张奎武英美概况课后答案

上册英国

第一部分英国地理

第1章自然地理

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhereistheU.K.?Andwhatisitmadeupof?Whatisitstotalarea?

Key:TheU.K.issituatedinNorthwesternEurope,lyingtothenorthofFranceandthewestoftheNetherlandsand

Denmark.ItismadeupofEngland,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland.Itstotalareais242534squarekilometers.

2.WhichmountainisthehighestintheU.K.,andinwhichpartoftheScottishHighland?

Key:BenNevis,1343metershigh,isthehighestmountainintheU.K.AnditisinthewestempartoftheScottish

Highlands.

3.WhyistheclimateofBritainmuchmilderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude?

Key:Firstly,theclimateofBritainismoderatedbytheAtlanticGulfStream,whichisawarmcurrent,passesthewestern

coastofBritishIslesandwarmsthem.Secondly,theWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundandbringwarm

andwetairfromtheAtlanticOcean.Thirdly,BritainissuiToundedbyseawaters,whichcanbalancetheseasonal

differencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.

4.WhatarethepresentfeaturesoftheclimateofBritain?

Key:Britainhasamaritimeclimate.Wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Therefore,itstemperature

varieswithinasmallrange,rarelyfallingbelow-5℃inwinterorrisingabove24℃insummer.Sunshinehoursarefewer

thaninmoresoutherlyclimates.Meanwhile,ithasasteadyrainfallthroughthewholeyear.ThereisraininBritainevery

month.

5.WheredothemainriverspartinginBritainrun?

Key:ThemainriverspartinginBritainrunfromnorthtosouth,keepingwelltothewestuntilthebasinoftheRiver

Severn.

6.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheSpey,Don,Tay,Forth,TweedofeasternScotland?

Key:Theseriversflowfastandrungenerallyacrossimpermeablerocks,andtheirdischargesincreaserapidlyafterrain.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.theEnglishChannel

Key:ItisastiaitbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernFrance.ItconnectstheAtlanticOceanwiththeNorthSea

throughtheStraitofDover.Itis560kmlongandgraduallynarrowsfromabout180kminthewesttoonly34kminthe

east.

2.theDeeestuary

Key:IrisalargeestuarywheretheRiverDeeflowsintoLiverpoolBay.

3.theActofUnionof1801

Key:In1801theEnglishParliamentpassedanactbywhichScotland,WalesandtheKingdomofEnglandwere

constitutionallyjoinedastheKingdomofGreatBritain.

4.Gaelic

Key:ItisoneofCelticLanguages,andisspokeninpartsoftheHighlandsofBritain.

5.the-backboneofEnglandII

Key:ItreferstothePennines,arangeofhillsextendingabout257kmsouthwardfromtheCheviotHillsontheScottish

bordertocentralEngland.

第2章自然资源

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhatmineralsisU.K.richin?

Key:TheUnitedKingdomisrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,lead,andsilver.

2.WhenwasthenaturalgasandtheoilintheNorthSeadiscovered?

Key:Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin1964-1966;themajoroildepositswerediscoveredin1970.

3.Whatpercentageofthecountry4swaterrequirementsareobtainedfromundergroundsources?

Key:About35%ofthecountry'swaterrequirementsdependonundergroundsources.

4.TheU.K.hassomeofthebigcoalfieldsoftheworld.Wheredotheylie?

Key:Britain'sbigcoalfieldsoftheworldareinthemid-landvalleyofScotland,exactlyineasternCambria,

Northumberland,Durham,Lancashire,DerbyshireandNottinghaminEngland,andinSouthWales.

5.WhatisthefeatureofBritishleadores?

Key:Britishleadorescontainsilver.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.leadore

Key:Britishleadoreshavebeenworkedsincepre-Romantimes.Itcontainssilver.

2.chinaclay

Key:ThedepositsofchinaclayinCornwallareofgreateconomicvalue.

3.salinedeposit

Key:MostofthecommonsaltusedinBritainisobtainedfromcontrolledbrine-pumpingofthethicksaltseriesbeneath

Cheshire.Reservesarebelievedtobeadequateforcenturiestocome.

4.theAtomicEnergyAuthority

Key:Itwasestablishedin1954asastatutorycorporationtooverseeandpioneerthedevelopmentofnuclearenergy

withintheUnitedKingdom.Itisnowanexecutivenon-departmentalwithintheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry.

第3章经济

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions?

