非谓语动词综合

非谓语动词综合非谓语动词，即不作谓语的动词，包括：分词（现在分词、过去分词）、不定式和动名词。现在分词(动词-ing形式)：否定式为notdoing,作表语(略)、定语、宾补、主语和状语一、-ing形式作定语，可以改写为一个定语从句：1.ThepersonwritingontheblackboardisTom.ThepersonwhoiswritingontheblackboardisTom.2.Itisfunnytoseesomeoneslidingonabananaskin.Itisfunnytoseesomeonewhoisslidingonabananaskin.3.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Chinaisacountrythat/whichisdeveloping.4.ChaplingotaspecialOscarforhislifetimeoutstandingwork.ChaplingotaspecialOscarforhislifetimeworkthat/whichisoutstanding.二、-ing形式作宾补，跟随于：1.表指使的词(使役动词)后have,set,keep,catch,leave等，有“持续，一直”之意。.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitinglong.Don’tleavethebabycrying.别让孩子一直哭。Hehadthelightburningallnight.他让灯亮了一整夜。区别：havesth.done，使某事(被别人)做,havemyhaircut./havethemachinemended.havesb.(to)do,让某人做，

The

boss

often

has

them

work

for

14

hours

a

day.2.表示感觉的词(感观动词)和表示状态动词后see/lookat/notice/watch/observe/catch/feel/find/smell/hear/listento等，和其前面的宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系：.Canyousmellanythingburning?Weheardhersinginginherroom.YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeak.三、-ing分词作主语(谓语动词用单数)1.Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。

2.ComingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.

乘火车到杭州要16个小时。

3.Beingexposedtothesunisharmfultotheskin.※句型:Thereisnopoint/needindoingsth.没必要做某事Thereisnouse(in)doingsth.Thereisnosense(in)doingsth.It’snouse/nogooddoingsth做.......没有用处/好处It’sawasteoftimedoingsth做....浪费时间Itisworthdoingsth.（主动表被动，“值得被….”）=Itisworthytobedone.(被动)（没有beworthytodosth.的用法)=Itisworthyofbeingdone值得做某事如：It'sworthspendingtimeworkingonyourPodiatryPractice.(spendindoing)Thequestionisnotworthdiscussingagainandagain.Thebookis

worthy

of

beingread/to

be

read区别不定式作主语：Itispoliteofyou/easyforyoutodosth.四、-ing形式作状语，表方式、伴随情况、时间、条件、原因或结果等。(一)表方式或伴随动作时，此分词动作的主语必须与整个句子的主语相同。1.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=HesatonthesofaandwatchedTV.)2.Laughingandtalking，theywentintotheclassroom.=Theywentintotheclassroomandlaughedandtalked.3.Hestoodleaningagainstthewall.=Hestoodandleanedagainstthewall.)4.Thewomansmileshappily,holdinghersoninarms.=Thewomansmileshappilyandholdshersoninarms.(二)时间状语1.谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中：可用when/while引导的从句改写。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.)Whilewaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.=WhileIwaswaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.)2.分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生：也可用on+doing表达，表示“一…就…”Hearing

their

teacher's

voice,

the

pupils

stopped

talking

at

once.=

On

hearing

their

teacher's

voice,the

pupils

stopped

talking

at

once.3.谓语动作发生在分词动作完成之后，则用after+doing/afterhaving

done表示,前者更常用，后者更具强调性；还可以用after

/when引导的时间状语从句来替换，从句用过去完成式。Having

driven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.=Afterdriving

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.=Afterhaving

driven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.(不常用)=Afterwehaddriven

