专题21阅读理解之词义猜测题-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版）

专题21阅读理解之词义猜测《考点•题型•技巧》考向分析考向分析1、要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2、要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。3、代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。考点导航考点导航考点01构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un,fore,see,able；其中see是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。考点02利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。考点03利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hotandcold,perfectandimperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。考点04利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。考点05利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。考点06根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though,although,still,but,yet,instead,insteadof,however,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,unlike,ratherthan,foronething,foranother等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。考点07利用经验和常识猜词词义猜测题的解答需要考生根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。【题型分析】…Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubttheoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,“Isuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseeforthemselves.”…70.Theunderlinedword“outcome”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A.value B.resultC.performance D.connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组comeout的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。…Fermat’sLastTheorem（定理）,firstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.…65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。...Achild’sbirthdaypartydoesn’thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.…74.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?A.Apartydesignedbyspecialists.B.Aplanrequiringcarefulthought.C.Asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble.D.Ademandmadebyguests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定canbe这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty,trouble相近。答案为C。WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We’veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.……52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A.Endone’sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone’senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。52.D【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止学习，故选D。检测训练检测训练1、Asaclassiclovemovieofthetwentiethcentury,Titanicmakesonescenealong-lastingcinematicshot:Jackletgoofhishandandsankintheicyseawater,leavingthechanceoflivingtohisloverRose,whofinallysurvivedonawoodendoordebris(残骸).Morethan100yearssincethedisastrouseventandmorethantwodecadesaftertheearliestreleaseofthemovieTitanic,therehavebeenmany“doortheories”.AudiencesdebateheatedlyoverwhetherornotJackandRosecouldhavebothfitontothewoodendebrisandsurvived.So,wasthereroomforJack?InaTVprogram,hostsJamieandAdamevendidanexperimentusinganexactreplica(复制品)ofthewoodenpiecefromthemovie,andthetwoprovedthatiftheyhadtiedRose’slifejackettothebottomofthedoortostrengthenitsbuoyancy(浮力),theywouldhavemanagedtostayafloat.However,theirconclusionwasdebunkedwhendirectorCameronsaidthatthefreezingwaterandJack’shightemperaturewouldhavemadethelifejacketsolutionimpossible.Healsosaidthatthedebateisbeyondthepointthemoviewastryingtomake,whichisfocusedonthetragiclovestoryofJackandRose,notphysics.ThelargestdebrisrecoveredfromtherealTitanicisnowdisplayedintheMaritimeMuseum.Themuseum’swebsitestatesthatareplicawasoncebuiltforthemoviebasedonthemuseum’sTitaniccollectionwhichwasknownasthe“door”usedinthedeathscene.Unfortunately,thesizeofthedebriscoupledwiththeweightofRoseontopcouldwork,butnotifJack’sadditionalweightwasaddedtoit.Inaword,sciencehasproventhatJackdidn’tdiefornothinganddidindeedsacrificehimselftosavetheloveofhislife.1.What’sthepurposeofparagraph1?A.Toleadintothetopic.B.Tointroduceamovie. C.Toraiseaquestion. D.Tohighlightcharacters.2.WhatistheconclusionofJamieandAdambasedon?A.Thedevelopmentoftheplot. B.Aphysicsexperiment. C.Thethemeofthemovie. D.Aheateddebate.