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考研外语考前密押卷11
一、UseofEnglish
1、Airis(1)_____,andlikeallmatter,ithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe(2)_____ofgravity(3)_____matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonit,thismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat(4)_____force.(5)_____,earth'sgravitypullsoneach(6)_____ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast(7)_____ofair,ithas(8)_____.Ifitcould(9)_____becompressedandputona(10)_____ofscales,itwouldweighabout5,700,000,000,000,000(quadrillion)metrictons.
Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus(11)_____allsides.Something(12)_____atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot(13)_____ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody(14)_____thepressureoftheairoutside.
Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter(14.7poundspersquareinch)atsea(15)_____.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe(16)_____oftheatmosphere.(17)_____higheraltitudesthepressureis(18)_____.Thatiswhythe(19)_____ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto(20)_____theairpressureourbodiesmusthave.
A.thing
B.material
C.atmosphere
D.matter
2、(2)
A.pull
B.size
C.gravity
D.number
3、(3)
A.at
B.to
C.on
D.by
4、(4)
A.many
B.much
C.heavy
D.weighted
5、(5)
A.Usually
B.Frequently
C.Naturally
D.Similarly
6、(6)
A.kilogram
B.group
C.matter
D.particle
7、(7)
A.ocean
B.plain
C.container
D.vessel
8、(8)
A.some
B.definite
C.countless
D.considerable
9、(9)
A.surely
B.somehow
C.constantly
D.carefully
10、(10)
A.set
B.series
C.variety
D.kind
11、(11)
A.from
B.in
C.by
D.on
12、(12)
A.as
B.of
C.like
D.about
13、(13)
A.knowing
B.sure
C.feeling
D.aware
14、(14)
A.supports
B.balances
C.comesfrom
D.actsas
15、(15)
A.altitude
B.height
C.level
D.degree
16、(16)
A.line
B.layer
C.bottom
D.point
17、(17)
A.On
B.At
C.For
D.Through
18、(18)
A.more
B.none
C.various
D.less
19、(19)
A.seats
B.cabins
C.bodies
D.engines
20、(20)
A.produce
B.provide
C.maintain
D.improve
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)
MillionsoffamiliessatdownintheirlivingroomsoneeveninglastAugusttowatchaliveMadonnaConcertfromFrance,telecastonthecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice.BecauseMadonnaissuchahugeinternationalstar—andbecausethetelecastwasheavilypromotedandairedinprimetimeonaweekend—millionsofchildrencertainlywatchedwiththeirparents.
WhathappenedonallthosescreenswasthatMadonnarepeatedlyusedtheoneobscenewordthathasbeenroutinelybarredfromthepublicairwaves.
Weliveinananything-goesage,sotheshow'switlessandpurposelyvulgarcontentwasnotsurprising.Thelanguageitselfwasnothingthathasnotbeenheardinmoviesoroncable-TVcomedyspecials.ThesurprisingthingwasthatsofewparentscalledHBOtoobject.Aspokespersonforthenetworksaidthecomplaints"werenotbyanystretchoftheimaginationoverwhelming"—andthattheMadonnaconcertwasthehighest-ratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork'shistory.Apparently,America'sparentshavetotallygivenuphopethattheycancontrolwhattheirchildrenareexposedtoonTV.
Mypointisn't,really,aboutMadonna.ThoughIdon'thappentofindhercalculatedoutrageparticularlyinterestingsheisfreetomakehermoneyanywayshechooses.Marginallytalentedsingershavebeenpackagingrebellionfordecades,anditalwaysseemstosell,especiallytoyoungpeople.Madonnahasdoneaverygoodjobmarketingherproduct.
WhatismosttroublingisthatherproductappearedinAmerica'shomesduringprimetimeonaSunday,andpeopleseemedtothinkitwasnobigdeal.Television,inawaythatnowseemsquaint,wasonceconsideredalmostsacredgroundwhenitcametocertainmaterial-preciselybecausechildrenwerewatching.Butthecountryhasbeensobeatendownbyalesseningofpublicstandardsthatobscenitiescanbetelecasttomillionsoffamilieswithoutcausingevenarippleofprotest.
Whatoftheargument(thatparentsshouldjustturnofftheTViftheydon'tliketheprogramming)?It'svalid—buttherewasnowarningbeforeMadonnalaunchedintoherfirstrapid-fireroundofobscenities.Althoughthetelecastwaspromotedasbeinglive,itactuallywastapedhoursbefore.Thenetworkknewwhatitwassendingout.Yetitdidsowithoutdeletionsoranadvisorynoticeatthebeginningoftheshow.Thiswas"acreativedecision,"HBOsays.
