考研语法讲义_第1页
考研语法讲义_第2页
考研语法讲义_第3页
考研语法讲义_第4页
考研语法讲义_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩17页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

考研基础语法

什么是语法?

语言的法则:也就是遣词造句的规律

为什么学习语法??

•学习的角度:

•输入与输出

•①输入一[初试]阅读、完型、翻译、新题型

•复[试]听力

•②输出f[初试]写作

•复[试]口语

语法学习综述

03年第二篇第二段第一句:

Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsbooth

atarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouraged

readersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals

一nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.

•Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffing(供职于)ananimal

rightsbooth(摊,亭)alarcccnlsic。。l晨iir(市场,集市)was

distributingabrochure(小册子)thatencouragedreadersnottouse

anythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals-nomeat,nofur(毛

皮),nomedicines.

04年考研写作真题:

•18分范文第一段:

•Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,dripping

sweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthis

isnotthekeymessageconveyedbythepicture.

•commencement

•18分范文第一段:

,Thecartoondepictsavividpictureinwhichanathlete,dripping

sweat,isrushingtotheend.Obviously,hewinsthematch,butthis

isnotthekeymessageconveyedbythepicture.

语法学习的一个基础、两条主线

•①基础:简单句②主线一词法、句法

词法:动词的变化

■.时态和语态

•时态

•时间状态

•“时”分为四种:

过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。

•“态”分为四种:

•般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态。

一般进行完成完成进行

现在do/doesbedoing.Have/hasHavebeen

done.doing

过去Didwas/wereHaddone.Hadbeendoing

doing.

将来Willdo.WillbewillhaveWillhavebeen

doing.done.doing

过去Woulddo.WouldbeWouldhaveWouldhavebeen

doingdonedoing

常考时态难点解析

,(1)般现在时:(do/does)

•①表示客观事实或真理

,e.gl.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.

,e.g2.Knowledgeispower.

•②表示习惯性、常规性的重复动作

,e.g.3.Jackalwaysgoestoschoolbybike.

•(2)一般过去时(did)

•①过去特定时间的动作或状态

,Isawhiminthelibraryyesterdaymorning.

•②过去的重复性动作

•IwrotealetteronceaweektomyfamilywhenIwasinmyfirst

collegeyear.

•【注】

•一般现在时vs一般过去时

,ThedogbitesXiaoQiang.

•见一次咬一次

,ThedogbitXiaoQiang.

,曾经咬过

,(3)现在完成时:(have/has+done)

•从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态;

•强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。

,常用的时间状语通常表示"一段时间":already,yet,never,以及

,since+点时间,

,in/for/throughout/over/during+段时间;

,e.g.IhaveworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.

,e.g.Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatall

livingthingsmustdie.

•【注1】

•主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词;

•如果是否定形式,主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词。

•【注2】

•一般过去时VS现在完成时

,Shewasmygirlfriend.

(当爱已成往事)

,Shehasbeenmygirlfriend(fortwoyears).

•(依旧你侬我侬)

(4)过去完成时(had+done):

a)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。

e.g:Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthe

spaceship.

b)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态

e.g.:IhadstayedinAmericafor2yearsbeforeshemovedhere.

,WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealingthat

3monthsagoithadclonedanadultsheep(1999,阅读T4-P1-L1)

•一个苏格兰的研究团队三个月前克隆了一只成年绵羊,并于近期披露从

而震惊了世界。

・(5)现在完成进行时(强调动作持续性)

•havedone+bedoing=?

havebeendoing

­动作或状态从过去某时开始,进行到现在,并将继续进行下去。

,e.g.Thesepopfanshavebeenwaitingforthefamoussingerfor

nearlythreehoursinthecold.

・【注n现在完成进行时可以是短暂性动词,表示不断重复的动作。

,e.g:Amricanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumber

sinceWorldWar11,andthepatternstillprevails.(1998阅读

T4-P3-L1)

•二战以来,美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动,这个趋势现在仍然在

继续。

•KoreanshavebeenmarryingUSsoldiersstationedheresincethe

1950s.IIThepeakyearswereduringthe1970s,whenmorethan4000

KoreansmarriedUSsoldiereachyear.