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“debunked”inparagraph4mean?A.Confirmed. B.Opposed. C.Approved. D.Concerned.4.Wecaninferthatthemovie’sendingis.A.unrealistic B.confusing C.reasonable D.surprising【答案】1.A2.B3.B4.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了电影《泰坦尼克号》最早上映20多年后，出现了许多“门理论”，认为杰克可以活下来，而科学已经证明电影的结局是合理的。1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Asaclassiclovemovieofthetwentiethcentury,Titanicmakesonescenealong-lastingcinematicshot:Jackletgoofhishandandsankintheicyseawater,leavingthechanceoflivingtohisloverRose,whofinallysurvivedonawoodendoordebris(残骸).(《泰坦尼克号》是一部20世纪的经典爱情电影，其中的一个场景是一个持久的电影镜头：杰克松开手，沉入冰冷的海水中，给他的爱人罗斯留下了生存的机会，罗斯最终在木门残骸上幸存下来。)”及下文对此场景的讨论可推断，本段的目的是引出话题。故选A。2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“InaTVprogram,hostsJamieandAdamevendidanexperimentusinganexactreplica(复制品)ofthewoodenpiecefromthemovie,andthetwoprovedthatiftheyhadtiedRose’slifejackettothebottomofthedoortostrengthenitsbuoyancy(浮力),theywouldhavemanagedtostayafloat.(在一个电视节目，主持人杰米和亚当甚至做了一个实验用的一个木制的复制品的电影，和两个证明，如果他们把罗斯的救生衣绑在门的底部以加强它的浮力，他们会设法保持漂浮。)”可知，杰米和亚当的结论是基于他们所做的物理实验。故选B。3.词义猜测题。根据划线词后半句“whendirectorCameronsaidthatthefreezingwaterandJack’shightemperaturewouldhavemadethelifejacketsolutionimpossible.(因为卡梅隆导演说冰冻的水和杰克的高温不可能让救生衣解决问题。)”可知，杰米和亚当的结论被推翻了。所以debunked为“揭穿真相，暴露，推翻”之意。oppose“反对”是近义词，故选B。4.推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Unfortunately,thesizeofthedebriscoupledwiththeweightofRoseontopcouldwork,butnotifJack’sadditionalweightwasaddedtoit.(不幸的是，碎片的大小加上罗斯在上面的重量可能会起作用，但如果加上杰克的额外重量就不行了。)”可推断，这部电影的结局合理的。故选C。2、Lastyear,Iwentthrougheveryhighschoolsenior’snightmare:IwasrefusedfromallthecollegesIappliedto.It’snotthatIwasabadstudent.Ihadanarrowvision,applyingonlytosomekeyschools.SowhenIgotrefused,Igotintoapanic.Ithoughttherewasonlyonepathtosuccess,andIwasn’tonit.Whileallmyfriendswerepickingouttwinextra-longsheets,IwasleftwonderingwhatkindoffutureIcouldhave.Whenmypanicfaded,Isignedinthecommunitycollege.Iwasn’texcited.Iimaginedcommunitycollegeclassroomswithincompetentteachersthattaughttheirstudentstosleep.Iwassowrong.Myarthistoryprofessorwassopoetic,andherlecturesfeltspokenword.Myclassmateswereintelligentandcamefromallwalksoflife—stillfiguringthingsoutlikeme.Idecidedtogivemyselfayearofexperiment.Asidefromgeneraleducation,Itookarangeofclasses.Iknowitseemslikearandomkindofclasses,butitallowedmetoknowwhatIlikeanddon’tlike.IusedtohavethisideathatIhadtorushinordertoachieveacertainlevelofsuccessbyacertainage,butayearofcommunitycollegehastaughtmetoslowdown,andtorecognizethatthingstaketimetoadjust.Istillhopetotransfertoafour-yearuniversitynextyear,butI’llbegoingaboutitasamorematureperson.BeingaroundstudentsfromallwalksoflifehasmademerealizethatI’mnotlateinthegameatall.There’smorethanonewaytogetwhereyouwanttobe.9.Whatcausedtheauthor’s“highschoolsenior’snightmare”?A.Hewasrejectedbythecollegesheappliedto.B.Hedidn’tdowellinsomesubjectsatschool.C.Heonlytooksomekeyschoolsintoconsideration.D.Hegotconfusedaboutwhichschooltoapplyto.10.