Thosechildrenwillhearworseintheirlifetimes—theyprobablyalreadyhave.TotelecastaconcertlikeMadonna'sisnolongerconsideredparticularlycontroversial.Buttowonderpubliclyaboutthewisdomofit—tosaythatdeliveringsuchaperformancetothenation'schildreniswrong—thatisconsideredcontroversial.Tosayitiswrongistoseemoutofstepwiththerestoftheworld.Butitiswrong.Itisdeadwrong.
AccordingtothepassagethecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice______.
A.isaFrenchcompany
B.hadtelecasttheconcertwithoutfurtherpromoting
C.isfavorednotonlybychildrenbutbyparents
D.telecasttheconcertinprimetimeonaweekend
2、
What'sthereactionofpeopletotheprogram?
A.QuiteafewparentscalledHBOtoobject.
B.Theyregardeditasthehighestratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork'shistory.
C.Theywereoutraged.
D.Theydidn'tcaremuchaboutit.
3、
Thewriterseemstothinkthat______.
A.Madonnaisarespectableinternationalstar
B.Madonnaisnotpopularamongadults
C.publicstandardsonTVhasdropped
D.televisionisasacredgroundinUSA
4、
Whatsthewriter'sviewaboutMadonna?
A.Sheisanuntalentedsinger.
B.Sheisalreadyout-dated.
C.Sheisasymbolofrebellioninthemusicworld.
D.Sheisequallypopularamongchildrenandadults.
5、
Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe______.
A.Itisananything-goesage
B.IsMadonnaahugeinternationalstar?
C.Thechildrenarewatching
D.Programesonthecablenetworkareout-dated
6、Galileo,perhapsmorethananyothersingleperson,wasresponsibleforthebirthofmodernscience.HisrenownedconflictwiththeCatholicChurchwascentraltohisphilosophy,forGalileowasoneofthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworks,andmoreover,thatwecoulddothisbyobservingtherealworld.
GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheory(thattheplanetsorbitedthesun)sinceearlyon,butitwasonlywhenhefoundtheevidenceneededtosupporttheideathathestartedtopubliclysupportit.HewroteaboutCopernicus'stheoryinItalian(nottheusualacademicLatin),andsoonhisviewsbecamewidelysupportedoutsidetheuniversities.ThisannoyedtheAristotelianprofessors,whounitedagainsthimseekingtopersuadetheCatholicChurchtobanCopernicanism.
Galileo,worriedbythis,traveledtoRometospeaktotheecclesiasticalauthorities.HearguedthattheBiblewasnotintendedtotellusanythingaboutscientifictheories,andthatitwasusualtoassumethat,wheretheBibleconflictedwithcommonsense,itwasbeingallegorical.ButtheChurchwasafraidofascandalthatmightundermineitsfightagainstProtestantism,andsotookrepressivemeasures.ItdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616,andcommandedGalileoneveragainto"defend"or"hold"thedoctrine.Galileoacquiesced.
In1623,alongtimefriendofGalileo'sbecamethePope.ImmediatelyGalileotriedtogetthe1616decreerevoked.Hefailed,buthedidmanagetogetpermissiontowriteabookdiscussingbothAristotelianandCopernicantheories,ontwoconditions:hewouldnottakesidesandwouldcometotheconclusionthat,mancouldinanycasenotdeterminehowtheworldworkedbecauseGodcouldbringaboutthesameeffectsinwaysunimaginedbyman,whocouldnotplacerestrictionsonGod'somnipotence.
Thebook,DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems,wascompletedandpublishedin1632,withthefullbackingofthecensors-andwasimmediatelygreetedthroughoutEuropeasaliteraryandphilosophicalmasterpiece.SoonthePope,realizingthatpeoplewereseeingthebookasaconvincingargumentinfavorofCopernicanism,regrettedhavingalloweditspublication.ThePopearguedthatalthoughthebookhadtheofficialblessingofthe,censors,Galileohadneverthelesscontravenedthe1616decree.HebroughtGalileobeforetheInquisition,whosentencedhimtohousearrestforlifeandcommandedhimtopubliclyrenounceCopernicanism.Forasecondtime,Galileoacquiesced.
GalileoremainedafaithfulCatholic,buthisbeliefintheindependenceofsciencehadnotbeencrushed.Fouryearsbeforehisdeathin1642,whilehewasstillunderhousearrest,themanuscript.ofhissecondmajorbookwassmuggledtoapublisherinHolland.Itwasthiswork,referredtoasTwoNewSciences,evenmorethanhissupportforCopernicus,thatwastobethegenesisofmodernphysics.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
A.Galileoisthefounderofmodernscience.
B.Galileowasthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworks.
C.ThechurchdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616.
D.Thecensorspermittedthepublicationsofthebook"DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems".
7、
GalileostartedtopubliclysupportCopernicus'stheory______.
A.fromearlyon
B.afterhefoundtheevidencetosupporttheidea
C.afterthechurchdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"
D.whenitwasfirstpublished
8、
Theword"acquiesce"probablymean______.
