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Lesson2IstheAerospaceIndustryReadyforMars?CATALOGUEAbouttheAuthor

Warm-upActivitiesBackgroundInformationLanguagePointsKeys

textAbouttheAuthor

《纽约时报》（TheNewYorkTimes）是一份在美国纽约出版的报纸，在全世界发行，有相当的影响力。它有时也被戏称为“灰色女士”（TheGrayLady）或简称为“时报”（TheTimes）。它最初的名字是“纽约每日时报”（TheNew-YorkDailyTimes），创始人是亨利·J·雷蒙德和乔治·琼斯。他们当时打算发行一份比较严肃的报纸，来打破当时在纽约盛行的花花绿绿的新闻报道方式。AbouttheAuthor

纽约时报享有可靠的新闻来源的声誉。它的社论一般被认为是比较开通的。不过实际上它的社论是由许多不同的作者撰写的，而他们的观点则从左到右各不相同。许多年后该报也在周日发行。今天周日版是纽约时报每周篇幅最大的一版，除新闻报道外其中还包括许多专栏如食品、旅游、艺术和其它文化专题。许多保守派人物认为纽约时报的新闻报道，尤其是它的社论，太自由开放。甚至有许多人就纽约时报对美国政治界的影响著书。与纽约时报相比在纽约出版的另两份重要报纸纽约邮报和华尔街日报至少在其社论方面比较保守。Warm-upActivitiesIsitnecessaryandsensibleforustospendahugeamountofmoneytoexploretheouterspace?2.WhatdoyouknowaboutMars?Inyouropinion,isitpossiblethattherelifeonMars?BackgroundInformationExperimentalspaceexplorationdatesbacktoasearlyas1912whentheEuropeansdiscoveredcosmicraysthroughballoonflight.Inthe1940sUSAfirstobservedtheSun’sUVspectrumandsolarxrays.TheformerUSSRsentSputnik-1,thefirstartificialsatellite,intospacein1957whichmarkedtheadventofman’sspaceexplorationera.

Sputnik-11.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurveyFormerUSSR’sattemptstoexploreMarsintheearlier1960sfailed.USAbeganitsMarsexplorationin1964.SincethenUSAhasbeenattemptingtoknowmoreaboutMarsandconsideringsendingmanontoit.LikeEarth,Marshaspolaricecapsandcloudsinitsatmosphere,seasonalweatherpatterns,volcanoes,canyonsandotherrecognizablefeatures.However,conditionsonMarsvarywildlyfromwhatweknowonourownplanet.BackgroundInformationMars1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurveyOverthepastthreedecades,spacecrafthaveshownusthatMarsisrocky,cold,andsterilebeneathitshazy,pinksky.We’vediscoveredthattoday’sMartianwastelandhintsataformerlyvolatileworldwherevolcanoesonceraged,meteorsploweddeepcraters,andflashfloodsrushedovertheland.AndMarscontinuestothrowoutnewenticementswitheachlandingororbitalpassmadebyspacecrafts.BackgroundInformationVolcanoonMarsAmongourdiscoveriesaboutMars,onestandsoutaboveallothers:thepossiblepresenceofliquidwateronMars,eitherinitsancientpastorpreservedinthesubsurfacetoday.WateriskeybecausealmosteverywherewefindwateronEarth,wefindlife.IfMarsoncehadliquidwater,orstilldoestoday,it’scompellingtoaskwhetheranymicroscopiclifeformscouldhavedevelopedonitssurface.Isthereanyevidenceoflifeintheplanet’spast?Ifso,couldanyofthesetinylivingcreaturesstillexisttoday?Imaginehowexcitingitwouldbetoanswer,“Yes!!”BackgroundInformation1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurveyBackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

NASA'stwinrobotgeologists,theMarsExplorationRovers,launchedtowardMarsonJune10andJuly7,2003,insearchofanswersaboutthehistoryofwateronMars.TheylandedonMarsJanuary3andJanuary24PST(January4andJanuary25UTC).TheMarsExplorationRovermissionispartofNASA'sMarsExplorationProgram,along-termeffortofroboticexplorationoftheredplanet.Primaryamongthemission'sscientificgoalsistosearchforandcharacterizeawiderangeofrocksandsoilsthatholdcluestopastwateractivityonMars.ThespacecraftaretargetedtositesonoppositesidesofMarsthatappeartohavebeenaffectedbyliquidwaterinthepast.ThelandingsitesareatGusevCrater,apossibleformerlakeinagiantimpactcrater,andMeridianiPlanum,wheremineraldeposits(hematite)suggestMarshadawetpast.BackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