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartmeaninParagraph1?A.Theauthor’sfriendshaveextrasheets.B.Thefuturefortheauthor’sfriendsisclear.C.Thewaytosuccessislongfortheauthor’sfriends.D.Theauthor’sfriendshavemanychoices.11.Whywastheauthorunhappyinthecommunitycollegeatfirst?A.Hisarthistoryprofessorwasextremelyexpressive.B.Hedidn’tlikestudyingwithstudentsfromallwalksoflife.C.Hethoughttheteachersinthecommunitycollegehadpoorability.D.Helearnedstudentsinthecommunitycollegealwayssleptinclass.12.Whatdidtheauthorlearnfromhisexperienceinthecommunitycollege?A.There’snoneedtohurrytoachievecertainsuccess.B.Ayearofexperimentisnotworthwhileforhimatall.C.Thewaytosuccessistotransfertoafour-yearuniversity.D.It’sawasteoftimebeingaroundstudentsfromallwalksoflife.【答案】9.C10.D11.C12.A【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在被申请的所有大学拒绝后，选择就读社区大学。在那儿作者接触到来自各行各业的人及老师后，改变了他之前的想法，从而深刻的体会到：一个人若想实现梦想，其实不只有一种方法。9.推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Ihadanarrowvision,applyingonlytosomekeyschools.SowhenIgotrefused,Igotintoapanic.Ithoughttherewasonlyonepathtosuccess,andIwasn’tonit.(我的眼光很狭隘，只申请了一些重点学校。所以当我被拒绝时，我陷入了恐慌。我以为成功只有一条路，但我没有走)”可知，他只考虑了一些重点学校，就造成了作者的“高中生噩梦”。故选C。10.词句猜猜题。根据划线部分所在句“Whileallmyfriendswerepickingouttwinextra-longsheets,IwasleftwonderingwhatkindoffutureIcouldhave.(当我所有的朋友都在挑选超长的纸张（录取通知）的时候，我却在想我的未来会是怎样的)”可知，划线部分意为作者的朋友有很多其他的选择。故选D。11.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Ithoughtcommunitycollegeclassroomswithincompetentteachersthattaughttheirstudentstosleep.(我以为社区大学的教室里有不称职的老师教他们的学生睡觉)”可知，作者起初对社区大学很不满意，因为他认为社区大学的教师能力很差。故选C。12.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“IusedtohavethisideathatIhadtorushinordertoachieveacertainlevelofsuccessbyacertainage,butayearofcommunitycollegehastaughtmetoslowdown,andtorecognizethatthingstaketimetoadjust.Istillhopetotransfertoafour-yearuniversitynextyear,butI’llbegoingaboutitasamorematureperson.(我曾经有这样的想法，为了在某个年龄达到一定的成功水平，我必须匆忙，但一年的社区大学教会我放慢脚步，认识到事情需要时间来调整。我仍然希望明年能转到四年制大学，但我会以一个更成熟的人的身份去做)”可知，作者从他在社区大学的经历中了解到没有必要急于取得一定的成功。故选A。3、WhenBritishmusicianPaulBartonperformsincentralThailandlately,thelistenersreactwildly.Somepullhishairorjumponhispiano.Othersstealhismusic.Thebehaviorisnormal,however,becausethesecrowdsaretrulywild—wildmonkeystobeexact.BartonplaysoftentotheanimalsinLopburi,anareaknownforitspopulationsofwildmonkeys.Thepianisthopesthemusicshowsbringcalmtotheanimalsduringthecoronavirus(COVID-19)crisis.Thediseasehascausedproblemsforthemonkeys,too.Theyarehungry.Therestrictionsontourismmeanfewerpeoplecometoseethemonkeysandfeedthem.ThemonkeysquicklysurroundBartonwhenheplaysGreensleeves,Beethoven'sFurEliseandMichaelNyman'sDiaryofLove.Someofthecreaturessitonhischair,whileothersclimbuphisbodyandtouchhishead.But,Bartonkeepshisattentiononhisperformance,evenasasmallmonkeyrunsoverhishandsontheinstrument.Othermonkeystakecontrolofhismusicpapers.“IwasgladandsurprisedtofindthattheywereactuallyeatingthemusicasIwasplayingit.”ThemonkeysareBarton'slatestanimalfans.Pastwildlifeaudienceincludedelephantslivinginspecialprotectedareas.Bartonhopestoraisepeople'sawarenessofthemonkeys'hunger.Atthesametime,hehopestostudytheirbehaviorastheyreacttoclassicalmusic.“Cometogetheranddon'tletthepandemicstopthewildmonkeysgettinggoodnutritiousfood.Weneedtomakeanefforttomakesurethattheyeatproperly.Andwhentheyeatproperlytheywillbecalmer,”said59-year-oldBarton.17.Whydoesthemusicianplaytothewildmonkeys?A.Toseethewildanimalsjustbeingthemselves. B.Tostudytheirbehaviorastheyreacttopopmusic.C.Toraisemoneyforthewildmonkeys'hunger. D.TohelpcalmthemduringCOVID-19crisis.18.Whatkindofmusicdocsthemusicianplay?A.Contemporarymusic. B.Classicalmusic.C.Countrymusic. D.Popularmusic.19.Whatdocstheunderlinedphrase“eatingthemusic"inParagraph4referto?A.Stealinghismusicpapers. B.Eatinghismusicpapers.C.Disturbinghisperformance. D.Enjoyinghisplaying20.