2023年考研外语强化练习10

考研外语强化练习10

一、UseofEnglish

1、InthenineteenthcenturyCharlesDickens,theEnglishnovelist,wroteexcitedly(1)_____astage-coach,pulledalongbyateamofhorses,thatcould(2)_____morethantwentymilesofroadwithinsixtyminutes.Tousinthetwentiethcenturyin(3)_____manisabletomoveandtocommunicatewithsuchrapidity,the(4)_____ofthestage-coachseemsnospeedatall.Aeroplanesflymanyhundredsofmilesinanhour;expresstrains(5)_____fourtimesthespeedofthestage-coach;andevenwithout(6)_____wecan,bywirelessortelegraph,communicatewithinsecondswithpeopleon(7)_____sideofthe'globe.The(8)_____oftheseincreasedspeedsarenumerous.Business(9)_____say,fromEuropetoAmericaortotheFarEastcansavemuchtime.(10)_____ajourneythatwouldoncehavetakenweeks,it(11)_____now,byair,onlytwenty-fourhours.Fruit,vegetablesandothergoodsthatwoulddecay(12)_____along,slowjourneycannowbesafelysenttofar-distantplaces.Membersofonefamily(13)_____eachotherbyvastdistancescanhaveconversationswitheachotherbytelephone(14)_____iftheywereallsittinginthesameroom.

Notailtheeffectsofspeed,however,are(15)_____Peoplewhoareinthehabitofusingamotorcar(16)_____theywanttomovehalfamilebecomephysicallylazyandlosethe(17)_____ofenjoyingavigorouswalk.Thosewhotravelthroughacountryateightymilesahourdonotseemuchofthelifeofthatcountry,ofitspeopleandanimalsandplants,astheyflash(18)_____Theybecomesoanxiousaboutmovingquicklyfromoneplacetoanotherthattheyare(19)_____abletorelaxandenjoya(20)_____journey.

A.for

B.in

C.at

D.of

2、(2)

A.discover

B.cover

C.move

D.pull

3、(3)

A.which

B.that

C.what

D.it

4、(4)

A.movement

B.speed

C.travel

D.running

5、(5)

A.agree

B.act

C.achieve

D.affect

6、(6)

A.talking

B.racing

C.speaking

D.moving

7、(7)

A.theother

B.another

C.other

D.theanother

8、(8)

A.agreements

B.disagreements

C.advantages

D.disadvantage

9、(9)

A.travellingmen

B.mentravelling

C.travelledmen

D.mentravelled

10、(10)

A.For

B.On

C.In

D.During

11、(11)

A.makes

B.has

C.happens

D.takes

12、(12)

A.from

B.on

C.about

D.down

13、(13)

A.separatingfrom

B.fromseparated

C.separatedfrom

D.fromseparated

14、(14)

A.aseasilyas

B.aseagerlyas

C.asfirmlyas

D.asquietlyas

15、(15)

A.benefit

B.beneficent

C.beneficial

D.beneficially

16、(16)

A.whatever

B.whenever

C.however

D.wherever

17、(17)

A.speed

B.journey

C.habit

D.power

18、(18)

A.passed

B.past

C.away

D.apart

19、(19)

A.nolonger

B.forever

C.atall

D.nodoubt

20、(20)

A.leisure

B.friendly

C.quick

D.leisurely

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanaman,butthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperience,followanargument,askproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations.

Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplex,theimitationgetsbetter.Finally,thelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorso,wewillseethecomputerasanewform.oflife.

Theopinionseemsridiculousbecause,foronething,computerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer'sbrainjustasanewform.oflife.

Computersmatchpeopleinsomeroles,andwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisis,theyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup.

Wearestillincontrol,butthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticrate,whilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowly,ifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990s,whenthesixthgenerationappears,thereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain.

Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepast,wecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofman,surpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman'sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon.

WhatdoyousupposewastheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching?______

A.Hebelievedthatladies,erebornworsepreachersthanmen

B.Hewaspleasedthatladiescouldpreach,thoughnotaswellasmen

C.Hedisapprovedofladiespreaching

D.Heencouragedladiestopreach

2、

Today,computersarestillinferiortomanintermsof______

A.decisionmaking

B.drivesandfeelings

C.growthofreasoningpower

D.informationabsorption

3、

Intermsofmakingdecisions,thehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause______

A.inthelongprocessofevolutiontheslowpaceoflifedidn'trequiresuchanabilityofthehumanbrain

B.thehumanbrainisinfluencedbyotherfactorssuchasmotivationandemotion

C.thehumanbrainmaysometimesfreezeupinadangeroussituation

D.computersimitatelifewhilethehumanbraindoesnotimitatecomputers

4、

Thoughhethinkshighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputerscience,theauthordoesn'tmeanthat______.