1.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheBritisheconomy?

Key:TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.Britainwasoneoftheworld'smostadvanced

manufacturingandtradingnations.Thepoundsterlingistheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdoftheworld's

foreigntrade.Theagriculturedoesnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry'sbasicneedsandpartofallvital

foodstuffshastobeimported.Thelaborforceishomogeneous.

2.WhatwastheindustrialstructureoftheU.K.basedonbeforetheSecondWorldWar?Whatarethemainmining

industries?

Key:BeforeWorldWarIItheindustrialstructureoftheUnitedKingdomwasbasedlargelyonexporttradesdeveloped

inthe19thcentury.Mostoftheindustrieswereconcentratedinspecializedindustrialareas.Thespecialized

manufacturingregionswerealsothechiefcoal-miningdistricts,forcoalhadbeenthemostpowerfullocalizingforce.

Themainminingindustryarecoalandiron-oreminingindustries.

3.HowmuchlandisavailableforfarminginBritain?Whatcropsaregrownthere?

Key:ThelandavailableforfarminginBritainis29.3millionacres,anditshrinkseveryyearasdemandsforroadsand

theexpansionoftownsslowlyerodetheareasoffarmland.

ThecropsgrowninBritainarewheat,barley,oats,rye,corn,potatoes,sugarbeets,kale,andbeans.

4.Whatarethechieflivestockindustries?

Key:Thechieflivestockindustriesincludecattle,sheep,pigsandpoultry.

5.WhatdoesBritainimportandexport?

Key:Britainisbasicallyanimporteroffoodandrawmaterialsandanexporterofmanufactures.

6.IstheBankofEnglandthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem?Whenwasitfoundedandwhenwasitnationalized?

Key:Yes,itisthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem.Itwasfoundedin1694andwasnationalizedin1946.

7.WhatarethepoliciesthattheBankfinanciallyappliesinordertomaintaintheBritisheconomyandgovernmentcontrol?

Key:ThepreferredpoliciesoftheBankofEnglandareusuallyofarestrictivekindbecauseitseesitsroleasprotecting

thegoldandcurrencyreserveandmaintainingtheinternationalvalueofpound.Oneofthetwotraditionalinstrumentsof

financialpolicyinBritainisthe-bankrateII,theofficialrediscountratechargedbytheBankofEngland.Thebank

ratetrendstodeterminethegenerallevelofallinterestratesinLondon.Theotheristhefiscalpolicywhichisnotonly

usedforpurposesofeconomiccontrolbutalsohastoprovideforacomplexsetofdesiderataexpectedformthebudget.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.thedevelopmentareas

Key:TheseareasrefertotherelativelypoorareasofthenorthandwestofEngland.

2.theBankofEngland

Key:ItisthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem,foundedin1694andnationalizedin1946.

3.-bankrateII

Key:ItisoneofthetwotraditionalinstrumentsoffinancialpolicyinBritain,thatis,theofficialrediscountratecharged

bytheBankofEngland.

4.-invisibletradeII

Key:Itisthetraderelatedtoprofits,dividendsandcapitalinvestment.

第4章人口

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhatisthepopulationoftheU.K.?

Key:Britainhasagrowingpopulation.Inmid-2005,Britishpopulationincreasedto60.2million.

2.Whatlanguageistheofficiallanguage?WhatotherlanguagesarespokenintheU.K.?Andinwhichpartofthe

countryaretheyspokenmainly?

Key:TheofficiallanguageisEnglish.InWalesoneinfourpeoplespeakWelsh,andinScotlandabout80000peoplein

theHighlandsspeakGaeliclanguage.

3.WhichraceinvadedEnglandintheearliesttimes?

Key:Intheearliesttimesthedark-hairedMediterraneanracecalledtheIberianssaileduptothewestcoastofEngland.

4.WhatarethethreeGennanictribeswhoformthebasisofthemodemBritishpeople?

Key:TheAngles,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhichinvadedBritainformthemodernBritishpeople.

5.WhatdoesBritishdensepopulationimply?Howmuchpercentageofthepopulationliveincitiesortowns?

Key:AdensepopulationsuchasBritain'simpliesahighdegreeofurbanization.About80%ofthepopulationlivesin

citiesortowns.

6.Whathasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantfactorinpopulationchangedsincethelate1990s?

Key:Sincethelate1990s,althoughtherehasstillbeennaturalincrease,netinternationalmigrationintotheUKfrom

abroadhasbeenanincreasinglyimportantfactorinpopulationchange.

7.WhydotheBritishpeoplethinkofthemselvesasEnglishmen,Scotsmen,WelshmenandIrishmen,notasBritons?

Key:Innornialtimes,theytakethenationaldivisionverymuchforgranted.Theyhavetheirowntraditions.Forexample,

Scotlandhasitsownnationalchurchanditsownsystemoflaw.Walesspeaksitsownlanguageandhasacultureofitsown.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.Briton

Key:ItisoneofaCelticpeopleinhabitingancientBritainatthetimeoftheRomaninvasion

2.urbanization

Key:Itmeansthechangingfromaruralintoatownorcitycharacter.

3.Anglo-Saxon

Key:ItrefersamemberofoneoftheGermanicpeoples,theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,whosettledinBritainin

thefifthandsixthcenturies.

4.theNorman

Key:ItisamemberofaScandinavianpeoplewhosettledinnorthernFranceinthe10thcenturyandtheyconquered

Englandinthe11thcentury.

5.Celtic

Key:AsubfamilyoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilycomprisingtheInsularandtheContinentalbranches.Nowin

BritainitisthelanguageofmanyWelsh.

6.Iberians

Key:TheywereoneoftheancientpeoplesthatinhabitedtheIberianPeninsula,whoweredark-hairedMediterranean

race.TheyinvadedBritaininabout3000BC.

第5章主要城市

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhichcityisthecapitalofEnglandandGreatBritain?IsitthepoliticalcentreoftheCommonwealth?

Key:LondonisthecapitalofEngland,anditisalsothepoliticalcentreoftheCommonwealth.

2.WhatdoesLondonconsistofadministratively?

Key:LondonadministrativelyconsistsofthecityofLondon,theoriginalnucleus,retainingamedievalsystemof

governmentofcourtsofaidermenandanelectedlordmayor;andGreaterLondonametropolitancounty,madeupof

InnerLondonboroughsand.20OuterLondonboroughs.

3.WhatisthepopulationofBirmingham?WhatisBirminghamfamousfor?

Key:BirminghamisthesecondlargestcityintheU.K.hasonemillionpeople.Itisfamousformetalgoods,hardware,cars,

electricalequipment,machinetools,jewelery,smallarmsandplastics.

4.WherecanyoufindtheUniversityofGlasgowandStrathclydeUniversity?

Key:TheUniversityofGlasgowandStrathclydeUniversityarebothinthecityofGlasgowinScotland.

5.WhichcityisthecapitalofScotland?Whatkindofinternationalfestivalisheldthereeveryyear?

Key:ThecapitalofScotlandisthecityofEdinburgh.Internationalfestivalofmusicandartisheldthereeveryyear.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.Queen'sUniversityofBelfast

Key:ItisoneofthehigheducationalinstitutionsinthecapitalofNorthernIreland,thecityofBelfast.TheUniversity

tracesitsrootstoQueenVictoria'sfoundingoftheQueen'sUniversityinIrelandin1845.

2.theManchesterShipCanal

Key:Itisa58kmlongriverwithaminimumdepthof9M,connectingManchesterandWestEngland,withtheMersey

estuaryatEastham,aboveBirkenhead.Begunin1887,itwasopenedin1894andchangedManchesterfromariverport

toaseaport.

3.BlackCountry

Key:Itisahighlyindustrializedregionofwest-centralEnglandcenteredonBirmingham.Itwasnamedforthegrime

accumulatedfromfactorysmokeandotherindustrialpollutants.

4.CoventGardenOperaHouse

Key:ItisatheatreinLondon,nowalsoknownastheRoyalOperaHouse,builtin1858;itisthehomeoftheRoyal

OperaandRoyalBalletSoitisalsooneofculturalinstitutionsinLondon.

5.GreaterLondon

Key:Itisametropolitancounty(pop.7million),madeupof12InnerLondonboroughs,20OuterLondonboroughs.

6.Cardiff

Key:ItisthecapitalandlargestcityofWales,atthemouthoftheriverTall,inthesoutheastpartofthecountryon

BristolChannel.Therefore,itisalsoaport.Itsindustriesareshipping,ironandsteel.Itisnowaneducationaland

industrialcenter.

第二部分英国历史

第I章前封建社会

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninfluenceonBritain?

