剑桥初级语法整理笔记

3、现在进行时：Iamdoing以下动词不可用于现在进行时:likelovewantknowunderstandrememberdependpreferhateneedmeanbelieveforget4、现在进行时的疑问式：Areyoudoing?5、一般现在时：Ido/work/like等一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：Ilikebigcities.Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：Inevereatbreakfast.6、一般现在时的否定式：Idon’t/hedoesn’t+动词原形Idon'thaveabatheveryday.【everyday表每天，作状语；everyday表每天的，形容词】7、一般现在时的疑问式：Doyou…？Do/does主语动词原形DoyouworkonSundaysDoyourfriendslivenearhereDoesAnneplaytennisWheredoYourfriendsliveHowoftendoyouwashyourhair

WhatdoesThiswordmeanHowmuchdoesitcosttoflytoRome*Whatdoyoudo?表示“你是做什么工作的？”have/havegot（1）have=havegothas=hasgotDon,thave=haven,tgotDoesn,thave=hasn,tgotDoyouhave=haveyougotDoeshehave=hashegothave表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用havegot代替havehavebreakfast/lunch/dinnerhaveameal/apizza/asandwichhaveacupofcoffeehavesthtoeat/drink(3)下列短语中，要用havehavehaveabath/ashowerhavearest/aholiday/apartyhaveanicetime/agoodtrip/funhaveawalk/aswim/agamehaveadream/anaccidenthaveababyhavealook15、现在完成时havedonejust/already/yetJust表“刚才“：we’vejustarrived.Already表“已经”（在预料之前）：they’vealreadyarrived.（二beforeyouexpected）Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：theyhaven’tarrivedyet.(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用：Haveyoueverplayedgolf?（4）gone表“去而未归”：shehasgonetoChina.Been表“去而已归”：hehasbeentoChina.（5）Howlonghaveyou…？ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.一般现在时现在完成时DanandKatearemarried.Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.Areyoumarried?Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?现在进行时现在完成进行时I'mlearningEnglish.HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow?Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”Iamgoingtodosomething.|^^（begoingto与will的区别）注意：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：Thetrainarrivesat7.30.27、will/shall（1）Ishall=Iwill、weshall=wewill：Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.在构成将来时的时候，不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用：Tomwillbelate.（而不能Tomshallbelate.）（2）I’ll…表”提议或决定做某事”：I’llphoneyoutomorrow.IthinkI?ll/Idon’tthinkI’ll…表"决定做某事”IthinkI'llgotobedearlytonight.(3)ShallI・・・/Shallwe…？表“你认为…好吗？”28、might二may29、can/could：could为过去式30、must/mustn't/don'tneedto(1)表示过去时，用hadto而不用must：Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.(2)don'tneedto=don'thaveto31、shouldIthink…should/Idon'tthink….should/doyouthink…should?oughtto=should32、Ihaveto(1)表过去时，用hadto(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时，must或haveto都可以不是表个人看法时，只能用haveto：Eg:Youcan'tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.(非个人看法)It'safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit./Youhavetoseeit.33、Iusedto/Ididn'tusedto/didyouuseto…？38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen一般过去时现在完成时Therewasanaccidentlastnight.Look!There'sbeenanaccident.Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,therewasalongqueueoutside.Thisroadisverydangerous.Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank?There,sbeen/therewasarobbery.41、反义疑问句Haveyou?/areyou?/don?tyou?表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”:I’veboughtanewcar. Oh,haveyou?记住：前否后肯，前肯后否It'saniceday,isn'tit?Thatisn'tyourcar,isit?too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI(1)句尾too(肯定)I'mhappytoo.either(否定)I'mnothappyeither.I’mhappy.SoamI(sowashe/sodoI/sowouldI)I'mnotI'mnothappyNeitheramI(可用nor代替neither)Iamboth+复数名词either/neither单数名词，谓语动词用单数both(of)the...eitherneitherofthese/those...my/your/Paul's.44、疑问句isit…？/haveyou…？/dothey…？whyisn't…？/whydon't…？whosawyou?/whodidyousee?(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾：whereareyoufrom?

(4)what’sitlike?/whataretheylike?表询问某事物的情况新旧、好坏、大小等（5）疑问词whatWhat+名词Whattime…/whatsize不加名词What,syourname?whichWhich+名词（物/人）Whichtraindidyoucatch?不加名词时，不指代人Whichisbiggest?howHow+形容词/副词Howtallareyou?Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig...What（范围更广）Which（选择较少）What,sthecapitalofArgentina?Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow?52、不定式与-ing形式动词+不定式wantplandecidetry+to...(tohopeexpectofferforgetwork/todo/toneedpromiserefuselearnbe)动词+-ingenjoystopsuggest+-ing(doing/working)mindfinish动词+-ing或不定式likelovestartcontinue+-ing/to...preferhatebegin55、gotogotoworkgotoschoolgotouniversitygotohospitalgotoprisongotobedgotosleepgotochurch(be)atwork(be)atschool(be)atuniversity(be)inhospital(be)inprison(be)inbed(be)in/atchurch(be)athome