Aftertheairbag-protectedlandingcraftsettleontothesurfaceandopen,theroverswillrollouttotakepanoramicimages.ThesewillgivescientiststheinformationtheyneedtoselectpromisinggeologicaltargetsthatwilltellpartofthestoryofwaterinMars'past.Then,theroverswilldrivetothoselocationstoperformon-sitescientificinvestigationsoverthecourseoftheir90-dayprimemission.BackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

MössbauerSpectrometer(MB):forclose-upinvestigationsofthemineralogyofiron-bearingrocksandsoils.

AlphaParticleX-RaySpectrometer(APXS):

forclose-upanalysisoftheabundancesofelementsthatmakeuprocksandsoils.BackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

Magnets:forcollectingmagneticdustparticles.TheMössbauerSpectrometerandtheAlphaParticleX-raySpectrometerwillanalyzetheparticlescollectedandhelpdeterminetheratioofmagneticparticlestonon-magneticparticles.TheywillalsoanalyzethecompositionofmagneticmineralsinairbornedustandrocksthathavebeengroundbytheRockAbrasionTool.

MicroscopicImager(MI):forobtainingclose-up,high-resolutionimagesofrocksandsoils.BackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

RockAbrasionTool(RAT):forremovingdustyandweatheredrocksurfacesandexposingfreshmaterialforexaminationbyinstrumentsonboard.Beforelanding,thegoalforeachroverwastodriveupto40meters(about44yards)inasingleday,foratotalofuptoone1kilometer(aboutthree-quartersofamile).Bothgoalshevebeenfarexceeded!BackgroundInformation2.MarsExplorationRoverMission

Movingfromplacetoplace,theroverswillperformon-sitegeologicalinvestigations.EachroverissortofthemechanicalequivalentofageologistwalkingthesurfaceofMars.3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedyBackgroundInformationNASA'sShuttleprogramwasbeguninthe1970s,tocreatereusablecraftfortransportingcargointospace.Previousspacecraftcouldonlybeusedonce,thenwerediscarded.Thefirstshuttle,Columbiawaslaunchedin1981.Oneyearlater,theSpaceShuttleChallengerrolledofftheassemblylineasthesecondshuttleoftheUSfleet.TheywerefollowedbyDiscoveryin1983andAtlantisin1985.TheSpaceShuttleChallengerflewninesuccessfulmissionsbeforethatfatefuldayofthedisasterin1986.ExplosionofSpaceShuttleChallengerChallengerCrewShuttlemission51Lwasmuchlikemostothermissions.TheChallengerwasscheduledtocarrysomecargo,theTrackingDataRelaySatellite-2(TDRS-2),aswellasflytheShuttle-PointedToolforAstronomy(SPARTAN-203)/Halley'sCometExperimentDeployable,afree-flyingmoduledesignedtoobservetailandcomaofHalleyscometwithtwoultravioletspectrometersandtwocameras.BackgroundInformation3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedyOnethingmadethismissionunique.ItwasscheduledtobethefirstflightofanewprogramcalledTISP,theTeacherInSpaceProgram.TheChallengerwasscheduledtocarrySharonChristaMcAuliffe,thefirstteachertoflyinspace.BackgroundInformation3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedySelectedfromamongmorethan11,000applicantsfromtheeducationprofessionforentranceintotheastronautranks,McAuliffewasveryexcitedabouttheopportunitytoparticipateinthespaceprogram."IwatchedtheSpaceAgebeingbornandIwouldliketoparticipate."Fromthebeginning,though,ShuttleMission51Lwasplaguedbyproblems.Liftoffwasinitallyscheduledfromat3:43p.m.ESTonJanuary22,1986.ItslippedtoJan.23,thenJan.24,duetodelaysinmission61-CandfinallyresetforJan.25becauseofbadweatherattransoceanicabortlanding(TAL)siteinDakar,Senegal.Thelaunchwasagainpostponedforonedaywhenlaunchprocessingwasunabletomeetnewmorningliftofftime.PredictedbadweatheratKennedySpaceCenter(KSC)causedthelaunchtoberescheduledfor9:37a.m.EST,Jan.27,butitwasdelayedanother24hourswhengroundservicingequipmenthatchclosingfixturecouldnotberemovedfromorbiterhatch.BackgroundInformation3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedyThefixturewassawedoffandanattachingboltdrilledoutbeforecloseoutcompleted.Duringthisdelay,thecrosswindsexceededlimitsatKSC'sShuttleLandingFacility.Thereasafinaldelayoftwohourswhenahardwareinterfacemoduleinthelaunchprocessingsystem,whichmonitorsfiredetectionsystem,failedduringliquidhydrogentankingprocedures.TheChallengerfinallyliftedoffat11:38:00a.m.EST.BackgroundInformation3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedySeventythreesecondsintothemission,theChallengerexploded,killingtheentirecrew.LanguagePoints*be/feeluptodoingsthbewellenoughornottootiredtodosth适应…的①你身体怎样，可干点活吗？Areyouuptodoingsomework?②我觉得自己身体吃不消。Idon’tthinkIfeeluptoit.LanguagePoints*beuptosb.todosthitissb’sresponsibilitytodosth.是…的职责①教师理应拒受劣等作业。Itisuptotheteachernottoacceptshoddywork.②这事全由你定，是吗？It’suptoyou,isn’tit?LanguagePoints*beuptosthbedoingsth.secretlythatsomeoneshouldnotbedoing（偷偷地）忙于…的；密谋…的①你骗不了我——我知道你要干什么。Youcan’tfoolme–Iseewhatyouareupto.②让我们去瞧瞧他在搞什么名堂。Let’sgoandseewhathe’supto.LanguagePoints2.takeupanofferorachallenge(line2,para.3)

