阅读理解真题考研英语

阅读理解真题考研英语

阅读理解真题考研英语1

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthe

dealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)

andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatboth

sidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading

artificialintelligence(AI)paniesintheworld.The

potentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisvery

great,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther

concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIs

againstthatbackgroundthattheinformation

missioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamning

verdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustunder

theNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof

1.6millionpatientsIn20XXonthebasisofavague

agreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthe

patients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthas

mendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremay

bemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbe

carefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary

permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandall

unnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessons

aboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacy

isnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhe

mostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratethe

blameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit

“controlled“thedataandDeepMindmerely

aprocessed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthe

pointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthe

merepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromthe

analysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.

Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoan

individualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.

Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.

Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonly

whenitisparedwiththedataofcountlessmillions

more.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsin

thisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.This

practicedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itisnot

enoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelops

willbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersis

thattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhich

developedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware

promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,

bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhas

done.Wearestillatthebeginningofthis

revolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohave

giganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbe

neededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.Ms

Denham'sreportisawelestart.

31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHS

andDeepMind?

[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient's

rights.

[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham1sverdict

with

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]necessaryadjustments.

[D]sincereapologies.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatall

costs.

[B]leakingpatients*dataisworsethanselling

it.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.

[D]thevalueofdataesfromtheprocessingofit

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworry

arisingfromthisdealis

[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

35.Theauthor*sattitudetowardtheapplicationof

AItohealthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]cautious.

[C]appreciative.

[D]contemptuous.

阅读理解真题考研英语2

Text3

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobe

thatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.While

traditional“paid"media-suchastelevision

mercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplaya

majorrole,paniestodaycanexploitmany

alternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionate

aboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysending

e-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomers

registeredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnow

approachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyond

conventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketers

promotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,

suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfor

users'responses.Butinsomecases,one

marketersownedmediabeeanothermarketer'spaid

media-forinstance,whenane-merceretailer

sellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsold

mediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthat

otherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-merce

engineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,which

webelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectively

beganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchas

airlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.

Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreated

BabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythat

promotesplementaryandevenpetitiveproducts.

Besidesgeneratingine,thepresenceofother

marketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,gives

paniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformation

abouttheappealofotherpanies'marketing,and

mayhelpexpandusertrafficforallpaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathave

providedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)

municationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthat

passionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsin

quicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.

Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearned

media：anassetorcampaignbeeshostageto

consumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswho

makenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.

Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,are

learningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressure

onthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtry

topersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthe

reputationofthetargetpanyatrisk.Insucha

case,thepany'sresponsemaynotbesufficiently

quickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeen

steep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsome

ofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthis

yearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestrated

social-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincluded

effortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsites

suchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

31.Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhenthey

are

[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWeb

sites.

[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssentto

them.

[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequality

products.

[D]enthusiasticaboutremendingtheirfavorite

products.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

[A]asafebusinessenvironment.

[B]randompetition.

[C]strongusertraffic.

[D]flexibilityinorganization.

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3that

earnedmedia

[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionate

consumers.

[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsin

marketing.

[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercerpetition.

[D]deserveallthenegativementsaboutthem.

34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasan

exampleof

[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.

[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.

[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.

[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainly

about?

[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.

[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.

[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.

[D]Popularityofownedmedia.

阅读理解真题考研英语3

Text3

Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehave

gainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreats

facingus,fromasteroidstriketopandemicfluto

climatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassume

thathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossil

recordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredfor

millionsofyears-sowhyshouldn'twe?Takea

broaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,

anditbeesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceof

survivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsof

years(see"100,000AD：Livinginthedeepfuture").

LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN's"RedList"of

threatenedspecies,andyouwillread："Listedas

LeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidely

distributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,and

therearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverall

populationdecline."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowing

numberofresearchersandorganisationsarenow

thinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,

theLongNowFoundation,basedinSanFrancisco,has

createdaforumwherethinkersandscientistsare

invitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideas

oververylongtimescales.Itsflagshipprojectisa

mechanicalclock,burieddeepinsideamountainin

Texas,thatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtime

thousandsofyearshence.

Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingserious

considerationtotheideathatweshouldrecognisea

newgeologicalera：theAnthropocene.They,too,are

pullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhat

humanity'simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthe

contextofstratigraphictime.

Perhapsperversely,itmaybeeasiertothink

aboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemore

immediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday's

technology,anditssocialconsequences,is

dazzlinglyplicated,andit'sperhapsbestleftto

science-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplore

themanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That'sone

reasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublication

dedicatedtothenearfuture.

Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprising

amountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.

Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture：we

havenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatterns

shapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,

tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituations

inwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.

Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticview

ofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.

Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy：whileour

speciesmayflourish,agreatmanyindividualsmay

not.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigate

manyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceof

earlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetoe.

Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodway

tofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustoday,

andtomakeafutureworthlivingin.

31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspired

by

[A]ourdesireforaresoffulfillment

[B]ourfaithinscienceandteched

[C]ourawarenessofpotentialrisks

[D]ourbdiefinequalopportunity

32.TheIUCN"RodList”suggestthathumanbeings

on

[A]asustainedspecies

[B]theword'sdeminantpower

[C]athreattotheenvironment

[D]amisplacedrace

33.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingto

Paragraph5?

[A]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturological

studies.

[B]Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.

[C]Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.

[D]OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.

34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucial

to

[A]exploreourplanet'sabundantresources.

[B]adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.

[C]drawonourexperiencefromthepast.

[D]curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle

forthetext?

[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture

[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies

[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind.

[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanity.

阅读理解真题考研英语4

Text3

TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeis

indeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexander

Polyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardin

March.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.

AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,a

stringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershave

joinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,like

theFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthe

telephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternet

entrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededin

theirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttouse

theirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohave

succeededinscience.

What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoa

handfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.You

cannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andthese

upstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizesthe

prestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsarean

exerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,say

scientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-based

systemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcement

thestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonot

fundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemyth

ofthelonegenius.

Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredas

thecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodraw

peopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewho

havemadetheircareersinresearch.

AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesome

legitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes-both

newandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrize

inLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesan

unrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciences

include.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthree

recipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbe

living,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborative

natureofmodernresearch-aswillbedemonstratedby

theinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitesto

acknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.The

Nobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyavery

richindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodo

withhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,has

giventhemlegitimacy.

Asmuchassomescientistsmayplainaboutthenew

awards,twothingsseemclear.First,most

researcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywere

offere