,marry短暂动词,表重复动作

•自1950年代以来就不断有韩国人与当地美国驻军成婚,在1970年代达到

了高峰,每年有4000多韩国人嫁给美国兵。

•【注2】

•现在完成时VS现在完成进行时

•如果现在完成时中没有表示一段时间的状语(since/for…),那么它仅

表示一个完成了的动作而不再继续。

,Shehasslept.

•她睡完了(不困了)

,Shehasbeensleeping.

•她一直在睡。

•(6)一般将来完成时

,(shall/willhave+done):将来某时必定会发生的事.

IwillhavetaughtEnglishinNewOrientalSchoolforfiveyears

bytheendofnextmonth.

语态

•语态描述主语和谓语间的关系

•语态分两种

•1.主动语态

主语是动作的发起者,称为主动语态;

Hecleansthewindow.

・2.被动语态

主语是动作的承受者,称为被动语态。

Thewindowiscleanedbyhim.

动词主动时态

一般进行完成完成进行

现do/doesbedoing.HaveHavebeen

在/hasdone.doing

Didwas/weredoing.Haddone.Hadbeendoing

Willdo.Willbedoing.willhaveWillhavebeen

done.doing

Woulddo.WouldbeWouldhaveWouldhavebeen

doingdonedoing

动词的被动时态

一般进行完成

现在am/is/aream/is/arebeinghave/hasbeendone

donedone

过去was/weredonewas/werebeingHadbeendone.

done

将来Willbe/Willhavebeen

done.done.

过去将来Wouldbe/Wouldhavebeen

done.done.

•动词主动时态变被动:

,1.动词全部变成done

,2.done前加be(形式随be前一个词而变)

•被动语态通式:(以•般现在时为例)

,动作承受者+am/is/aredone+by施动者

使用被动语态的目的

•①实现句式结构的多样性

•2006年考研写作真题

•通篇的汉语思维导致通篇的主动句式,所以我们呼唤被动句式!!

•范文末段倒数第二句

,Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,

campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattention

toourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusing

onourappearances.

•②突出强调接受动作的一方

省略动作发出者逃避责任

,Ibrokethewindowthismorning.

,Thewindowwasbrokenthismorning.

・③施动者不明或没必要提

,IwasborninTianjin.

•ObamawaselectedasthepresidentofUSA

(+bytheAmericanpeople)

•【注】:不及物动词没有被动语态

・主动语态中的宾语要变成被动语态中的主语

•带宾语的动词才能有被动语态。

•注:系动词没有被动语态

,Helookshandsome.

,Itfeelsfantastic.

句法

*基础:简单句

*句法:从句

二、简单句

•主+谓

,主+谓+宾

•主+系+表

・主+谓+宾+宾

•主+谓+宾+宾补

①主语+谓语

Manproposes;Goddisposes.谋事在人,成事在天

②主语+谓语+宾语

Beautywillbuynobeef.

③主语+系动词+表语

Itisnoneofyourbusiness.

④主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

ChattingontheInternetbringsmealotoffun.

⑤主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

Ahedge(树篱)betweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.

君子之交淡如水

•1.什么能作主语?名词

・名词性词组

•代词

・动名词

,Doingbusinessisonethinganddoinggoodbusinessisanother.

•不定式

,Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.

•名词性从句

,Thattheworldisroundisfact.

2.什么词能作谓语?

•动词

•①实义动词

•②情态动词

,can/could,will/would,shall/should,may/might,must/need

,haveto,oughtto,usedto…

•【注】

•1.一个简单句只能有一个谓语部分。

•2.并列句和复合句有两个及两个以上谓语部分。

并列句:几个简单句由连词(andbutor)连接而成

复合句:一句为主句,其余为从句,中间有引导词。

•3.什么词能作系动词?

*be动词:

•am,is,are,was,were

•being,been

•感官动词:

•feel,look,sound,smell,taste-**

•4.什么词能作宾语?