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A.Wildmonkeysliketoplaywiththemusician. B.Peoplewillstarttoprotectthewildmonkeys.C.TheCOVID-19hasdamagedmuchtotheworld. D.Musiccanmakethewildanimalsmoreactive.【答案】17.D18.B19.D20.C【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。英国音乐家PaulBarton最近在泰国中部演出，希望能缓解新冠病毒危机带给动物的压力，带来了很好的反响。17.细节理解题。根据第二段“BartonplaysoftentotheanimalsinLopburi,anareaknownforitspopulationsofwildmonkeys.Thepianisthopesthemusicshowsbringcalmtotheanimalsduringthecoronavirus(COVID-19)crisis.)(Barton经常和Lopburi的动物们玩耍，Lopburi是一个以野生猴子群而闻名的地区。这位钢琴家希望音乐表演能在冠状病毒疫情期间给动物带来平静)”可知，音乐家对着野生猴子演奏是为了帮助他们在新冠肺炎疫情期间保持镇静。故选D。18.细节理解题。根据第四段中“ThemonkeysquicklysurroundBartonwhenheplaysGreensleeves,Beethoven'sFurEliseandMichaelNyman'sDiaryofLove.(当Barton演奏《绿袖》、贝多芬的《致爱丽丝》和MichaelNyman的《爱的日记》时，猴子们很快就把他包围了)”可知，音乐家演奏的是古典音乐。故选B。19.词义猜测题。根据第四段中“ThemonkeysquicklysurroundBartonwhenheplaysGreensleeves,Beethoven'sFurEliseandMichaelNyman'sDiaryofLove.(当Barton演奏《绿袖》、贝多芬的《致爱丽丝》和MichaelNyman的《爱的日记》时，猴子们很快就把他包围了)”以及画线词上文“Iwasgladandsurprisedtofindthattheywereactually”以及后文“asIwasplayingit”可知，让Barton高兴和惊讶的是，在他演奏音乐的时候，猴子真地在欣赏他的演奏。画线词指的是“欣赏他的演奏”。故选D。20.推理判断题。根据第二段“BartonplaysoftentotheanimalsinLopburi,anareaknownforitspopulationsofwildmonkeys.Thepianisthopesthemusicshowsbringcalmtotheanimalsduringthecoronavirus(COVID-19)crisis.(Barton经常和Lopburi的动物们玩耍，Lopburi是一个以野生猴子群而闻名的地区。这位钢琴家希望音乐表演能在冠状病毒疫情期间给动物带来平静)”以及第三段“Thediseasehascausedproblemsforthemonkeys,too.Theyarehungry.Therestrictionsontourismmeanfewerpeoplecometoseethemonkeysandfeedthem.(这种疾病也给猴子带来了问题。他们挨饿。对旅游业的限制意味着更少的人来看猴子和喂它们)”可推知，新冠肺炎疫情给世界造成严重损害。故选C。4、Weallneedwalertosurvive,butthegeneralrecommendationhasbeentodrinkmoreandmore,withmanyguidelinesnowadvisingaminimumofeightglassesaday.Isthereanyevidenceshowingthatthismakessense?Theshortanswerisno.Studieslookingatwaterintakesover10yearsintheelderlyfailtoshowanybenefitsofextrawateronkidneyfunctionorlifespan.Clevermarketingfrombottledwatercompanieshasnotonlyconvincedusthatweneedtodrinkmorewater,butalsothatexpensivebottledmineralwaterissomehowbetterforus.Wenowdrinkmorebottledwaterthaneverbefore,withtheglobalindustrygrowingrapidlyat10percentayear.By2025,theglobalmarketisestimatedtobeworth＄215billion.Butresearchshowsthattapwaternowadaysisperfectlysafe,andwithaddedfluoride（氨化物）,itisalsogoodforourteeth.Therehavebeenstudiesshowingthattapwatercontainstracesofcommonpharmaceutical（制药的）drugs,buttheyhavealsofoundthesamelevelswhentestingbottledwater.Althoughwaterinmanyareascontainschemicals,thelevelsaretoosmalltomakeanoticeabledifferencetoourhealth.Bottledwaterhasdevastatingenvironmentalcosts,whichisself﹣evidentastherearealreadyabundantreportsonpollutioncausedbyplasticbottles,andnoprovenhealthbenefits.And,doesittastebetter?Probablynot.Onthecontrary,thereareevenblindtastingsshowingthattapwaterscoreshigherthanmostmineralwater.So,stillhesitatewhenpresentedwithbothbottledwaterandtapwater?Probablyyoushouldnotnow.Myadviceistostickwithtapwater:youwillbereducingtheglobalenvironmentalcostofhalfatrillionplasticbottlespilingupeachyearandtakingastandagainstthepowerofmarketing.25.Accordingtothefirstparagraph，wecanknow________.A.eightglassesofwateradaydoesharmtotheelderly.B.eightglassesofwateradayisn'tsoscientificaswethought.C.waterisessentialforustosurvive.D.drinkingextrawaterbenefitsourkidney.26.Accordingtotheauthor，whichofthefollowingmightbeareasonbehindpeople'schoosingbottledwaterovertapwater?A.Tapwatercontainstoomuchcommonpharmaceuticaldrugs.B.Bottledwaterisrichinvariousminerals.C.Peopleareinfluencedbybottledwatercompanies'marketingstrategies.D.Tapwaterisnotsotastyasbottledwater.