acceptit接受建议或挑战①你应按保险公司担保的条件找他们交涉。Youshouldtaketheinsurancecompanyupontheirguarantee.②由于运动员们一个又一个地接受赛跑中领先者的挑战，万米赛跑的格局在不断变化。Asoneathleteafteranothertookupthechallengeofthefrontrunners,thepatternofthe10,000metersracewasconstantlychanging.LanguagePoints*takeupanattitudeorbeliefadoptitandmakeityourown,asastandardforwhatyousayanddo采取；接受他对任何问题都采取积极进取的态度。Hetakesupanactiveandaggressiveattitudetoanyproblem.LanguagePoints*takeupaparticularamountoftime,space,oreffortusethatamount占用（时间，空间）；花费（精力）Muchofthedaywastakenupwithclassesorstudy.这天的大部分时间用来上课或学习。LanguagePoints*

takeupapoint,anidea,orsuggestionthathasbeenraiseddiscussitfurther,,eitheragreeingordisagreeingwithwhathasalreadybeensaid（进一步）讨论进一步谈论一下那个问题，我觉得你说得很有道理，但你谈得还不够透彻。I’dliketotakethatup.Ithinkthere’salotoftruthinwhatyousay,butyoudon’tgofarenough.LanguagePoints*takeupsth.suchasataskorastorybeginagaindoingsth.thathasbeeninterruptedorthatwasbegunbysb.else继续

老师从他昨天停下的课程接着往下讲。Theteachertookupthelessonwhereheleftoffyesterday.LanguagePoints3.braindrain(line2,para.5)

emigration;themovementofalargenumberofscientists,engineers,academics,etc.awayfromtheirowncountrytoothercountrieswheretheconditionsandsalariesarebetter人才外流人才外流使我们冒者大批人才流失海外的危险。Weriskamajorlossoftalenttooverseasjobsviaabraindrain.LanguagePoints*brain

drainanactivityrequiringgreatmentalconcentrationresultinginfatigueandexhaustion绞尽脑汁那次的数学测验，我真是绞尽了脑汁。ThatmathsexamItookwasaregularbraindrain.LanguagePoints*brain–drainedemigrated（作为人才）移居大约在10年前他移居到美国。HeisanEnglish-manbrain-drainedtotheU.S.some10yearsago.LanguagePoints4.begreetedwith(line2,para.6)