•同主语

•5.什么词能作表语?

•①形容词

•②名词

•③代词(宾格)

,④名词性从句

,⑤动名词

•Myhobbyisswimming.

•⑥介宾短语

,Theboxisonthedesk.

•⑦不定式

,Tohelpothersistohelpyourself.

•6.双宾语?

•直接宾语、间接宾语

•直接宾语一动作直接作用的宾语,常常是物

•间接宾语一动作间接作用的宾语,往往是人

,Iboughtheragift.

・7宾语补足语?

•有些动词后面接宾语是意思不完整,因而还需要在宾语的后面接补充宾语

的补足语。

,AllofuscalledRunningFanacoward.

•常见的带宾补的动词还有:

,appoint,choose,vote

,prove,suppose,declare…

•【注】

•双宾语vs宾语补足语

Iboughtheragift.

AllofuscalledRunningFan

acoward.

在两部分之间加入一个be动词,

•若能说得通就是宾补结构;

•若说不通就是双宾结构。

三.定语从句

•定语?

•修饰名词的成分。

・①单重定语:一个词OR词组

,Adam'sapple

,anythingpossible

,thecatunderthetable

•thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayer

•②多重定语:>一个词OR词组

•考研翻译1996(71)

•reasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinscience

•考研翻译2007(46)

•anecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducated

person.

•Intellectual:adj.知识的,智力的

•n.知识分子

•定语从句就是用一句话做定语,放在被修饰名词的后面。

•Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatmanismygirlfriend.

•thegirl:先行词(定语从句所修饰名词)

•who:引导词

引导词①指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当成分

②连接主句和从句

•定从引导词主要有:

•(that,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,why)

【注】

when=on/atwhich

where=in/on/atwhich

why=forwhich

【注】定语从句不是完整句子!

缺什么?缺先行词!

Thegirlwhoisdancingwiththatboy

先行词弓再词定语从句

ismygirlfriend.

定语从句:找先行词

•依据:①先行词先行于引导词出现

②定语从句缺的就是先行词

•前溯找名词

带入从句,看:语法是否正确

意思是否正确

【注】先行词一般是主句意思的中心词

•前溯找名词

•(2005—翻译一49)Creatinga“Europeanidentityvthatrespectsthe

differentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnecting

fabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategic

choice

•(2005-翻译-49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthe

differentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnecting

fabricoftheOldContinenti_snoeasytaskanddemandsastrategic

choice

•前溯找名词

•(2005阅读T4-P4-L3)Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatall

varietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlack

English,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguage

ordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.

•先行词+状语+定从

,andor连接的两个名词地位相等

•2004-完型

,Forexample,changesintheeconomythat_30_lead_tofewerjob

opportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment31ingeneral

makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.

先行词+其他定语+定从

例如,经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少,失业率上升,从而导致赚钱的

工作日益难找。

,(1994完型-45)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorable

reactionsinthelistenerinterferewithhis

comprehension.

•[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what

•C

•2006完型-12

,Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwill

givethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agood

numberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.

[A]lodging(寄宿处,临时住地)

[B]shelter(避难所,收容所)

[C]dwelling(住处)

[D]house(房屋)

限定性定语从句VS非限定性定语从句

•⑴形式上的不同(如何识别):

•引导词前有无逗号

有逗号非限从

无逗号限从

⑵功能上的不同:

①限定性定语从句:

•提供的是必要信息,且不能去掉,否则会引起读者理解上的困难;

•②非限定性定语从句:

­提供的是非必要信息,可以去掉,去掉不会引起歧义;

•非限先行词可以是词或词组,也可以是整个句子

,WhoisMary,sboyfriend?

•坐在角落里的男生是玛丽的男友。

•TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.

,Mygirlfriend1ikesdancingwithotherguys,whichreallydrives

mecrazy.

•(1998阅读-T2-P2-L3)

Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichis

morethantwicethe1978-1987average.

Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear.

*

*

,Allthebookswhichhavepicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.

