考研英语真题90-96年

1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionII:ReadingComprehension

Eachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefour

answers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Put

yourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

Text1

InMay1989,spaceshuttlet4Atlantis^^releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,“which

isnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspace

explorationhasbegun.

TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsystem,

infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth'ssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymade

ofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itisalsothe

closestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,Venusseems

tojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth'stwin.^^

ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressure

about90timesEarth's:Highoverheadinthecarbondioxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayer

ofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittledropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid

(H2SO4).Waterisallbutnonexistent.

Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradically

different:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryfor

researchersstudyingtheweatherandclimateofearth.Ithasnoearth'soceans,sotheheat

transportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243

earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfromthesunisaddedanddistributedata

moreleisurely,observablepace.

16.VenusissimilartoEarthin.

[Ajsizeanddensity

|B]distancefromthesun

[C]havingatmosphere

[D]alloftheabove

17.ThegreatestvalueinstudyingVenusshouldbeto.

[A]allowustovisitthere

[BJunderstandEarthbetter

[C]findanewsourceofenergy

ID]promoteanewspaceprogram

18.Themainideaofthispassageisabout.

[AJproblemsofspacetravel

[B]scientificmethodsinspaceexploration

[CJtheimportanceofVenustoEarth

[DIconditionsonVenus

Text2

TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome'smain

avenues.Italy'spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeeneven

morepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparading

processionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.

Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapital

fromalloverItalytodemonstratefor4<ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasociety

withoutviolence."Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen'sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeenthe

provinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining,"Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnot

enough,“saysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovernment-fundedInstituteforthe

DevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.

Women,whoconstitute52percentofItaly'spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentof

Italy'stotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,their

presenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyin

services,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Official

statisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreand

morewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusiness

becauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshave

disappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusiness

considerationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.

Suchchangesareoccumngintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,

lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesare

immediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstate

police,railwayworkersandstreetcleaner.

However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactorythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.A

breakthroughinequalopportunitiesforwomenisnowdemanded.

19.Theexpression“snakethroughcentralRome“probablymeans“tomove

[A]quietlythroughcentralRome.^^

[BJviolentlythroughcentralRome.^^

[C]inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome.^^

[D]ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome.”

20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

[AJTherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.

[B]InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.

[CJInItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.

[D]InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.

21.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor.

[A]morejobopportunities

(BJagreatervarietyofjobs

[C]"equaljob,equalpay”

[D]bothAandB

22.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.

[AJTheRoleofWomenisSociety

[B]WomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmployment

[C]WomenasSelf-employedProfessionals

[D]WomenandtheJobsMarket

Text3

Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout“intheearlyyears,and,therefore,are

subjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstanding

thingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.

Tofindthisout,1,500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththese

results:

Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,in

goodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedandseemed

contentwiththeirlives.

About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwith

honors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate.Ofthe

men,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionsorinbusinessmanagementorsemiprofessionai

jobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffice,business,orprofessionaloccupations.

Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1,500articlesinscientific,scholarly,andliterary

magazinesandhadcollectedmorethan10()patents.

Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeithe匚Averageincomewasconsiderablyhigheramong

thegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircomparative

youth.

Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintopractical

reality.

23.Theoldideathattalentedchildren“bumthemselvesout"intheearlyyearsis.

[Altrueinallsenses

[B]refutedbytheauthor

[C]medicallyproven

[DJabeliefoftheauthor

24.Thesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadeto.

[AJfindoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadults

[B]provethattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout"intheearlyyears

ICJdiscoverthepercentageofthosementallyillamongthegifted

[D]provethattalentedchildrenneverburnthemselvesout

25.Intelligencetestsshowedthat.

[A]brightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallyhealthy

[BJbetweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossofintelligence

[C]talentedchildrenweremostlikelytobecomegiftedadults

[DJwhentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowscores

SectionIII:CloseTest

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],

and[D],choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewhole

passagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)

Nooneknowsforsurewhattheworldwouldbelikeintheyear2001.Manybookshavebeen

written_26—thefuture.Butthe19th-centuryFrenchnovelistJulesVernemaybecalleda

futurologistinthefullest_27—oftheword.Inhisfantasticnovels“ATriptotheMoon”and

“80DaysAroundtheWorld,“hedescribedwithdetailtheaeroplaneandeventhehelicopter.

Thesenovelsstillhaveagreatattraction_28—youngreadersoftodaybecauseoftheirbold

imaginationandscientificaccuracy.

Belowisadescriptionofwhatourlifewillbeintheyear2001aspredictedbya_29—writer.

In2001,inthehome,cookerswillbesetsothatyoucancookacompletemealatthetouchofa

switch.

Televisionwillprovideinformationonpricesatthe_30_shopsaswellasnewsand

entertainment.Videophoneswillbringpicturesaswellas_31—totelephoneconversations.

Machineswillcontroltemperature,lighting,entertainment,securityalarms,laundryand

gardening.

Lightingwillprovidedecorationaswellaswallpaper.

Atwork,robotswilltake_32—mostjobsinthemanufacturingindustries.Workinghourswill

falltounder30hoursaweek.Holidayswillgetlonger;sixweekswillbethenormalannual

holiday.Menandwomenwillretireatthesameage.

Ourleisurewillbedifferenttoo.Thehomewillbecomethecenterofentertainmentthrough

televisionandelectronicgames.Morepeoplewilleatoutinrestaurants_33—theydotoday;

alsotheywillhaveamuchwidervarietyoffoodavailable.Therewillbeachangeoftaste

towardsamoresavoury-flavoredmenu.Newsyntheticfoodswillforma_34—partofpeople's

diets.

Foreigntravelwill_35—;winterholidayswillbecomemorepopularthansummerones.

Alsonon-stopflightsfromBritaintoAustraliaandNewZealandwillbeeasilyavailableand

muchcheaper.Educationwillbecomeincreasinglymoreimportantthaneverbefore.

26.[A]in[B]of[C]about[D]for

27.[A]sense[B]meaning[C]detail[D]implication

28.[A]for1：B]of[C]on[D]towards

29.[AJtoday[B]nowadays[C]present-day[D]present

30.[A]near[Blnearby[C]nearly[D]

31.[A]noise[BJsound[C]tone[D]tune

32.[Alto[B]away[C]off[D]over

33.[A]than[BJas[CJwhen[D]while

34.[A]usual[B]popular[C]daily[D]regular

35.[A]add[B]increase[C]raise[D]arise

SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish(15points)

56.你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。

57.尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成。

58.一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知。

59.只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果。

60.这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导。

SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslation

Translatethefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedinto

Chinese.(20points)

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnot

easytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeand

anotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywant

toexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Thereareno

clearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asone

mightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoften

convenientlyreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture.^^

(62)Thosewhosupportthe“nature“sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesand

behaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthas

little,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.

Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreat

degreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Thosewhosupportthe“nurlure“theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalled

behaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybased

instinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeings

whosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(64)Thebehaviorists

maintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheir

behavior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offered

bythetwotheories.(65)Supportersofthettnature^^theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertain

capacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay:Theydon'tbelievethat

factorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredetermined

characteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductof

ourexperiences.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwhere

therearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswill

experiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(67)IntheUnitedStates,

blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”

proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.(68)Behaviorists,in

contrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmany

oftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.

Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.

1990年参考答案

SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)

SectionII:ReadingComprehension(20points)

16.ID]17.IB]18.[C]19.[C]20.IB]

21.[D]22.[B]23.[B]24.[A]25.[C]

SectionIII:ClozeTest(10points)

26.[C]27.[A]28.[A]29.[C]30.[B]

31.[B]32.[D]33.[AJ34.ID]35.[BJ

SectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)

SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)

56.Youshouldcheckalldatathecarefullysoastoavoidseriousmistakes.

57.Althoughtheexperimentiscomplicated,theyaredeterminedtofinishitontime.

58.Allsignsshowedthatthemanknewnothingofwhathadhappenedhere.