Key:TheRomanoccupationlastedforalmost350years.Theresultinggrowthofitscivilizationwasmoreobviousin

urbanareasthanamongtheagriculturalpeasantsandweakestintheresistanthighlandzone.Inthesoutheasternpart,the

Romansinfluencedlifeandcultureradically.TheEnglishupperclasseswerethoroughlyRomanizedandtransformed

intoRomanlandlordsandofficials.YettheRomanscametogovernandtotrade,nottosettle;andtheyweretoofewin

numbertochangethelanguage.andcustomsofthepeopleastheydidinFranceandSpain.Someofthenativepeople

becomeslavesoftheRomans;trueslavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.

2.HowdidtheHeptarchycomeintobeingduringtheAnglo-Saxontimes?

Key:ThethreeGermanictribescametoEnglandinthemiddleofthe5thcentury.Theycombinedallthequalitiesthat

werenecessarytodevelopanddefendanindependentisland.Beforelongthedistinctionbetweenthesethreetribeslost

significance.Bytheendof7thcentury,theyregardedthemselvesas-thenationoftheEnglish.Buttheylacked

unityandEnglandwasdividedintosevenkingdomsandthereforecalled-heptarchyII.

3.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?

Key:TheywerenorthernwairiorsandsomeofthemcamefromNorwaybutthemainbodycamefromDenmark,and

theyinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8thcentury.TheyattackedtherockycoastsofScotlandandnorthernEngland.

TheysaileduptheriversoftheeastandsouthandseizedonesmallSaxonkingdomafteranother.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.Hadrian'sWall

Key:About122A.D.,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbuiltawallfromtheSolwaytotheTyne,

whichwascalledHadrian'sWall.

2.JuliusCaesar

Key:HewasaRomangeneral,andbetween55and54B.C.,heledhisarmytoinvadeBritaintwice.

3.Alfred

Key:HeistheKingofWessexinBritainintheturnof8thcenturywhodefeatedtheDanes.Hewasconsideredthefirst

nationalheroinBritain.

4.Edmund

Key:HeissonoftheKingEthelredinBritainwhofoughtheroicallyagainsttheDanes.

5.Vikings

Key:Theywerethenorthernwarriors,mainlyfromNorwayandDenmark,whoinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8lh

century.

第2章封建社会

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanconquest?

Key:(1)TheNormanConquestcausedimportantconsequences.Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism,whichhadbegun

duringAnglo-Saxontimes.Bytheearlypartof12thcentury,themanorsystemhadreplacedthevillagesystemcompletely,

andFeudalismwasfinallyestablishedinEngland.

(2)WilliamtheConquerorestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.ThefeudalsystemofEnglandacquireda

morecentralizedcharacterthaninotherEuropeancountriesofthetime.

(3)Itbroughtaboutchangesinthechurch.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized,

followingthepatternoflaysociety.

(4)AlongwiththeNormancametheFrenchlanguage,whichwouldbethelanguageofcourtandupperclassesuntil

the14thcentury.

2.InwhatwaysdidHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchy?

Key:HenryIItooksomemeasurestoconsolidatethemonarchy.

Firstly,hecarriedoutaseriousofreformstostrengthenhispower.HestrengthenedtheGreatCouncil.Butthemost

importantstepistoreformthelawcourts,whichreducedtheinfluenceoflocalbaronsonthelawcourtsystem.The

reformoflawcourtsledtotheemergenceofcommonlaw.

Secondly,hegreatlystrengthenedtheCourtandextendeditsjudicialwork.Hedividedthewholecountryintosix

circuitsandappointedjusticestoeach.Duringhisreign,acommonlawwasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthe

previouslawsofthelocalbarons.Healsointroducedanewjurysystemtoreplacetheoldordeal-basedtrialsystem.

Besides,heshiftedthetrialofclergymenchargedwithcriminaloffensesfromtheBishop'scourttotheKing'scourt.

Thirdly,asfortheadministration,themajorreformofhisreignwastheInquestofSheriffsin1170.Inquirieswere

institutedintothedetailsoflocaladministration.Thisledtodismissalofmanysheriffs,especiallythoseinshiresin

whichlocalbaronshadbecometoogreatinthecontroloftheiroffices.In1181,HenryIIissuedtheAssizeofArms,

therefore,hereliedforarmedsupportuponamilitiacomposedofEnglishfreemen.

3.WhatwerethecontentsandthenatureoftheGreatCharter?

Key:Contents:(1)thekingwasnottoexactextrapaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;(2)lawswere

nottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;(3)Ifthekingshouldattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassals

hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.

Nature:Itwasessentiallyafeudaldocument.Itwasmadeintheinterestsoffeudallords,greatandsmall.

4.WhyandhowdidtheEnglishparliamentcomeintobeing?

Key:TheEnglishParliamentoriginatedintheGreatCouncil,anadvisoryassemblyoftheking'schieffeudalvassals,

includingtheclergy.Themainpurposeoftheking'ssummoningparliamentwastogetconsentfortaxation.Theking,

HenryIIIwantedtodefeatthelordsandtheircharter.Hetooksomemeasures,suchasdismissinghisjusticiar,etc.Sothe

baronroseupinopposition.LedbySimondeMontfort,theKing'sbrother-in-law,theyforcedthekingtodismisshis

foreignadvisersandaccepttheirowncouncilofadvisersinstead.In1264Montfortdefeatedtheroyalarmyandtookthe

kingprisoner.InthefollowingyearhecalledParliament,whichisknownasthe-AllEstatesParliamentII.

TheParliamentof1265isgenerallyconsidered-thebeginningofparliamentII.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.William,theConqueror

Key:HewastheDukeofNormandyandKingWilliamIofEngkmd.In1066intheBattleofHastingshedefeated

EnglishKingHaroldI.OnChristmasDayofthesameyearDukeWilliamknowninhistoryasWilliamtheConqueror

wascrownedinWestminsterAbbey.HeestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.In1086WilliamtheConquerorhad

hisofficialstogothroughEnglandtomakeageneralsurveyoftheland,knownasDomesdayBook.Heretainedmostof

theOldEnglishcustomsofgovernment.

2.theBattleofHastings

Key:Thebattletookplacein1066,ninemilesfromHastingsbetweenDukeWilliam'sarmyandtheKing,Harold'sarmy.

Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.TheBattleofHastingspavedthewayfortheconquestofEngland.

3.HenryII

Key:HewaskingofEnglandfrom1154to1189.HenryPlantagenetestablishedtheHouseofPlantagenetin1154as

HenryII.Duringhisreignthepowerofthecrownwasintensifiedfurther.Andhemadeaseriousofreforms,suchasthe

InquestofSheriffs;heenforcedacommonlaw,andissuedtheAssizeofArms.Ontheissueoftherelationshipbetween

churchandstateheclashedwiththeArchbishopofCanterbury,ThomasBecket.Laterthebaronsroseinrevoltandhis

sonsinFrancetookupagainsthim.AftercrushingalltherevoltsHenryIIdiedin1189.

4.theAssizeofArms

Key:Itwasissuedin1181byHenryII.ItwascompulsoryforeveryfreemaninEnglandtobeprovidedwitharms.Those

armswereusedonlywhentheirownerwascalledoutfbrnationalservicebytheking'scommand.

5.theGreatCharter

Key:ItwasafeudaldocumentsignedbyKingJohn(theLackland)in1215.Undergreatpressure,KingJohngrantedthe

listofdemandsthatthebishops,thebaronsandthetownsmenhaddrawnup.Itcontainedthreesetsofprovisionsand

madesomerestrictiontotheKing'spower.Itwasmadeintheinterestsofthefeudallordsandwasafeudaldocument.It

hasbeenregardedasthe-cornerstoneIIofEnglishhistory.

6.AllEstatesParliament

Key:In1265,SimondeMontfortcalledParliament.Besidestheusuallordsandchurchmen,itincludedknightsform

eachcountyandrepresentativesfromeachborough.Itwasthefirsttimethatrepresentativesofboththecountiesand

townswerecalledtoattendParliament.Therefore,theParliamentof1265isknownasthe-AllEstatesParliamentII

andisconsideredthebeginningofParliament.

7.ModelParliament

Key:KingEdwardIwasengagedinwarswithWales,Scotlandandheneededalotofmoney.In1295hesummonedthe

-AllEstatesParliamentIIwhichincludedmorethan400members.Thisisconsideredamodelforallsucceeding

ones,andithasbeenknowninhistoryasthe-ModelParliamentII.

第3章封建制度的衰落

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhydidtheHundredYears4WarhappeninthehistoryofBritain?

Key:OstensiblytheWarhappenedbecauseoftheclaimofEdwardIIItobetherightfulkingofFrance,butthecauses

weredeeperandmorecomplex.Forexample,theEnglishkingstriedtogetbackthelandHenryIIownedinFrance,

whiletheFrenchkingstriedtoweakenandreduceEnglishpower.TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashed

inFlanders.

2.WhatdoyouknowaboutWarTyler'sRising?

Key:SincetheHundredYears'War,theconditionsofthepeasantswerenotimproved;thevillainsstruggledforfull

freedom.ThegovernmentofEdwardIIIandtheparliamentissuedStatutesofLaborerswhichmadethepeoplewhohad

nolandorothermeansoflivingtoworkforlandlordsandproprietorsatthesamerateasbeforeBlackDeath.This

arousedthehatredagainsttheministers,lawyersandlandlords.AlloftheseledtotherisingledbyWarTylerin1381.It

wasprecipitatedbythecollectionofthePollTax.TherisingstartedinEssexandsoonspreadtotheneighboringcountries.

Thepeasantsbelievedtheking,Richard'spromise,halfofthemwenthome,andtheleadersremained.Butinaconference

withRichard,themayorofLondonkilledWarTyler;manypeasantswerekilledanddispersed.Thoughitfailed,therising

hadfar-reachingconsequences.Theserfswerenottoremainserfsfbrlong.Alltheforcesofsocialdevelopmentwere

againstthecontinuationofserfdom.Itwasimpossibletokeepforcedlaboronthemanorandlandlordshadtogiveup

uselessoldfeudalrights.Serfsbecameeitherfreepeasantsorwagelaborers,justasKarlMarx:"InEngland,serfdomhad

practicallydisappearedinthelastpartofthe14,hcentury.'1

3.WhatwerethenatureandconsequencesoftheHundredYears4War?

Key:Thenature:Itwasafeudalandtradewartoseizethepower,enlargethedominionbetweenEnglandandFrance.

Theconsequences:By1453,theEnglishdominioninFranceshranktoCalaisandastripoftheGasconcoast.The

endingoftheHundredYears4WardeprivedtheEnglishkingofhispossessionsontheContinent.

4.WhatdoyouknowaboutthenatureandconsequenceoftheWai'softheRoses?

Key:Thenature:Itwasafeudalcivilwar,thewarforpowerandwealthandatlastforthepossessionoftheCrown

betweentheLancastriansandtheYorkists.

Theconsequence:ThewarsoftheRoseslasted30yearsandendedin1485withtheaccessionsofHenryTudoras

HenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy.TheendingoftheWarsoftheRoseswasseenastheendingofthe

MiddleAgesinEuropeanhistoryandthebeginningofthemodernworldhistory.

Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

1.BlackDeath

Key:ItisthemodemnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.It

startedinItalyandsoonsweptthroughEurope.InEnglandaboutonehalfofthepopulationdiedofthisdisease,which

resultedintheshortageoflaborandmuchlandwasleftuntended.

2.theLollaids

Key:FollowersofJohnWycliffeinlatemedievalEngland.Theypreachedtheconfiscationofthewealthofthechurch.

Headvocatedthatallgoodsshouldbeheldincommon.Theycalledattentiontothenaturalequalityofmenbycrying:

WhenAdamdelvedandEvespan,whowasthentheGentlemen.Therefore,theyprovidedideologicalpreparationforthe

labormovementofthe14thcentury.

第4章资本主义的兴起和都铎王朝的统治

Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheeconomicdevelopmentintheTudorMonarchy?

Key:IntheTudorMonarchy,manorialismdeclinedandwasreplacedbyamoneyeconomy,villainstatusceasedtohave

anyimportance.Lordsturnedintolandlordsandserfsbecametenants.Moneyrentsreplacedlaborservicesanddues.

Agriculturewasthedominanteconomicactivity;manufacturewoolenclothbecameimportantsourceofwealthanda

majorexport.

2.HowdidcapitalismbegintogrowinthereignoftheTudors?

Key:DuringthereignoftheTudors,alotofarablelandswereconvertedintopastures,whichwasknownasthe

EnclosureMovement.Thismovementfirstprovidedtheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital,andseconditsupplied

continuouslycheaplaborforthedevelopingindustry.SotheEnclosureMovementpavedthewayforthedevelopmentof

capitalism.

3.InwhatwayswasthecentralizedMonarchstrengthened?

Key:Inordertoconsolidatehispower,HenryVIItookthefollowingmeasures:

(1)HenryVIIconfinedhisrival-Edward,theEarlofWarwickintheTower.(2)Hepromisedpardontothosewho