•Allthebookswerewrittenbyhim,whichhavepicturesinthem.

,Hehasafather,wholivesinYunnan

,HehasafatherwholivesinYunnan

•【注】当先行词充当定语从句的宾语时一,引导词可以省略。

,Theone(whom)Ilovemosthurtsmemostdeeply.

我最爱的人伤我最深。

定语从句的简化:分词结构

•从句的简化:句子一短语

•精简句子,并使句式多样!

•短语?

•①没有主语;

•②谓语动词一分词结构。

•注:定语从句的简化只能是引导词在从句中作主语的情况。

,现在分词结构:v.+ing

,过去分词结构:v.+ed

•取决于与所伴随的名词之间的关系:语态

•该名词发出动作:主动关系一现在分词

•该名词接受动作:被动关系一过去分词

•ThemanthatIsawatthepartyismyteacher.

•先行词作宾语

•Themanthatsawmeatthepartyismyteacher.

•先行词作主语

,①从句含有be动词

•步骤:只需去掉引导词和be动词即可

,BooksthatarewritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.

,BookswritteninEnglisharemoreexpensive.

*

•(2006阅读-T4-P4-L1)Afterall,whatistheonemodernformof

expressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?

•Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionwhichisalmost

completelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?

•(2003—翻译63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combined

withacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisof

culturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctly

importantsocialscience.

•②从句不含be动词

•步骤:去掉引导词,把谓语动词变成现在分词

•TheboywhositsinthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.

•TheboysittinginthecornerisMary'sboyfriend.

•(2004-完型-24)Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthat

chiIdrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretoriseabove

theirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-class

values.

•(2004-完型-24)Theorieswhichfocusontheroleofsocietysuggest

thatchildrencommitcrimesinresponsetotheirfailuretorise

abovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,orasarejectionofmiddle-class

values.

分词结构

•定语从句可以简化成分词结构;

•但分词结构一定都作定语么?

•状语

•伴随关系Shecomesin,smilingatme.

•如何区分分词结构是定语还是状语?

•分词结构之前有无逗号!

•一句话中同一主语发出多于一个的动作时,你选择其中一个动作作主要动

作一谓语动词,其他几个动作作次要动作一分词结构。

•采菊东篱下,悠然见南山

(陶渊明)采菊东篱下,(陶渊明)悠然见南山

•Taopickedtheflower.

•Taosawthesouthmountain.

•Taopickedtheflower,seeingthesouthmountain.

•Pickingtheflower,Taosawthesouthmountain.

•Police___(hunt)thekillerofapart-timepoliceofficer___(stab)

outsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingaman_(wear)a

T-shirt_(see)___(run)awayfromthescene.

•Policehuntingthekillerofapart-timepoliceofficerstabbed

outsideherhomeinnorthwestLondonareseekingamanwearinga

T-shirtseenrunningawayfromthescene.

有自己主语的分词结构:独立主格

•不同主语发出两个相关动作

•Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere.

•Tearsstreameddownhercheeks.

•——Thebeautifulgirlstoodthere,tearsstreamingdownhercheeks.

•ItisSpringFestivaltoday.

•Wedonotneedtogotoschool.

•fItbeingSpringFestivaltoday,wedonotneedtogotoschool.

•现在分词vs动名词

■①动名词是动词的名词化,可视作名词,多数情况下属于句子的主干;

•②现在分词不是表伴随,就是作修饰(不是定语,就是状语),一般不是主

干。

麟麟邹楠;,

现在分和悔

猊即搞第耦

«动名词作表语:居多

•说明句子的具体内容“是什么”

XiaoQiang'sjobisfeedingdogs.

•现在分词作表语:

•修饰句子主语,说明主语的性质特征,是别人对主语的感受

•Theresultofthismatchismostsatisfying.

•过去分词作表语:

•主语对其他人或物的感受

•Allthepeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththequalityofmilkpowder.