all

day,we

were

rather

tired.Having

finished

his

homework,

the

boy

was

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.=Afterhavingfinishedhis

homework,

the

boy

was

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.=After

/when

he

had

finished

his

homework,

the

boywas

allowed

to

watch

TV

play.否定式：Not

having

done

it

right,

I

tried

again.(三)原因状语1.Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.2.Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.=Sinceyouareastudent,youshouldstudyhard.3.Thinkinghemightbeathome,Icalledhim.=AsIthoughthemightbeathome,Icalledhim.(四)结果状语A).作结果状语的现分短语的逻辑主语（即意义上的主语），可以是整个句子的主语(句1)，也可以是前面的整个句子（句2，指所叙述的这件事）。因此，在第一种情况中，现分短语相当于由and连接的并列谓语；第二种情况中，现分短语相当于一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句，引导词which指代前面的整个句子所述事实。句子的主谓部分与分词之间含有逻辑上的因果关系。下句1、2为第一种情况，句3—8均为第二种情况：1.Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.=Hermotherdiedin1990andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.2.Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.=andbrokeitintopieces.3.Thesongissungalloverthecountry,makingitthemostpopularsong.=Thesongissungalloverthecountry,，whichmakesitthemostpopularsong.4.....up

to

50%

of

the

area’s

population

died

from

this

epidemic

making

it

one

of

the

main

causes

of

the

fall

of

the

Roman

Empire.

即：

...

up

to

50%

of

the

area’s

population

died

from

this

epidemic,

which

makes

it

one

of

the

main

causes

of

the

fall

of

the

Roman

Empire.

…多达50%的人口死于那场瘟疫，使之成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。5.Terri

had

fallen

into

a

coma

in

1990

when

a

heart

attack

robbed

her

brain

of

oxygen

causing

permanent

harm.即：1990年，特瑞陷入了昏迷状态，当时一次心脏病夺走了她大脑中的氧气，给她造成了永久性的伤害。6.WinterinIndiasetsinNovemberandcontinuesuntilFebruary,permitingthecultivationofwheat.印度的冬季从11月延续到次年2月，所以可以种小麦。7.Hedidn’tcometoday,makingitnecessaryforustofindsomeonetodohiswork.8.Whenmineralsareextractedfromlandsurfacemines,grassesandtreesmustberemoved,causingerosionofthebareearth.从地表露天开矿采矿时，必须割草伐木，从而导致植被破坏和土壤流失。B).现在分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间可以用逗号隔开，也可以不用。有时为了加强语气，还可以在分词前加thus/thereby。例如：9.The

new

machines

will

work

faster,

thus

reducing

our

cost.

新的机器将运转得更快，因此降低了我们的成本。10.Carbonburnsinoxygenorair,therebyformingcarbondioxide.碳在氧或空气中燃烧，因而形成了二氧化碳。11.Anumberofnewmachineswereinstalledinthefactory,thusresultinginanincreaseinproduction.这家工厂安装了许多新机器，因而增加了产量。12.Whentheseindustriesareestablishedinthemarketarea,moreworkersareemployed,therebyaddingtoitseconomy.当这些工业在时常区建立起来时，更多的工人被雇佣，因此增强了本地区的经济。试翻译下两句：13.

1942年她丈夫死了，给她丢下了五个孩子。

14.

雪下了一个星期，造成了整个地区严重的交通混乱.113.Her

husband

died

in

1942,

leaving

her

with

five

children.

14.

