生物期中复习(五)（Reviewinbiologicalphase(五)）

生物期中复习(5)(Reviewinbiologicalphase(5))

Thefirstbookreview

Theeighthchapterishumanreproductionanddevelopment

1.structureandfunctionofmaleandfemalereproductive

system:

Structurefunction

Themainorganinthemalereproductivesystemthatsecretes

malehormonesandproducessperm(withoutcycles)

Spermdeliverybyvasdeferens

Theprostatesecretesmucus

Thepenisoutputssperms,micturition

Thechieforganinthefemalereproductivesystemthatsecretes

femalehormonesandproduceseggs(periodically)

Fallopiantubesdelivereggs

Thesiteofembryonicdevelopmentoftheuterus

Apassageforvaginaldelivery;apassageformenstruation

Androgenscanstimulatethedevelopmentofmalerelatedorgans

andmaintainmalecharacteristics

Estrogenstimulatesthedevelopmentoffemalerelatedorgans

andmaintainsfemalecharacteristics

Example:howarethemalereproductivesystemandthefemale

reproductivesystemformed?

Whyarethetestesandovariesthemainorgansofthemaleand

femalereproductivesystems?

2.reproductiveprocess

(1)fertilization-theprocessbywhichspermcellsassociate

withsperm,(asshowninFigure8-3)

(2)embryonicdevelopmentandnutrition

Developmentprocess:

Nutrition:theembryopassestheplacentatoabsorbtheoxygen

andthenutrientfromthemotherbody,dischargesthecarbon

dioxideandsoonmetabolite.

Thespermandeggcombineinthefallopiantube.Thezygote

beginstodivideinthefallopiantube.Theformationofa

fertilizedeggmarksthebirthofanewlife.

(3)childbirth-theprocessinwhichthefetusmaturesand

passesthroughthematernalvaginaduringpregnancyaround280

days(40weeks).

(4)ligationor1igationoffallopiantubesorvasdeferenscan

effectivelypreventthecombinationofgermcells,notonlycan

achievethepurposeoffamilyplanning,butwillnotaffectthe

normalphysiologicalfunctionoftestisandovary.

Example:whydochildrenlooklikeparents,butnotexactlylike

oneofthem?(geneticfactorsinspermandeggs)

Growthanddevelopmentof3people

(1)thefirststage:fetaltobabysecondstages:infantto

adult(mature)

(2)infants(0-lyears),earlychildhood(2-6yearsold),

childhood(7-11yearsold),adolescence(12-23yearsold),

adulthood(youthstage24-39,middleage40-59,agedstage60-

〜)

Example:characteristicsofseveralstagesofadulthood

4.physicalchangesinadolescence

(1)thebodyisgrowingfastanditsweightisincreasing

rapidly.(2)thefunctionsofthenervoussystemandtheheart

andlungsaremarkedlyenhanced.(3)malesexorgansdevelop

rapidly,spermatorrhea,femalemenstrual.

5adolescentsexualdevelopment:includingthegrowthand

developmentofreproductiveorgansandsecondarysexual

characteristicsofthedevelopment

(1)thegrowthanddevelopmentofreproductiveorgans:from

immaturetoadulttype

(2)thesecondarysexualcharacteristicsofmenandwomenare

manifestedbythestimulationofmalehormonesandestrogen.

Secodary:beardgrowth,prominentvoice,Adam，sapple,lowtone

Femalesecondarysexualcharacteristics:breastenlargement,

voicethinning,lowtone

6.adolescenthealth:(1)physiologicalhealthaspects(2)

mentalhealthaspects

7.overviewofthehumanbody:

Mainbodysystem,mainfunctionoforgan

Themotorsystem,skeletal,muscularmovement,support,and

protection

Thedigestivesystem,mouth,esophagus,stomach,small

intestine,largeintestineandanusdigestfoodandabsorb

nutrients

Therespiratorysystem,thenose,trachea,lungs,breathein

oxygen,exhalecarbondioxide

Circulatorysystem,heart,artery,vein,transportmaterial

Theurinarysystem,kidneys,ureters,bladders,andurethra

dischargemetabolicwastesandexcesswater

Thenervoussystem,brain,spinalcord,andnerve

Endocrinesystem,pituitary,thyroid,thymus,pancreas,

adrenalgland,testis/ovaryregulatephysiologicalfunction

Thereproductivesystemproducesoffspring

Example:thehumanbodyisaunifiedwhole,illustratedby

examples(coordinationofsystemsinmotion)

8.,thestructureandfunctionareunifiedwitheachother,and

thestructuralcharacteristicsarerelatedtothecomposition

ofthestructure.

Therelationshipbetweenthecompositionoftheboneandthe

characteristicsofthebone:thecompositionofthebone

consistsofinorganicandorganicmatter.Inorganicsubstances,

mainlycalciumsalts,makebonesbrittle;organicsubstances

aremainlyproteinsthatmakebonespliable.Thesetwo

ingredientsmakethebonebothrigidandelastic.