A.decline
B.nottogiveadamn
C.acceptsilently
D.resisttheidea
9、
Thebook,DialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems______.
A.waspublishedsecrectly
B.didnotgetthepermissionfromthepope
C.supportedCopernicanismpublicly
D.wasimmediatelyacceptedthroughoutEurope
10、
AccordingtothepassagewhatdoweknowaboutGalileo?
A.GalileostoodstronglyagainstCatholicbelief.
B.Galileodiedbecauseofthegreatstressunderhousearrest.
C.GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheorysinceearlyon.
D.Galileofoundedmodernphysicshimself.
11、Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.
Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.
TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitiveto,thesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.
Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyle.ratherthangrammar.
Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,istheComplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleisyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.
Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snonverbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.
Accordingtothepassage,FrederickⅡcarriedontheexperimentsto______.
A.provethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak
B.findoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak
C.discoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanSpeech
D.provethatchildwouldbedamagedwithoutlearninglanguage
12、
Somechildrenarebackwardinspeakingprobablybecause______.
A.theyareincapable,oflearninglanguagerapidly
B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce
C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak
D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem
13、
Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutchildisthat______.
A.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak
B.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal
C.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing
D.hecanproducehisownsentences
14、
WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.
B.Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.
C.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective.
D.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.
15、
Achildwill______inthefutureifhestartstospeaklaterthanothers.
A.haveahighIQ
B.belessintelligent
C.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals
D.notnecessarilybebackward
16、OnthemorningofApril15,38,500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkinton,Massachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothes,spreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Then,astheappointedhourofnoonapproaches,theywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsor,muchtothechagrinofHopkinton's10,000regularresidents,gonatural.Atthereportfromagun,theywilltrytorace26miles,385yards,allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwords,theywill"runBoston".Andnotjustany"Boston".Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon.
ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.Actually,itallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots'DayApril19,1897,when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontherace,thoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.Fortunately,hehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott'scommand,"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10—whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear'sBostonMarathon.
Timeshavechanged,ofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyears,thetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeenreplacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.Butfromthebeginning,Bostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200,000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld,"saysBillRodgers,thefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress."
IfBostonhasapatronsaint,itisJohnA.Kelley,whofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935Kelley,whowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengis,elicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethis,afloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"ThoughhereceivedapoliceescorthometoArlington,Massachusetts,andatelegramfromtheGovernor,Kelleywasbackatworkthenextday,preparingEasterliliesatAnderson'sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter,"Lifemerelybeginsat40,andIhavethreeyearstogo."Kelleynolongerrunsinthemarathon,butrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewton,wheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley—asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston.
Thispassageismainlyabout______.
A.themostimportantrunnersinmarathonhistory
B.thehistoryoftheBostonMarathon
C.abizarreriteheldinthetinytownofHopkinton
D.theprocessofthemarathonevent
17、
Thephrase"gonatural"probablymeans______.
A.dischargeurineinopen
B.changeclothesinpublic
C.dowhatevertheylike
D.behaveinanaturalway
18、
WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutJohnMcDermott?
A.JohnMcDermottwasoneof15menthatenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.
B.JohnMcDermottwasthefirstwinnerinthehistoryofBostonMarathon.
C.AnattendantrubbedJohnMcDermott'slegsoastogetoverthelegcramps.
D.JohnMcDermottranked683rdinlastyear'sBostonMarathon.
19、
What'sthedifferencebetweenoldandnewBostonMarathons?
A.Theleathershoeshavegivenwaytocanvassneakers.
B.Thecourseofthemarathonhasbeencompletelychanged.
C.Thetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewisnowservedbyRonzoniinsteadofBAA.
D.ThestartingpointhaschangedfromAshlandtoHopkinton.
20、
Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Kelleywasregardedasasymbolofperseveranceandenergy.
B.JohnA.Kellyfirstranthemarathonattheageof20.
C.KelleylosttothetoolmakerPatDengisinthe1935'sBostonMarathon.
D.KelleylivedinArlingtonMassachusetts.
21、PartB(10points)
Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)
Earthquakesmayrightlyberankedasoneofthemostdevastatingforcesknowntoman.(41)______.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehasbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(giganticseawaves),andotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves.
(42)______.OnesuchareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndiestotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,Turkey,andtheAlpineregions.(43)______.
Thiselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakepredicationmaybepossible.(44)______.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.
Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether.(45)______.
A.Itisinthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninetypercentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.
B.Sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.
C.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfield,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthtremors(震惊)areobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinanticipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.
D.Inthesetwoareas,wecanalsoseeotherkindofdisasterstakingplace.
E.Butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpotentialdevastationbeforeitoccurs.
F.Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.
G.Wehaveknownlittleabouthow
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