2009成人英语三级考试：语法（八）

2009成人英语三级考试：语法(八)二、对过去事实的虚拟基本形式：If+haddone…,…would/could/should/might+havedone例如：Ifshehadbeenwarnedearlier,shewouldn’thavebrokentherules.(事实上：Shewasnotwarnedearlierandshebroketherules.)Ifithadn’trained,thematchwouldhaveseemedmorefascinating.(事实上：Itrainedandthematchwaslessfascinating.)此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：Hadtheletterbeensentout,itwouldhaveruinedourfriendship.=Iftheletterhadbeensentout,itwouldhaveruinedourfriendship.三、对将来事实的虚拟基本形式：If+shoulddo…,…would/could/should/might+do;意思类似汉语中的“万一”例如：Ifheshouldforgetthedate,Imightteachhimagoodlesson.(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)Ifitshouldsnowthisafternoon,wecouldmakeasnowman.(事实上不大可能会下雪)此种虚拟可倒装，如：Shouldmycarfail,Iwouldhavetoreturnhomeonfoot.=Ifmycarshouldfail,Iwouldhavetoreturnhomeonfoot.注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为shoulddo,其中省略。此类动词有：insist,demand,suggest,propose,order,require,decide,ask,r例句：Weallinsistthatwe(should)notrestuntilwefinishthework.Theprofessorsuggeststhatthestudents(should)collectenoughmaterialsbeforetheyworkonthisproject.上面的动词如果以名词形式出现时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气HegivesmethesuggestionthatI(should)eatbreakfasteverymoning.注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现情这类习语有：asif,asthough,butfor,otherwise,without,wish,if例句：Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnothavearrivedhereintime.(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldnotarrivehereintime.注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should)do，但是由于should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。这类形容词有:Itisimportant/necessary/proper/imperative/essential/advsablethat例句：Itisnecessarythathe(should)realizehissituation.一致原则一致原则贯穿英语语法，在前面各个章节中已有涉及，本章作为对前面的补充，集TOEFL题中常考的问题第一节主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在数上要保持一致.在英语除了时态的变化外，名动词的数也有差别，这就要求主语(以名词为代表)和谓语(包括助动词)在数上要一致1.在名词+of+名词这种结构中,前一个名词是整个短语的中心词,当该短语作主语时，一般以of之前名词的数为依据确定谓语的数.oneof之后需接复数名词，但oneof+名词作主语时中心词是one，故谓语应用单数Oneofmystudentswinsthegame.2.由and连接的多个名词作主语，谓语动词应用复数Careerandloveareimportanttome.Jim,JohnandMaryareplayingfootball.但是如果用and连接起来表示单一的概念时，谓语动词要用单数Thefamoussingerandactress,WhitneyHustoniscomingtotheceremony.(在这里,singer和actress指得是同一人,都是WhitneyHuston)3.不可数名词，尤其是抽象名词(relation,authority,necessity,power,democracy,young等)作主语时要视为单数，谓语自然也要用单数Therelationbetweenusisverysimple.4.单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数Thatshehasgoneinsaneissheerrumor.Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepublic.5.如果主语是单数，那么即使后面有with/togetherwith/alongwith/accompaniedby,nolessthan,like,but,except,including,besides等引导的短语，谓语动词仍然要是用单数例如：Theboy,togetherwithhisparents,goestothecinematoday.Nooneexceptthetwoboysknowshowtosolvethisproblem.6.由NotAbutB,NotonlyAbutalsoB,eitherAorB,neitherAnorB引导的主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语相一致EitheryouorMaryhurtsher.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.Notyoubutheistiredoftyping.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherisgoingtobeblamed.7.在therebe句型、介词短语、副词为句首引起的倒装句中，真正的主语通常在谓语的后面，谓语应该和后面的主语在数方面相一致。但是在therebe句型中，如果有