Thehumanbody,undertheregulationoftheendocrinesystem

andthenervoussystem,becomesacomplex,coordinatedand

unifiedwhole.

Intheninthchapter,humanfoodcomesfromtheenvironment

1,sevennutrients:protein,sugar(cellulose),fat,water,

inorganicsalts,vitamins

(1)energysupplysubstances:proteins,carbohydrates,fats

(2)nonenergysupplysubstances:water,inorganicsalts,

vitamins,cellulose

(3)organic:protein,sugar(cellulose),fat,vitamins

(4)inorganicsubstances:water,inorganicsalts

(5)themostneeded:water(thebodylosesallthefatandhalf

oftheproteininthebody,butalsobarelymaintainlife,but

thelossofwaterto20%ofthebodywatercontent,willsoon

die)

(6)calciumandphosphorusarethemajorconstituentsofthe

teethandbones

Nutrientname,function,classification,source

Proteinmainlyprovidesenergyforallphysiological

activitiesofthehumanbody.Itisalsoacomponentofcells,

animalprotein,leanmeat,fish,milkandeggs

Vegetableprotein,beans,cerealsandotherfoods

Carbohydratesmainlyprovidetherawmaterialsforhuman

developmentandtissuerenewal,andalsocanprovideenergyfor

thephysiologicalactivitiesofhumanbody.Theyarethemain

energysupplymaterials.Sweet:fruitssuchasfructose,honey,

etc

Dry:starchy,cereal,beans,androotfoods

Fatsarestoredmainlyinthebodyasareservesourceofenergy

tokeepwarmandpreventmechanicaldamage,animalfat,animal

oil,butter,andeggyolks,

Vegetablefats,peanutoil,legumes,sesameseeds,nuts,and

otherfoods.

Water,whichaccountsforabout60%to70%ofbodyweight,is

amajorcomponentofcellsandisinvolvedinvarious

physiologicalactivitiesofthehumanbody

Inorganicsaltaccountsforabout5%ofthebodyweight.Itis

animportantmaterialofhumantissue.Inorganicsaltof

calcium,phosphorus,ironandiodineisattachedtothe

schedule

Vitaminrequirementsarefew,butimportantnutrientssuchas

VA,VB1,VB2,Vc,andVDareshownintheschedule

Anyofvariousvegetablesandfruitsthatarenotdigestedand

absorbedbythebody

Thefollowingtableshowsthesymptomsandfoodsourcesof

severalinorganicsalts.

Asymptomoflackoffood;asourceoffood

Calciumsaltcalciumdeficiencyinchildrenwhensusceptible

torickets(breast,0orXshapedlegs)inelderlywomen

especiallywhencalciumdeficiencypredisposestoosteoporosis.

Milk,greenleafyvegetables,beans,shrimpetc.

Ironcontaininginorganicsalts,irondeficiencyanemia

(weakness,dizziness,etc.),blood,liver,leanmeat,fish,

eggs,milkandsoon

Theiodinecontentofinorganicsaltsinendemicgoiter,

children，smentalandphysicaldevelopmentobstaclesofkelp,

seaweed,shrimp,saltetc.

Thefollowingtableshowsthesymptomsandfoodsourcesof

severalvitamindeficiencies.

Asymptomoflackoffood;asourceoffood

VitaminA(dryskin,nightblindnessnighttoseenotclear

thing),dryeye,animalliver,carrots,corn,CodLiverOi1

VitaminCscurvy,decreasedresistancetocucumber,tomatoes,

oranges,etc.

VitaminD,rickets,osteoporosisandotheranimals,liver,eggs

andsoon

Note:(1)vegetablefooddoesnotgiveupVA,butitcontains

carotene,whichcanbeconvertedintoVAinhumanbody.

(2)VAandVDbelongtofatsolublevitamins,VBandVCbelong

towatersolublevitamins.

Example:isitbettertowashthevegetablesfirstorcutthem

firstandthenwashthemlater?

Twodigestionandabsorption

1.thecompositionandfunctionofthedigestivesystem(Fig.

9-10)

(1)thedigestivesystemismadeupofthedigestivetractand

digestiveglands.

Digestivetract:oralcavity-pharynx-esophagus-stomach

-smallintestine-largeintestine-anus

Digestiveglands:salivaryglands,glands,liver,pancreas,

intestinalglands

Teeth:incisors,canines,premolarsandmolars.Itisdivided

intothreeparts:toothcrown,toothneckandtoothroot.

Dentalcaries:bacteriainthemouthchangesugarsintoacids,

whichslowlyerodetheenameloftheteeth.Whenthecavitygoes

deepintothepulpcavity,itcausespain.

(2)thedigestivetractistheplacewherefoodisdigestedand

nutrientsareabsorbed

Thedigestiveglandistheorganthatsecretesthedigestive

juices

(2)digestionoffood:physicaldigestionandchemical

digestion(3digestiveorgans:mouth,stomach,small

intestine)

Physicaldigestion:themasticationofteethandtheagitation

ofthetongue,theperistalsisofthestomachandintestines

Chemicaldigestion:thedigestiveprocessinvolvedbythe

digestivejuices

Humanintakeofprotein,starch,fatandsooncannotbe

absorbeddirectly,mustbedigested.

Starchdigestion:starchmaltoseglucose(startingintheoral

cavity)

Proteindigestion:protein-aminoacids(startinginthe

stomach)

Digestoffat:fat-fatgranule-glycerin+fattyacid(starts

insmallintestine)

Enzyme-aclassoforganiccompoundsproducedbylivingcells

thatarecapableofcatalyzing,alsoknownasbiocatalysts

Thedigestiveglandsecretesdigestivejuicescontainingthe

enzymename,digestiveobject,anddigestiveproduct

Saliva,saliva,saliva,amylase,starch,maltose

Gastricgland,gastricjuice,pepsin,protein,aminoacid

Intestinalglandintestinalprotease

Avarietyof:amylase

Lipaseprotein

starch

Fattyacid

Glucose

Glycerolandfattyacids

Pancreaticjuice

Liver,bile,nofat,fatparticles

Example:whyisitsweettochewthesteamedbuncarefully?

(amylase)

Thewaterwillnotmeltinthecapsule,peopletakedownto

digest(theroleofintestinalenzymes)

Eatslowlydowngoodorgood?(foodparticlesaresmal1and

easilymixedwithdigestivejuices)

2.absorptionofnutrients(3absorptionorgans:stomach,small

intestine,largeintestine)

Whenfoodisdigestedinthedigestivetract,nutrientsenter

thebody'scirculatorysystemthroughthewallsofthe

digestivetract.Thisprocessiscalledabsorption.

(1)stomach:absorbsasmallamountofwater,alcoholand

inorganicsalts

(2)smallintestine:absorptionofglucose,aminoacids,

glycerolandfattyacids,andmostofthewater,inorganicsalts

andvitamins.Itisanimportantorganforthebodytoabsorb

nutrients.

(3)largeintestine:absorbasmallamountofwater,inorganic

saltandsomevitamins.

Mostglycerolandfattyacidsareabsorbedbycapillary

lymphaticvessels,andtherestofthenutrientsareabsorbed

intothebloodstreambycapillaries.

Thespecialstructureofthesmallintestineislong,witha

largeamountoffoldsandsmallintestinalvilli,whichmakes

thesurfacearealarge(enlargedby600times).Thereisonly

onelayerofepithelialcellsinthevilliofthesmall

intestine,andnutrientsareeasytopenetrate.

Forexample:whyisthesmallintestinethemainplacefor

digestionandabsorption?(avarietyofdigestivejuices,

specialstructures)

Thetenthchapterisaboutthetransportationandenergysupply

ofthehumanbody

1.bloodandbloodtype

(1)thecompositionofblood:plasma(45%)andbloodcells

Plasma:water(morethan90%),glucose,aminoacids,inorganic

salts

Bloodcells:redbloodcells(55%),whitebloodcells,

platelets

(2)thefunctionoftheblood:transportthenutrientsand

oxygenneededbythehumanbodytoremovethemetabolitesand

carbondioxide

Thefunctionofplasma:tocarrybloodcells,transportfood

andwaste.

(3)comparisonofthreekindsofbloodcells

Name,form,structure,characteristic,function

Aredcellsurroundedbythick,thin,concaveroundcakeswith

nonucleus,containingredhemoglobin,andcarryingoxygen

Whitecellsarelargerthanredcells,irregularlyspherical,

andnuclear

Engulfbacteriainvadingthebodytoprotecthumanhealth

Plateletsaresmallinsize,irregularinshapeanddevoidof

nucleitopromotehemostasis

Example:whyisthebloodred?(ofredbloodcellscontaining

hemoglobin)

Whydoredcellstransportoxygen?(redbloodcellscontain

hemoglobin.Hemoglobinisanironcontainingproteinthatis

easilycombinedwithoxygenandthereforehasthefunctionof

transportingoxygen.)

Whatisanemia?Ifyouareadoctor,whatdoyousuggestfor

anemiapatients?Anemiaoccurswhenthenumberofredblood

cellsinthebloodistoosmall,orthehemoglobincontentin

theerythrocytesistoosmallHemoglobinandironareneeded

inthebody

2.ABObloodtypingprocess

(1)typeAbloodextractstandardserum(includingantiB);type

BbloodextractBstandardserum(includingantiA)A

Serum-plasmaafterremovaloffibrinogen

(2)theunknownbloodtypebloodwasaddedtothestandardserum

respectivelytoobservethecondensationreaction

TypeAstandardserum(antiB),typeBstandardserum(antiA),

identificationofbloodgroupresults

-agglutinationA

Agglutination