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"devastating"inparagraph3mean?A.Potential.B.Beneficial.C.Challenging.D.Damaging.28.Whatmessagedoesthispassageconvey?A.Themorewaterwedrink，thehealthierwewillbe.B.Tapwatershouldbecomeourfirstchoiceofdrinking.C.Bothbottledwaterandtapwatershouldbeourmainchoiceswhenthirsty.D.Bottledwaterandtapwaterbothhavealotofadvantages.【答案】25.B26.C27.D28.B【解析】文章是一篇说明文。文章讲述了自来水和瓶装水到底哪种更适合饮用。1.细节理解题。根据原文第一段“Isthereanyevidenceshowingthatthismakessense？Theshortanswerisno.”（有证据表明这是合理的吗？简短的回答是否定的。）可知每天八杯水的概念并不科学。选项B.“eightglassesofwateradayisn'tsoscientificaswethought”（每天八杯水并不像我们想的那么科学）与文意一致，故选B。2.细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Clevermarketingfrombottledwatercompanieshasnotonlyconvincedusthatweneedtodrinkmorewater，butalsothatexpensivebottledmineralwaterissomehowbetterforus.”（瓶装水公司聪明的市场营销不仅让我们相信我们需要喝更多的水，而且昂贵的瓶装矿泉水对我们更有益。）可知这都是广告营销的作用。选项C.“Peopleareinfluencedbybottledwatercompanies'marketingstrategies.”（人们受到瓶装水公司营销策略的影响）与文意相符，故选C。3.词句猜测题。根据原文倒数第二段“Bottledwaterhasdevastatingenvironmentalcosts，whichisself﹣evidentastherearealreadyabundantreportsonpollutioncausedbyplasticbottles，andnoprovenhealthbenefits.”（瓶装水的环境代价是毁灭性的，这是不言而喻的，因为已经有大量的报告说塑料瓶造成了污染，而且没有证实对健康有益。）结合后文可知划线处为对环境“不友好的；毁灭的”之意。选项D符合题意。故选D。4.推理判断题。根据原文最后一段“So，stillhesitatewhenpresentedwithbothbottledwaterandtapwater?Probablyyoushouldnotnow.Myadviceistostickwithtapwater：youwillbereducingtheglobalenvironmentalcostofhalfatrillionplasticbottlespilingupeachyearandtakingastandagainstthepowerofmarketing.”（那么，当你面对瓶装水和自来水时，你还在犹豫吗？也许你现在不应该。我的建议是坚持使用自来水：你将会减少每年堆积的5000亿个塑料瓶所造成的全球环境成本，并且表明你反对市场营销的力量。）可知作者认为要坚持使用自来水。选项B.“Tapwatershouldbecomeourfirstchoiceofdrinking.”（自来水应该成为我们的第一选择）与文意相符，故选B。5、AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?13.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.15.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.16.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】13.D14.D15.A16.C【分析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。13.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。14.词义猜测题。根据前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。15.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。16.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。6、Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghana,heattendsamountainfuneral(葬礼)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan,heissaddenedbytheduststorms,diseasesandfishingboatsstuckmilesfromthesea.MrBissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences,makinghistaleawell-roundedpictureofUzbekistan,seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains,thisisneitheratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions.1.WhatmadeMrBissellreturntoUzbekistan?A.Hisfriends'invitation. B.Hisinterestinthecountry.C.Hisloveforteaching. D.Hisdesiretoregainhealth.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMrBissell'sroadtripinUzbekistan?A.Romantic. B.Eventful. C.Pleasant. D.Dangerous.4.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook. B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter. D.Torecommendatraveldestination.【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.A【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。1.细节理解题。根据第一段的”Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry.hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAraSea”可知，几年后，Bissell仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此推断出对这个国家的兴趣让Bissell先生再次返回乌兹别克斯坦。故选B。2.词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that指代写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章这件事，根据第一段最后一句”Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章)”可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。3.推理判断题。根据第三段”ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,MrBisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileon