微观经济学十大原理总结

TenPrinciplesofEconomicsWhatEconomicsIsAllAboutScarcity：thelimitednatureofsociety'sresources（稀缺性:社会资源的有限性)Economics：thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources（经济学：研究社会怎样管理自己的稀缺资源）howpeopledecidewhattobuy

，howmuchtowork

，save,andspendhowfirmsdecidehowmuchtoproducehowmanyworkerstohirehowsocietydecideshowtodivide

，its

resources

betweennationaldefense，consumergoods,protectingandotherneeds

theenvironment,Theprinciplesof：HOWPEOPLEMAKEDECISIONSPRINCIPLE＃1：PeopleFaceTradeoffs（原理一：人们要面对衡量弃取）Alldecisionsinvolvetradeoffs.（全部的选择都包括衡量弃取)Goingtoapartythenightbeforeyourmidtermleaveslesstimeforstudying。Havingmoremoneytobuystuffrequiresworkinglongerhours,whichleaveslesstimeforleisure。Protectingtheenvironmentrequiresresources

that

couldotherwisebeusedtoproduceconsumergoods.Society

facesanimportant

tradeoff:

efficiency

vs.equality（社见面对着一个重要的弃取：效率与同等

)Efficiency:whensocietygetsthemostfromitsscarceResources（效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中获得的最大利益）Equality:whenprosperityisdistributeduniformlyamongsociety’smembers(同等：社会成就在社会成员中的均匀分派）Tradeoff:Toachievegreaterequality

，

couldredistributeincomefromwealthytopoor。Butthis

reducesincentive

toworkandproduce,shrinksthesizeoftheeconomic

“pie。"(衡量弃取：为了实现更好地同等,将收入从富人到穷人从头分派.但是这会降低工作和生产的踊跃性,减小经济的蛋糕）PRINCIPLE#2:TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt（原理二：某种东西的成本是为了获得它所放弃的东西）Makingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativechoices.（做出决议需要比较这些选择的成本与利益）Theopportunitycostofanyitemiswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainit（一种东西的时机成本是为了获得这类东西所放弃的东西）Itistherelevantcostfordecisionmaking（这是决议的相关成本

)Examples:

Theopportunitycostofgoingtocollegeforayearisnotjustthetuitionandfees,butalsotheforegonewages.seeingamovieisnotjustthepriceoftheticket,ofthetimeyouspendinthetheater.

，books,butthevaluePRINCIPLE#3：RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin(原理三：理性人考虑边沿量）Rationalpeoplesystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives.（有组织的和有目的地做到他们能达到他们目的的最好）makedecisionsbyevaluatingcostsandbenefitsofmarginalchanges，incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplan.（作出决议经过评估边沿改变的成本和利益，关于现有计划的增量调整)marginalchanges：smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction(边沿改动:对行动计划的细小增量调整）Examples:Whenastudentconsiderswhethertogotocollegeadditionalyear,hecomparesthefees&foregonewagestothe

for

anextraincomehecouldearnwiththeextrayearofeducation。Whenamanagerconsiderswhethertoincreaseoutput,shecomparesthecostoftheneededlaborandmaterialstotheextrarevenue.PRINCIPLE＃4：

PeopleRespondtoIncentives（原理四：人们会对激励做出反响

)Incentive：somethingthatinducesapersontoact,spectofarewardorpunishment

the(激励：惹起人行动的东西，即远景的奖赏或处罚）Rationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.（理性的人对激励做出反响）Examples:Whengaspricesrise，consumersbuymorehybridcarsandfewergasguzzlingSUVs.Whencigarettetaxesincrease,teensmokingfalls.＊Theprinciplesof：HOWPEOPLEINTERACTPRINCIPLE#5:TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff（原理五：贸易能够使每一个人的状况都变得更好）Ratherthanbeingself-sufficient,peoplecanspecializeinproducingonegoodorserviceandexchangeitforothergoods。（不是自给自足的,人们能够为其余商品特意生产一种产品或服务和沟通）Countriesalsobenefitfromtradeandspecialization：（国家也得益于贸易和专业化。）Getabetterpriceabroadforgoodstheyproduce（他们所生产的商品在外国获得更好的价钱)Buyothergoodsmorecheaplyfromabroadthancouldbeproducedathome（从外国购置其余商品比国内生产更廉价)PRINCIPLE#6：MarketsAreUsuallyAGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity（市场往常是组织经济活动的一种好方法）Market:agroupofbuyersandsellers(neednotbeinasinglelocation)（市场：是一个由买者和卖者构成的集体）“Organizeeconomicactivity"meansdeterminingwhatgoodstoproducehowtoproducethemhowmuchofeachtoproducewhogetsthemAmarketeconomyallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyhouseholdsandfirmsastheyinteractinmarkets。（市场经济分派资源经过分别决议的很多家庭和企业作为它们之间的交互作用存在于市场。）FamousinsightbyAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations(1776）：Eachofthesehouseholdsandfirmsactsasif“ledbyaninvisiblehand”topromotegeneraleconomicwell-being。（每一个这样的家庭和企业的行为仿佛“受着一只看不见的手”，以推行一般社会福利.)Theinvisiblehandworksthroughthepricesystem:（“无形之手”工作经过价钱系统:）Theinteractionofbuyersandsellersdeterminesprices.（买家和卖家的互相作用决定了价钱）Eachpricereflectsthegood'svaluetobuyersandthecostofproducingthegood.（每一个价钱反响出了产品关于买者的价值和生产产品的成本）Pricesguideself-interestedhouseholdsandfirmstomakedecisionsthat,inmanycases，maximizesociety’seconomicwell—being.（那些价钱指南家庭和企业作出决定,在很多状况下,最大化了社会的经济福利。）PRINCIPLE#7：GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes（原理七:政府有时能够改良市场结果）Importantroleforgovernment：enforcepropertyrights(withpolice，courts）（政府的重要角色：实行产权等)Peoplearelessinclinedtowork，produce，invest，orpurchaseiflargeriskoftheirpropertybeingstolen（假如自己的财富有很大的风险丢掉，那么人们就不太偏向于工作、生产、投资或购置）Marketfailure：whenthemarketfailstoallocatesociety’sresourcesefficiently（市场自己不可以有效配置资源的状况）Causesofmarketfailure：Externalities:whentheproductionorconsumptionofagoodaffectsbystanders（e。g.pollution）(外面性：当产品的生产与花费影响了旁观者。比如：污染）Marketpower:asinglebuyerorsellerhassubstantialinfluenceonmarketprice（e.g.monopoly)(市场权力：单个的买者或许卖者对市场价钱有明显影响。比如：垄断）Publicpolicymaypromoteefficiency（公共政策能促使效率)Governmentmayaltermarketoutcometopromoteequity。（政府可能会改变市场结果促使同等。)Ifthemarket’sdistributionofeconomicwell—beingisnotdesirable,taxorwelfarepoliciescanchangehowtheeconomic“pie”isdivided.（假如市场的经济上的福利分派不理想，税款或许社会福利政策能改变经济“馅饼”的切割）*Theprinciplesof:HOWTHEECONOMYASAWHOLEWORKS（整体经济怎样运转）PRINCIPLE＃8:ACountry’sStandardofLivingDependsonItsAbilitytoProduceGoods&Services（原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物件与劳务的能力）Hugevariationinlivingstandardsacrosscountriesandovertime：(各个国家跟着时间推移生活水平差别很大）Averageincomein

rich

countries

ismorethantentimesaverageincomeinpoorcountries

。(富饶国家的均匀收入是贫困国家的十倍)TheU.S。standardoflivingtodayisabouteighttimeslargerthan100yearsago.(今日美国的生活标准大概是100年前的八倍）Themostimportantdeterminantoflivingstandards：productivity，theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedperunitoflabor。（最重要的决定性的生活标准:生产力,商品的数目和劳务的单位劳动。)Productivitydependsontheequipment,skills，andtechnologyavailabletoworkers.（生产力取决于设施、技术和可行的技术工人。）Otherfactors（e.g。,competitionfromabroad）havefarlessimpactonlivingstandards.（其余要素(比如：来自外国的竞争)较小影响人民的生活水平。）PRINCIPLE＃9:PricesRiseWhentheGovernmentPrintsTooMuchMoney（原理九：当政府发型了过多的钱币时,物价上涨)Inflation：increasesinthegenerallevelofprices.（通货膨胀:经济中物价总水平的上涨）Inthelongrun,inflationisalmostalwayscausedbyexcessivegrowthinthequantityofmoney，whichcausesthevalueofmoneytofall。(从长久来看，通货膨胀是几乎老是由钱的数目的过分增加惹起的，使钱的价值下跌.）Thefasterthegovtcreatesmoney，thegreatertheinflationrate。（政府创建钱越快,通货膨胀率越大）PRINCIPLE＃10:SocietyFacesaShort-runTradeoffBetweenInflationandUnemployment(原理十：社见面对通货膨胀和失业之间的短期衡量弃取）Intheshort—run(1–2years），manyeconomicpoliciespushinflationandunemploymentinoppositedirections.(在短期内，很多经济政策在反方向上推进了通货膨胀率和失业率）Otherfactorscanmakethistradeoffmoreorlessfavorable，butthetradeoffisalwayspresent.（其余的要素能够使这交易或多或少的优惠，可是衡量是永久存在.)SUMMARY：Theprinciplesofdecisionmakingare:Peoplefacetradeoffs