59.Onlythosewhoarenotafraidofanydifficultieshavethechanceofachievingoutstanding

resultsintheirwork.

60.Thispieceofwritingismorelikeanewsreportthanashortstory.

SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)

61.他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。

62.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是

由生物因素所决定的。

63.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，

也是微不足道的。

64.行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。

65.支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定

的。

66.行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能

够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。

67.在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。

68.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境

方面所享有的许多有利条件。

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionII:ReadingComprehension

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Forachquestionfouranswersare

given.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyour

choiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)

Text1

Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodo

nothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.

DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgone

terriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.

Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.

Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorher

actionsandliablefortheirconsequences.

Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honesty,kindness,andsoon—

accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,no

law—and,ultimately,nosociety.

Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhavenever

learned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople's

behaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.

Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities-smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintain

disciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsare

nottolerated-theysimplyarenotdone!^^

Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsare

loosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhat

hewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.

Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewas

committed,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwho

isconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhim

toread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn't

provideastablehome.

Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengagein

criminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasociety

ofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.

WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrime

istheoneresponsibleforit.

31.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat.

[A]it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil

|B|it'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit

[C]it9sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil

[D]it'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil

32.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,.

[A]societyistobeheldresponsible

[B]modemcivilizationisresponsibleforit

[C]thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame

[DJthestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved

33.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave.

IAJlessself-discipline

[B]bettersenseofdiscipline

[C]moremutualrespect

[D]lesseffectivegovernment

34.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat.

[A]peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals

[BJpeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards

[C]today'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty

[D]peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities

35.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat.

[A]stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies

[B]moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow

[CJmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'sbehavior

[D]morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability

Text2

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongor

short,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety'sdefinitionastowhatconstitutes

maturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiod

oftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlaws

againstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostofthesecond

decadeofone'slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionof

adulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.

Examplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthe

nineteenthcentuiyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofan

agriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolic

significanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Social

oneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocial

status.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduation

constitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocial

recognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducational

ambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegal

definitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfrom

thetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodand

minorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.The

twelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theater

andmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgaining

significantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhich

increaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtaina

driver'slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchild

laborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;the

youngmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheage

oftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuy

liquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.No

additionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.

Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydo

pointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

36.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause.

[AJthedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

[B]theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

[C]moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

[D]ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

37.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto.

[A]graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

[BJsocialrecognition

[C]socio-economicstatus

[DJcertainbehavioralchanges

38.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis.

[AJelevenyearsold

[Blsixteenyearsold

ICJtwenty-oneyearsold

[D]betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

39.Startingfrom22,.

[A]onewillobtainmorebasicrights

[BJtheolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave

[C]onewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21

[DJonewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysociety

40.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat.

[AJinthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceand

adulthoodnolongerexisted

[BJnoonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

[C]oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver'slicense

[D]oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

Text3

Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Darnes

hassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposed

mainlyofbrick--abrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthand

developmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmust

bedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoall

partsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.

Thecarbondioxidefromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleaf

beforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars-thebasematerialfrom

whichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percent

water.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhave

muchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.

Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartof

whatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbon

dioxideandwaterarecombined—inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergy

derivedfromlight—toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.This

occursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminute

openings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegas

toentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas-watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbon

dioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwater

vaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80F,saturatedairwouldcontainabout

186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismany

timesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterin

proportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthe

twogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedinto

carbohydrates(碳水化合物).

41.Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept.

[A]formingsugars

[B]sustainingwoodystems

[C]keepinggreen

[D]producingcarbondioxide

42.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis.

[Altoformsugars

[BJtoderiveenergyfromlight

[C]topreservewater

[DJtocombinecarbondioxidewithwater

43.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat.

[AJaplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbs

[B]carbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopment

[CJaplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition

[D]thestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporloss

44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

[A]Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.

[B]Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.

[C]Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.

[D]Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.

45.Thispassageismainlyabout.

[A]thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater

|B|theroleofwaterinagrowingplant

[C]theprocessofsimplesugarformation

[D]thesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxide

SectionIII:CloseTest

Foreachn