•现在分词作定语:居多

•①一般表示被修饰名词的行为状态

•②通常具有进行时的意味

•③可以变为定语从句

•asleepingchild

•=achildwho/thatissleeping

•abarkingdog

•=adogwhich/thatisbarking

•areadinggirl

•=agirlwho/thatisreading

•动名词作定语:

•一般表示被修饰名词的用途,不含有进行时的意味,不可直接变为定语从

•asleepingbag

•=abagusedforsleeping

•vsasleepingchild

•areadingroom

•=aroomusedforreading

•vsareadinggirl

四状语从句

•状语:修饰动词(主要)和形容词

•状语从句:用一句话作状语

・关键:不同连词引导不同状语从句,表示分句间不同逻辑关系。

•分类:①时间状语从句:

•when,while,until

•定从?状从?

•有无一个表示时间的名词作先行词

•IwillneverforgetthatdaywhenImetyou.

•TheporkwasverycheapwhenIwasalittleboy

•②地点状语从句:where

•定从?状从?

•取决于引导词之前的名词是不是地点

•是地点一修饰地点一定语从句

•不是地点一修饰动词一地点状语从句

•Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhere

youhaveanyquestion.

•Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveany

question.

•③原因状语从句:

•because,for,as,since

•④目的状语从句:

•sothat(以便),inorderthat…

•(2003完型-35)

•Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized_35_participantscan

remainactiveaslongastheywant

•[A]ifonly只要

•[B]nowthat既然

•[C]sothat

•[D]evenif即使

•⑤条件状语从句:if,unless,providedthat,onconditionthat,as

longas

e.g:Idon'tcarewhoyouare,

whereyouarefrom,

whatyoudid,

aslongasyouloveme.

•⑥让步状语从句:

•though,although,eventhough(if)

while,whereas

•(2006完型-7)

•NoteveryoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.

Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million.―7―thefigure

mayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberof

thehomelessisincreasing.

•[A]Nowthat

•[B]Although

•[C]Provided

•[D]Exceptthat

•(2005完型-9)

•Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflower

butnotanother,9—othersaresensitivetothesmellsofboth

flowers.

•[A]when

•[B]since

•[C]for

•[D]whereas

•While位于句首,一般表让步

•(2005阅读-T4-P2-L6)

•Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhenthey

putpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregarded

writingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.

•在20世纪60年代之前,当人们伏案写作时,即使受教育不多的人也追

求一种高雅的风格,而从那以后,即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口语风

格。

⑦比较状语从句

•as,than

themore,themore;nomore…than

•(a)as+形容词+a(n)+可数名词+as

•(2006翻译-47)

•47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccept

theobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethe

courseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.

•47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,IIwhomustaccept

theobligationIIofrevealing||inasobviousamanneras

possibleIIthecourseofreasoningIIwhichledhimtohis

decision.

•(b)than前后必为同类事物

•从句可倒装:than+助动词+主语

•(2006阅读-Tl-P4-L1)

•Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesof

intermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”

•(2000阅读-T4-P2-L6)

•Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfaction

withtheirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10other

countriessurveyed.

(c)nomorethan=notanymorethan

•翻译为:…不能…,正如(than从句)不能■样

•(2006翻译-49)

•49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,which

governshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedto

dedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductin

business.

状语从句的简化

■只有当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,才可以进行简化。

•改错

•Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMing'sfathertaughthimtoclimb

trees.

•WhenXiaoMingwasattheageofeight,XiaoMing'sfathertaught

himtoclimbtrees.

•Whenattheageofeight,XiaoMingwastaughttoclimbtreesby

hisfather.

•①从句中含有be动词:

•只需去掉状语从句的主语和be动词

•WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.

•Whilewalkinginthestreet,Ialwaysgazeathotgirls.

•②从句不含be动词:

•去掉主语,把谓语动词变成现在分词

•BeforeIgraduatedfromcollege,

Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.

•Beforegraduatingfromcollege,

Itookapart-timejobasaDJ.

五名词性从句

•一句话充当名词性成分

・①句子的类型?

・陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句

•②句中的名词性成分?