The

snow

lasted

a

week,

resulting

in

a

serious

traffic

confusion

in

the

whole

area.(五)条件状语15.Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.16.Walkingahead,youwillseeawhitehouse.=过去分词：作状语、定语、宾语补足语和表语两组不规则动词的巧记：游泳下沉喝一口水,开始唱歌按一次铃.swimswamswumbeginbeganbegunsinksanksunksingsangsungdrinkdrankdrunkringrangrung有a写成augh,没a写成oughThinkthoughtthoughtfightfoughtfoughtbringbroughtbroughtbuyboughtboughtteachtaughttaughtcatchcaughtcaught一、过去分词在句中的成分：Mr.Smithwasamongtheexcitedcrowdswavingtothefamousfilmstar.(定语)Inatrafficaccident,whomshouldwehelpfirst:theinjuredpeopleorthosewhohavefainted?(定)IwasrathersurprisedwhenIwastoldaboutthegreatfire.(表)Ifoundthatshedidn’tseemchangedmuch.(表)Atthenews,theteacherwassatisfied.(表)Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard.(宾补)7.Shefoundthedoorbrokeninwhenshecameback.8.Mygrandfatherhadhisoldhouserebuilt.二、过去分词作状语，说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。过去分词相当于一个从句或一个独立句子。1.Builtin1910,themuseumisalmost100yearsold.(时间)=Themuseumwasbuiltin1910.Themuseumisalmost100yearsold.2.Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.(时间)=Whentheearthisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.3.Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.（条件）=Ifthesevegetablesarekeptinrefrige,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.4.Beatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.（条件）=Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.5.Givenmoreattention,thefirecouldhavebeenavoided.(条件)=Ifitwasgivenmoreattention,thefirecouldhavebeenavoided6.Givensomeadvicebythefamousscientist,thestudentwasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.(原因)=Becausethestudentwasgivensomeadvicebythefamousscientist,hewasnotworriedabouthisscientificexperimentanymore.7.Encouragedbyhismother,theboywasveryhappy.（原因）=Ashewasencouragedbyhismother,theboywasveryhappy.8.Frightenedbytheloudnoise,Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.(原因)=Iwasfrightenedbytheloudnoise.Iwenttoseewhatwashappening.9.Hitbythelackoffreshair,hegotabadheadache.(原因)=Hewashitbythelackoffreshair.Hegotabadheadache.10.Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.（原因）=Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.11.Leftaloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.(让步)=Althoughtshewasleftaloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.12.Surroundedbythestudents,theteacherwentintothelab.（方式或伴随）=Theteacherwassurroundedbythestudentsandhewentintothelab.13.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.（方式或伴随）=Shewalkedoutofthehouse,andshewasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.C．现在分词、过去分词用法综合：一、分词主语必须与句子主语一致：ThosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhereThosewishingtojointhisclubshouldsignhere.Theman,

whohadbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。Theman,havingbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.Whentheyheardthebadnews.....Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.IftheyhadbeengivenmoreattentionBeingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.Becausehewassoangry.....二、逻辑关系：现在分词动作表主动（或正在进行），过去分词动作表被动（或已经完成）。1.He

went

out,

shutting

the

door

behind

him.

2.Given

more

encouragement,

the

boy

could

have

behaved

better.

如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励，他本来会表现得更好。

Faced

with

difficulties,

we

must

try

to

overcome

them.三、时间概念：1.过去分词：所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。

※Written

in

a

hurry,

this

article

was

not

so

good.

因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。

2.现在分词：1）一般式(doing)：表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；※Reading

carefully,

he

found

something

he

hadn’t

known

before.

他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。

2）完成式(having

done)：表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动式”动作；※Having

washedalltheclothes,shehadarest.

洗完所有衣服，她休息了。

※Nothavingfinished

her

homework,

shecouldn’tgo

home.作业还没做完，她不能回家。3）完成式的被动式(having

been

done)：常和表示次数的短语连用，表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动动作”，这种情况下不能换做过去分词，其他情况下通常可换作去分词，使句式更简洁。

※Having

been

discussed

several

times,

the

decision

was

finally

made.

进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。※Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldyougiveup!给了你这么好的机会，你怎么能放弃！※Havingbeenwarnedbytheteacher,thestudentsdidn'tmakesuchmistakes.老师警告他们之后，学生们不再犯这样的错误了。※Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestilldidnotknowhowtodoit.已经告诉他多少次了，他还是不知道怎么做。4)完成进行时(havingbeendoing),表示过去某动作一直持续到现在，还将持续下去。

※Havingbeenstudyingforthreehours,shefeltverytired.学习了三个小时，她感觉很累。四、分词作表语两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，表示事物的性质、特征等，意思是“令人...的”，如exciting、interesting；另一种是过去分词作表语，表示人的心理状态、感受，意思是“感到....的”，如excited、eresting使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的D．不定式：作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语及状语：一、不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语1.Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.Itispoliteofyoutodothat.你那样做是有礼貌的。2.Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.学英语对我们来说是重要的。接of：描述人的性格、品质的形容词，good,kind,nice,rude,clever,right,silly,brave,selfish…接for：描述事物特征的形容词，easy,hard,difficult,important,possible,necessary…，3.It’snecessary(for/to)ustostudyhard.二、不定式作表语1.Herjobistocleanthehall.2.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.熟记连系动词：1)be2)静态：lie,stay,remain,stand,keep…3)动态（变化):turn,get,become,grow…4)感官:taste,seem,smell,feel,…三、不定式作宾语1.Iwantedtoknowthetruth.2.HepretendedtohavereadthebookwhenIaskedhimaboutit.※不定式在某些复合宾语中做宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，真实宾语放在补足语之后。3.Doyouthinkitbettertotranslatetoitinthisway?4.Ifeelitagreathonortobeinvitedtospeakatthemeetingbeforesomanystudents.※need/require接宾语的用法：(详见《动名词用法》)needtodo(某人)需要做…needdoing=needtobedone(某事)需要(被)做5.WeneedtocollecttheparcelbeforeweleaveforEngland．去英国之前，我们需要收拾好行李。6.Mycarneedsrepairing．我的汽车需要修理7.Thewindowsrequirecleaning.窗户需要清洁了。8.Hisleathershoesneedstobemended．他的皮鞋需要修补。四、不定式作宾语补语※不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。1.IwouldlikeyoutohelpmewithmyEnglishexercises.Iwishyoutocomehere.(有wishsb.todo，没有hopesb.todo.详见《wish与hope用法》)hope不接不定式，但可接从句：hopesb.will/cando.Ihopeyou’llbebettersoon.Ihopeyoucanhelpmewithmymaths．2.Ineverexpectedtheshoestobewornoutsosoon.我从没料到这双鞋这么快就穿破了。【wearout,破了(衣物鞋袜等)，筋疲力尽（形容人）】※使役动词(make,let,have等)和感官动词(see,watch,notice,hear,feel等)后，不定式不带to3.Ioftenhearhersinginthenextroom.4.Theymakethebabygotobedat8:oopmeveryday.5.Isawthestudentsplayfootballyesterday.6.Ioftenhelpmymother(to)dohousework.(help可带to可不带)不带to的动词，记忆口诀：吾看三室两厅一感觉半帮助55看(lookat,see,watch,notice,observe)3使（make,let,have）2听（listento,hear）1感觉（feel）半帮助(help)※当使役、感官动词变为被动语态时，要加to7.Hissisterwasmadetocrybyhim.8.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.※with+宾语+todo(表示将来的动作)9.Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotothecinema.还有很多工作要做，他没去看电影。※特别注意：不定式用在介词but、except、besides后面，如果这些介词前有实义动词do、does、doing、did、done，则介词后的不定式不带to.否则要带。——有do无to，无do有to。A).1.Shecoulddonothingbutcry.2.Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep?3.Jimdoes

nothing

but

play

basketball

in

the

morning.4.He

did

nothing

but

piddle

away

the

time.他不做事，只是混日子5.He

could

do

nothing

but

stand

and

wonder.他只得惊奇地站著不动6.HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-“independence”timetable.

他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。※另：主语部分有todo,作表语的不定式通常也省去to。如:7.Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。B).1.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.2.I

want

nothing

but

to

go

off

to

theWestern

Hills.

3.This

man

lives

for

nothing

but

to

gathermoney.这个人一生除了聚财以外别无目的。※只接不定式作宾语的动词（不接动名词）：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determinelearnwantexpect/hope/wishrefusemanagecarepretendofferpromisechooseplanagreeask/beghelp※附：只接动名词作宾语的动词：建议冒险去献身建议冒险去献身advise,suggest,risk,devoteoneselfto;忍受期待不停顿have/bear/stand,lookforwardto,stop,放弃延期悔失去giveup,delay,putoff,regret,miss;坚持欣赏实践成keep(on)/insiston/stickto,enjoy/appreciate,feellike,practice,finish;注意原谅避反对payattentionto,excuse,escape,avoid,objectto考虑要求不自禁consider,require,cannothelp,forbid;允许习惯不介意permit,be/getusedto,mind;价值开始想动名beworth,setabout,imagine.五、不定式作定语※动词不定式（短语）作定语，置于被说明的名词之后，与所修饰的名词之间有以下关系：动宾：Doyouwantanythingtoeat?Hewantstohavetoolstoworkwith.主谓：Itwasaterriblethingtohappen.Shewasthepersontothinkofthisidea.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicgames.Thebuildingtobebuiltisourlab.(被动)同位：Imustthinkofanexcusetovisitthisyoungwoman.Ihavenochancetogosightseeing.同位关系中，不定式修饰的词是一些表示抽象意义的名词，如ability,idea,fact,excuse,promise,reply,answer,attempt,belief.如果不定式动词不及物，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：Pleasefindapieceofpapertowriteon.Ihavenopentowritewith.Heislookingforaroomtolivein．Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith．Shehadlittlemoneytoliveon.Ireallydon’tknowwhattopictowriteabout.(towriteaboutwhattopic)六、不定式作状语※作目的状语。当它放于句首时（3-6），其逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：1.Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.2.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.3.Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.4.TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.5.TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.6.Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.(注：mean作名词，意思是“平均数”，只有单数；means作名词，意思是“方式方法手段”，单复同形)completetheprojectasplanned,we’llhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.※作结果状语。一些常见短语结构有too…to…,enough…to…,so…asto…,such…asto…,onlyto…(表意外)等1.Theywenttooslowlytocatchtheearlybus.Hesaidhewascleverenoughtodealwithitbyhimself.2.Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?Sheissuchagoodgirltohelpmemakegreatprogress.3.Hewokeuponlytofindhimselfinhospital.4.Ihurriedtothestationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleftfiveminutesbefore.5.Samwenthome,onlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim.不定式主动表示被动含义6.Theshirtistoosmalltowear.7.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.IfindEnglisheasytolearn.不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个从句,可充当句子的主语、宾语、表语：8.I’mnotsurewhethertogototheoneaboutaccidents.9.Howtogetridofwasteisagreatproblemfortheworldtoday.10.Theproblemishowtofeedagrowingworldpopulationofover6billion.※作条件状语不定式用作条件状语，可在句首，也可在句末。注意根据句子含义，与目的状语区别。如：1.Youwouldmakeagreatmistaketoaccepthisoffer.

你要是接受他的建议，你就犯了大错误。2.Tolookathimyou’dneverthinkhewasasuccessfulbusinessman.

若看他的外貌，谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。3.Tohearhertalk,you’dthinkshewasmadeofmoney.

听她谈话的口气，你会觉得她浑身是钱。这类不定式通常可用if从句来改写。如：4.To

hear

him

talk,

you

would

think

he

owned

the

whole

world.(=If

you

should

hear

himtalk)5.Toorderavehicle,youhavetopayadeposit.(=Ifyouwanttoorderavehicle)

要想订购一辆汽车，你必须交付押金。6.Togetintouniversityyouhavetopassanumberofexaminations.(=Ifyouwanttogetintouniversity如果你想上大学，就必须通过一系列考试。7.Tojointheclubyouhavetobeputupbyanexistingmember.(=Ifyouwanttojointheclub)要想加入俱乐部必须有一位会员做介绍人。8.Tobeheated,liquidwillchangeintogas.(=Ifitisheated,liquidwillchangeintogas.)也可用过去分词作条件状语：Heated,liquidwillchangeintogas.※作原因状语，常用来修饰表示情感，心理状态，性格等的形容词：happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever,frightened,shocked,sorry,eager,proud,disappointed,foolish,impatient,unwise,naughty…1.Theyaresurprisedtolearnofhisdeath.2.WeareproudtobeyoungpeopleofnewChina.※作方式状语，这种情形比较少见，主要用于asiftodosth这类结构。如：1.Heopenedhismouthasiftosaysomething.

他张开嘴，好像要说什么2.Sheliftshishandasiftoleadhimsomewhere.

她牵起他的手，像要把他带到某个地方去。3.Smilingpleasantly,thestrangerturnedasiftospeaktome.

那个陌生人面带愉悦的笑容，转身向我，似乎想对我说话。4.Steveopenedhismouthasiftospeak,butstoppedtalkingevenbeforehehadstarted.

史蒂夫开口仿佛要说话，但是还没有说出口又停住了。E、不定式的时间概念：（参见“分词用法综合.现分时间概念”）(1).一般式(todo)：表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后。Theypretendednottoseeus.(2).进行时(tobedoing)：在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行。Hepretendedtobesleeping.(3).完成时(tohavedone)：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.(4).完成进行时(tohavebeendoing)：表示谓语动作发生前，不定式的动作一直持续且可能之后仍然继续。We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.F.一些区别：一、不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。①Iheardher__________(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.②Iheardher____________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.③IheardtheEnglishsong____________(sing)manytimes.(4)IheardtheEnglishsong_________________(sing)whenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.（1.sing2.singing3.sung4.beingsung）二、

如果不定式动词不及物，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：1.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.Pleasefindapieceofpapertowriteon.2.Ihavenopentowritewith.3.Heislookingforaroomtolivein．4.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith．三.分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：①Thequestion__________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.②Thequestion_____________(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.Thequestion______________(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.1.discussed2.beingdiscussed3.tobediscussed思考：下列情况中动词后接不定式还是接ing分词作宾语呢？OnlythendidIbegin__________________(see)shewasreallygoodtome.Themomenthereturnedhome,Iwasstarting/beginning____________________(cook)supper.Thewaterbegan________________(freeze).四、现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果。1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake2).Hehurriedtothestationonly________thatthetrainhadleft.(2005广东)A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefoundG1.练习：一）判断下列句子正误并改正：learnEnglishwell,alotofpracticemustbedone.2.Seeingfromthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.3.Heating,waterwillboil.4.Gettingthere,thedoorwasfoundopened.5.Beingill,hisclassmatesenthimtohospital.6.Togetthereintime,hetoldmetogetupearly.7,BrokenbyJim,Ican’tusethecup.三、改写下列句子：Igottheexpectedanswertomyquestion.YesterdayIgottheanswer____________________________________tomyquestion.foundsomedamageddesksinfrontoftheteachingbuilding.Ifoundsomedesks____________________________________infrontoftheteachingbuilding.isoneofthewell-knownscientistsinChina.QianXuesenisoneofthescientists__________________________________________inChina.(1.that/whichisexpected2.whichweredamaged3.who/thatare，well-known)四、用过去分词将两句合二为一：1.Ifoundthisplateonthefloor.Theplatewasbrokenintopieces.Ifoundtheplateonthefloor.2.Isawatall,darkandhandsomeman.HisnameisXiaoMing.Isawatall,darkandhandsomemanXiaoMing.3.Ilookedatthatmodernabstract(抽象的)painting.Itwascoloredinyellowsandgreens.Ilookedatthatmodernabstract(抽象的)painting______________________________________.4.Sheisoneofmyfriends.Sheisdevotedtomyinterests.Sheisoneofmyfriends_____________________________.5.OnthedoorstepIfoundalotofbottles.Theyweremarkedingreenink.OnthedoorstepIfoundalotofbottles______________________________.6.Ifoundher.Shechangedgreatly.Ifound_______________________________.1.d3.Coloredinyellowsandgreens4.devotedtomyinterests5.markedingreenink6.herchangedgreatly五、填空：1.Thethief(catch)yesterdaywasoneofhisrelatives.2.Some(develop)countriesbegintorealizetheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.3.Chinaisa(develop)country.4.Thisisanewbridge(build)lastyear.5.Afteraday’sstudy,Ifeelvery(tired).6.Thisbookis(写得好)andsellswell.7.Inlateautumn,golden(fell)leavesmakethebackhilloftheschoolmorebeautiful.8.Mysister(钱包被偷了)onabus.isa_______(tire)jobtoteachchildrenhowtocount.got________(interest)inthetwotheories_________(explain)howcholerakilledpeople.weregiven_______(print)questionpapers.shouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadly________(hurt).isnothing_________(inspire)inthenewspaper.________(wound)soldierisbeingoperatedoninthehospital.situationhereisrather________.(encourage)don’tfeelwellandthefooddoesn’tlook_______(invite).17.Theteamwas______(face)withsomuchtroublethattheyfailedtocompletethetaskontime.smellsomething______(burn)inthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?1.1.erested11.printed12.hurt13.inspring14.wounded15.encourging16.inviting17.faced18.buring六、将下列状语从句改为非谓语短语作状语：1.Becauseshewasmovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyharder.2.Whenhefoundthedoorlocked,hewenthome.3.Hestartedearlyinorderthathecouldgetthereontime.1.Movedbythehero,2.Findingthedoorlocked,3.togetthereontime七、将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句1.Notknowingheraddress,Ican’twritetoher.2.Enteringtheroom,Isawastrangesight.3,Scoldedbytheteacher,hewasverysad.knowingwheretogo,heaskedapoliceman.5.Hearingherfriendwasbadlyhurt,sheburstintotears.6.Knowinghisteamhadwon,hebecamehappyatonceG2.综合练习：一、非谓语动词2007-2012年高考语法填空考点设置1.Whileshewasgettingme(settle)intoatinybutcleanroom,theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorsetomycar...(2007高考）2.Forexample,theproverb,“pluckingupacrop(help)itgrow”,isbasedonthefollowingstory.(2008高考）3.Shewishedthathewasaseasy(please)ashermother，whowasalwaysdelightedwithperfume.(2009高考）※sb/sth.iseasytodo.=todosth./sb.iseasy某事/某人很容易做。…..hewasaseasytopleaseashermother他象她母亲一样容易取悦引出另一个考点：Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.(不定式为不及物动词，带介词；room是介词in的宾语)4.Afterthestudentleft,theteacherletanotherstudenttastethewater.Hespititout,(say)itwasawful.(2010高考）5.Igotonthebusandfoundaseatneartheback,andthenInoticedaman(sit)atthefront.6.Marywilleverforgetthefirsttimeshesawhim.Hesuddenlyappearedinclassoneday,(wear)sunglasses.(2012高考）7.“Inthebeginning,therewasonlyaverysmallamountofunfairnessintheworld,buteveryoneaddedalittle,always(think)thatitwasonlysamallandnotveryimportant,andlookwherewehaceendeduptoday.”(2013高考)gotalittle(sunburn),butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn’tmind.(2014)1.settled2.tohelp1.settled2.tohelp3.toplease5.sitting6.wearing7.thinking8.sunburnt二、用非谓语动词形式将下列单句连成一句话1.Thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.Hehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle.(with)2.Hehadfailedmanytimes.Hedidn’tlosehisheart.3.Thegirlwasscoldedbytheteacher.Shesathadtherewithoutliftingherhead.4.Anoldmanwasdressedlikeabeggar.Heenteredtherestaurantandsatdownatthetable.5.Hisrichparentsdied.Theylefthimalotofmoney.6.Theseplasticbottleshavebeenusedalready.Theycanberecycled.7.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom.Hewasfollowedbyagroupofstudents.Walkingalongt