meet对…作出反应①他们将感到震惊和以外。Theywillbegreetedwithshockandsurprise.②他（他的演讲）受到欢呼（一片嘘声）。He(Hisspeech)wasgreetedwithcheers(catcalls).LanguagePoints5.gooutofbusinessfailinbusiness;simplystoptradingoroperating停业，歇业(line3,para.13)自从超级市场出现后，许多小副食店已关闭。Alotofsmallgrocershavegoneoutofbusinesssincetheadventofthesupermarkets.LanguagePoints*gointobusinesssetupinbusiness从事商业他毕业后将去经商。Hewillgointobusinesswhenheleavesschool.LanguagePoints6.layoff(line16,para.16)sack（因无活可干而被）解雇他们不得不削减产量，解雇工人。They’vehadtocutbackproductionandlayoffworkers.*layoffLanguagePoints*layoffdoingsthgiveuporstopdoingit放弃；停止（工作）①医生叫他戒烟。Hisdoctortoldhimtolayoffcigarettes.②他从来不肯闲者。Heneverlaysoff.LanguagePoints*layoffleavesb.alone;stoptouchingsth停止打扰；不要触碰①请别打扰我，好吗？Laymeoff,willyou?②别碰那本书–那是我的。Layoffthatbook–it’smine!LanguagePoints7.besubjecttosth.(line2,para.20)beaffectedbysth.orbemadetoexperiencesth.受…影响的；有待于…的；需要…的①这样一种工作极易招致行贿受贿。Suchajobwasparticularlysubjecttobribery.②你们的工资要纳税。Yourwagesaresubjecttotax.*besubjecttosth.LanguagePointsbeliabletosth.;bepronetosth.易受…的；常遭…的；易患…的①那些一看见东西就想买的人易受巧妙的广告的诱惑。Thosewhocan’tresistbuyingthingsaresubjecttothetemptationofcleveradvertisements.②这个地区常遭旱灾，水灾和地震。Theareaissubjecttodroughtandfloodsandearthquakes.*besubjecttosth.③他神经高度紧张，所以很容易发心脏病。Heishighlystrungand,therefore,subjecttoheartattacks.LanguagePoints*besubjecttosb/sth.beboundbysb/sth；beunderthecontrolorauthorityofsb/sth.隶属的；服从的；受制约的①这样一个民族不再受外国的统治。Suchapeopleisnolongersubjecttoforeignrule.②如同我们这些老百姓一样，警方人员也应遵纪守法。Thepoliceare–liketherestofus–subjecttothelaw.LanguagePoints8.bycomparisonincomparison;bycontrast:比较起来；对比之下(line,para.20)我们通过比较来判断一个人的能力。Wejudgeone’sabilitybycomparison.与占主要地位的相似点比较起来，这些差别是次要的。Suchdifferencesaresecondarybycomparisonwiththeoverridingsimilarities.*bycomparisonwithcomparedwith跟…比较LanguagePoints9.vieforcompetefor竞争；抢先；争优胜(line5,para.22)①当其他艺术家争抢主要场地时，他选了一个死角。Whileotherartistsviedfortheprimesites,hechoseadeadcorner.②刘翔要和世界的一些顶尖好手竞争一番，争夺第一名，就得尽最大努力去跑。Liuxiangwillhavetorunhisbest,ashewillbevyingwithsomeofthebestrunnersintheworldforthefirstplace.*vieincompetein参加…比赛；竞争有多少选手参加这项赛跑？Howmanyrunnersarevyinginthisrace?KeysⅠ.READINGCOMPREHENSIONA.

A2.A3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.C9.A10.A

B.1.Newsreportsarecharacterizedbyaconciseopeningparagraph,thenewslead.Inmanycases,thenewsleadcanbeaquestionwhichcomesstraighttothepoint.Thequestionmayarousethereader’sinterestandguidethereaderstofindtheanswertothequestion.Theauthorsciteotherpeople’sideasinsteadofanswering