostrandstwistedtogethertoformacablewhichisstrongerthansingle-strandwireandlessaffectedbytemperaturechanges.Single-strandwire,roundoroval,ismadefromhigh-tensilesteelwiththebarbscrimpedorweldedon.Thesteelwiresusedaregalvanized-coatedwithzinctomakethemrustproof.Thetwowiresthatmakeupthelinewireorcablearefedseparatelysintosamachineatoneend.Theyleaveitattheotherendtwisted-togetherandbarbed.Thewiretomakethebarbsisfedsintosthemachinefromthesidesandcuttolengthbyknivesthatcutdiagonallythroughthewiretoproduceasharppoint.Thisprocesscontinuesautomatically,andthefinishedbarbedwireiswoundontoreels,usuallymadeofwireinlengthof400metersorinweightsofupto50kilograms.Avariationofbarbedwireisalsousedformilitarypurposes.Itisformedsintoslongconiesorentanglementscalledconcertinawire.1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?(A)CattleranchingintheUnitedStates.(B)Atypeoffencing(C)Industrialusesofwire(D)Acontroversyoverlanduse2.Whatisthebenefitofusingtwo-strandedbarbedwire?(A)Improvedrust-resistance(B)Increasedstrength(C)Morerapidattachmentofbarbs(D)Easierinstallation.3.Accordingtotheauthor,thesteelwiresusedtomakebarbedwirearespeciallyprocessedto(A)protectthemagainstrust(B)makethemmoreflexible(C)preventcontractionincoldweather(D)straightenthem.4.Theword“fed"inline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)put(B)eaten(C)bitten(D)nourished5.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinthethirdparagraph?(A)Toexplaintheimportanceofthewire.(B)Tooutlinethedifficultyofmakingthewire(C)Todescribehowthewireismade(D)Tosuggestseveraldifferentusesofthewire.第4篇Withoutregularsuppliesofsomehormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswewouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifymoodsandactions,ourinclinationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness,andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluenceadultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodilyformandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlifethechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schangingsensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging.Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequentintegrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervoussystemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.TheemergenceofendocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablybetracedtotheexperimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceissecretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;ittravelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberatepancreaticjuice,whichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecretchemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.Baylissandstarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegrationcouldoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.Theterm“hormone”wasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.StarlingderivedthetermfromtheGreekhormone,meaning“toexciteorsetinmotion.Theterm“endocrine”wasintroducedshortlythereafter“Endocrine”isusedtorefertoglandsthatsecretproductsintothebloodstream.Theterm“endocrine”contrastswith“exocrine”,whichisappliedtoglandsthatsecrettheirproductsthoughductstothesit