•主语、宾语、表语、同位语

•③名词性从句

•主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

•①直接就是陈述句

•that+一句完整的陈述句

•(1998阅读-T5-P2-L1)

,Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.

,Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.

,67.Theauthorbelievesthat____

•[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth's

interior

•[B]thegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedto

beleuc

[C]thehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections

[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart

(2006阅读-T3-P2-LI)

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

That能否省略?

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

常将it作形式主语置于句首,而将主语从句置于句末。(考研英语常用句

型)

Itis+过去分词+that+从句

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

—fIthasbeenknownforyearsthattheseasarebeingoverfished.

尾重原则

(2004阅读-T2-P2-L1)

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabig

advantageoverZodiaccars.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabig

advantageoverZodiaccars.

Itisreportedthat据报道…

Itshouldbenotedthat应当注意

Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认…

Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出…

Itisgenerallythoughtthat人们普遍认为

②由一般疑问句转变而来

引导词+一句话的其他部分(陈述句语序)

Whether,if(只能引导宾语从句)

Whether,if均不充当句中成分

Whether…or

是…还是

1999-翻译-74)

Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconcepts

peculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.

Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconcepts

peculiartohistoricalworkortotheresearchtechniques.

(2005阅读-T1-P4-L6)

However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,

orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunanswered

question.

•However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependently,

orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,isanunanswered

question.

•③由特殊疑问句转变而来

■疑问句引导词+一句话的其他部分(陈述句语序)

•What,Which,Who,Whom,Whose

•Why,When,Where,How

•以上词在句中充当成分

•(2006阅读T3-P2-L1)

,WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownis

justhowfastthingsarechanging.

•WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownis

justhowfastthingsarechanging.

同位语从句

,同位语?

•这就是芙蓉姐姐。

•这就是芙蓉姐姐,一个新时代的偶像。

•这就是芙蓉姐姐,一个红遍大江南北、逼疯高矮胖瘦、秒杀男女老幼的新

时代天皇级偶像。

,1.名词+that+从句

•(2005阅读-T3-P1-L1)

,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethe

disguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;

•弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论,即梦是我们不曾意识到的欲望和恐惧的

反映

2.名词+其他成分+that+陈述句

,例:Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedto

exaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.

,Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedto

exaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiItyverdicts.

•这里先行词concern与that同位语从句被谓语wereraised隔开

•人们日益担心,证人会受到鼓励在法庭上夸大事实以保证有罪的判决。

同位语从句VS定语从句

同位语从句(完整句)定语从句(不完整,缺先行

词)

先行词(抽象名词):几乎所有名词和名词性短语

conclusion,news,fact,

idea,suggestion,view,

evidence,opinion,problem,

thought,understanding,

assumption-*-

•Wehavetofacethefactthatheisnothere.(同)

•Wehavetofacethefactthatheislookingfor.(定)

•(2005阅读-T3-P1-L3)

•Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythat

dreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresand

fears.

•Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythat

dreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresand

fears.

•(2001-完型-49)

•Concernswereraised_witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggerate

theirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.

•[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that

•D

六倒装

1.全部倒装(FullInversion),又称主谓倒装

整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前

例:Nowcomesyourturn,

fNowyourturncomes.

•(1)表示地点/位置的介宾短语置于句首

Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.

•(2003-翻译-P5-L7)

•WithinTylor?sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,

shared,andpatternedbehavior.

•TheconceptiswithinTylor?sdefinitionthatcultureislearned,

shared,andpatternedbehavior.

•(2)here,there,now,then等地点或时间状语置于句首

•Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects.

2.部分倒装(PartialInversion)

只将谓语的一部分提到主语之前。

•①助动词

•②情态动词

•③be动词

,(1)句首为否定词:

•never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,nowhere

•notuntil,nosooner…than,notonly-but(also),

never/neithef-nor(不…也不)

•(2005翻译-46)

•46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsare

createdandconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedso

muchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecent

eventsinEurope.

•(1998阅读-T4-PIO-LI)

•Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmerican

searchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.

•1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchfor

spaciousliv

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

最新文档

评论

0/150

提交评论