gotothebank/thetheatre/theairportgohomegotothedoctor/dentistgoongoonholidaygoonatripgoonatourgoonanexcursiongoonacruisegoonastrikegoforgoforawalkgoforarungoforaswimgoforadrinkgoformealgo（going/went/gone）shoppingswimmingfishingsailingskiingjogging56、get+名词（收至U/买至U/找到某物）getajob/getaletterget+交通工具getabusgetatraingetataxiget+形容词（变得..）gethungrygetcoldgettiredgetto+地点（到达）gettoworkgettoNY（gethere/gethome）get的短语getinacargetoutofacargetonabusgetoffabusgetmarried（结婚）getdressed（穿衣）getlost（迷路）57、do与makedodoanexam

doatestdoacoursedohomeworkdohouseworkdosomebodyafavourdoanexercisedotheshoppingdothewashing洗衣服dothewashing-up洗碗dotheironing熨烫dothecookingmakemakeamistakemakeanappointmentmakeaphonecallmakealistmakeanoisemakeabedmakeafilm拍电影takeaphotograph拍照66、名词在英语中，下列词语以复数出现:scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice以下名词通常不可数advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherworkabottleofwateracartonofmilkabarofchocolate/aboxofchocolatesapieceofcheeseabottleofperfumeapieceofmusicabowlofriceacupofcoffeeagameoftennis73、the的用法thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathecountrythepolicethefirebrigadethearmythetoptheendthemiddletheleftthepianotheguitarthetrumpettheradiotheInternet注意：television/TV不用the：IwatchTValot.但是canyouturnofftheTV(=theTVset)breakfast/lunch/dinner等不力口thenext/last+week/month/year/summer等不力口the

.球类名词前不加the.学科名词前不加thethe…（地名）1.地域名称前一般不用theFrance/Japan/Peru2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形theAlps/thePhilippines/the式连用Netherlands/theCanaryIslands3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用thetheAtlantic/theAmazon/theNile/theBlacksea4彳街道、广场等名称前不用thelivesinNewtonStreet/HighfieldRoad/TimesSquare5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑KennedyAirport/LondonZoo/Victoria物不用theStation6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前theRegentHotel/theNational要用theTheatre/theScienceMuseum7.表方位时用thethenorth/south/east/westof...77、not+any/no/more(1)not+any=no….二nota(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后(3)动词否定形式+any二动词肯定形式+no(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用None表示“无”；no-one表示“没人nobody=not+anybodyno-one=not+anyonenothing=not+anything80、every/all(1)every+单数名词，谓语动词用单数(2)everywhere是副词all+citiesmostchildrensomebooksanymoneynoall(of)the...mostsomeanynoneofthis/that...these/those...my/your.83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)fewalotof+可数/不可数，也可不跟名词much+不可数，用于否定句与疑问句，也可不跟名词many+复数alittle+不可数表”有一点但不多”afew+复数表”有一点但是不多”little+不可数表“几乎没有”few+复数表“几乎没有”abitolder/mucholderAbitolderthan….Abitmoredifficultthan…Muchbetterthan…Muchmoreexpensivethan…notas…asNotasmuchas….Notasmanyas…Thesameas….theoldest/themostexpensive可用最高级+I’veever…./you?veever….等：Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit'stheworstfilmI'veeverseen.Whatisthemostunusualthingyou'veeverdone?enough/tooenoughforsb/sthtoo...forsb/sthenoughtodosthtoo...todosthenoughforsb/sthtotoo...forsbtodosthdosth93、词序(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前：wewenttoapartylastnight.(2)always/never/often等词用于动词之前，be动词之后，两个动词之问：alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyalle.g.Iusuallysometimesneverseldomjuststillalwaysbothdrinkcoffeeinthemorning.Iamalwaystired.Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/getgivesthtosbgivesbsth注意：当某物为代词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：Igaveittomyfather.98、when（1）当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：WhenIwentout,itwasraining.（2）一般现在时用于when之后表示将来：LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.WhenIgethomethisevening,I'mgoingtohaveashower.(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.I'llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.99、if(1)if之后常用一般现在时：IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme?Whatshallwedoifitrains?ifI/you/he/she/they/ithad I/you/hewould….ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)IfIyouitthey■■■had/knew/lived/went...didn,thave/didn'tknow...were.could.Iyouitthey■■■would(n7t)could(n/t)buy...be...have...go.…在这种句子里，句意表示事实上这个假设不成立：IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldbuyafastcar.事实上我没有钱买车。Iwouldn’tgooutifIwereyou.事实上我不是你。（3）比较ifIhave/ifitis,ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoday.(=maybeI,llhavetime,somaybeI,llgo),I'llhelpyouifIcan.(=maybeIcanhelpyou)ifIhad/ifitwas,ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotoday.(=Idon'thavetimetoday,soIwillnotgo),I'dhelpyouifIcould,butIcan't.103、at/on/in（1）

at（时间点）8o,clock10.30midnighton（星期、日期、节日）Sunday/Monday...25April/6JuneNewYear,sDayin（月份、年份、季节）April/June2003/1998summer/spring（2）固定搭配attheweekendatnightatChristmasattheendofatthemomentinthemorningintheafternoonintheeveninginfiveminutesonMondaymorningonTuesdayafternoon注意：this、last、next、every等前不用介词，如nextyear106、in/at/on(1)ininaroominashopinthewaterinBrazilinthefieldatatthebusstopatthedooratthetrafficlightsatherdeskatthetop/bottom/endof...(attheageof21/at50kilometresanhour/at100degrees)ononashelfonaplateonabalconyontheflooronawallonadoorontheceilingonahorse/bicycle/motorbikeonfootonholiday

ontelevisiononthephon