A.computersarelikelytobecomeanewform.ofintelligentlife

B.humanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputers

C.theintelligenceofcomputerswilleventuallysurpassthatofhumanbeings

D.theevolutionofintelligencewillprobablydependonthatofelectronicbrains

5、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?______

A.Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood

B.Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman

C.Thereasoningpowerofcomputershasalreadysurpassedthatofman

D.Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter

6、Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions"Whathappened?"and"Howdidithappen?"havegivenwaytothequestion"Whydidithappen?Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion"Why"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits"facts"notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistory,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe"deepest"explanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intosingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.

Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?______

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians

C.Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians

D.Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnonrepeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence

7、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichtraditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedfrompsychohistoryisthattraditionalhistoryusually______

A．viewspasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividuality

B．reliesonasingleinterpretationofhumanbehavior.toexplainhistoricalevents

C．interpretshistoricaleventsinsuchawaythattheirspecificnatureistranscended

D．turnstopsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountforevents

8、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemethodsusedbypsychohistoriansprobablypreventthemfrom_______

A.presentingtheirmaterialinchronologicalorder

B.producingaone－sidedpictureofanindividual'spersonalityandmotivations

C.uncoveringalternativeexplanationsthatmightcausethemtoquestiontheirownconclusions

D.offeringaconsistentinterpretationoftheimpactofpersonalityonhistoricalevents

9、

Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?______

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoryfirstestablished?

C.Whatsortofhistoricalfigureisbestsuitedforpsychohistoricalanalysis?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

10、

Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?______

A.Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthannarrativeform

B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars

C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicschema

D.Eventsintheadultlifeofa-historicalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure

11、AfterdecadesofexilefromUScourts,thescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.Butthefederalgovernmentwantstoputastoptoit,andtheUSSupremeCourthasnowagreedtoconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrommilitarycourts.

Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceofliedetection,whichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991,PresidentGeorgeBushbannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.ButthatbanhassincebeenoverturnedbytheUSCourtofMilitaryAppeals,whichruledthatitrestrictsdefendants'rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.

Inthepasttwoyears,somefederalcourtshavealsoruled'thatpolygraphevidencecanbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgavefederaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityofevidence.

Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulserate,sweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecordingincreasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions.

Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheirphysiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthetechniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.ApsychologistnamedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdaho,pointstolaboratorystudies,someofthembeinghisown,inwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcashtoswaythetestresults.

ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonardSaxe,apsychologistataBostonuniversity."Thereisahugedifferencebetweenstudentsinalabandadefendant,"hesays.Guiltydefendantshavetimeinwhichtorehearsetheirlies,andcanevencometobelievethemtobetrue.

Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisofliedetectionisinvalid."Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth."Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivial,whilecertaintruthscanbehardtoswallow.

DavidFaigmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourtsdecisiontoallowpolygraphevidence,polygraphbanswouldbeoverturnedinfederalcourtsacrossUS."Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstandthescience,andleadtoalotmoreexperttestimonyinthecourts,"hepredicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecostoftrials.

Accordingtothepassage,whichorganizationsraisedtheproposaltostopthepracticeofliedetectionevidenceinmilitarycourt?______

A.FederalGovernment

B.USSupremeCourt

C.DepartmentofJustice

D.MilitaryCourts

12、

WhyhasPresidentBush'sbanonliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourtsin1991beenoverturned?______

A.Becauseliedetectionissurroundedbyuncertainties

B.Becauseitrestrictsthedefendants'rightstoprovethattheyareinnocent

C.Because12statesalsoallowliedetectionevidencetobeheardincourts

D.BecausefederaljudgesfromtheSupremeCourtmaketheirdecisionsonthebasisofliedetectionevidence

13、

Aliedetectorfindoutthatthesubjectistellingalie______

A.bydetectingandanalyzingthesubjectsphysicalchanges

B.byincreasingthesubject'spulserate,sweatingandbreathingrate

C.byanalyzingtheanswersofthesubjecttocertainquestions

D.Alloftheabove

14、

WhatdoCharlesHonts'laboratorystudiessuggest?______

A.Highly-educatedcollegestudentscanbeatthepolygraph

B.Collegestudentsdonotwanttobeatthepolygraph

C.Polygraphisreliable

D.Polygraphfailedtodetecttheliesofcollegestudents

15、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?______

A.LiedetectionevidencehasbeenbarredinUSmilitarycourtssincePresidentBushbanneditin1991

B.Reallyguiltydefendantsaremorecleverthancollegestudents

C.LeonardSaxebelievesthatpeoplearemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth

D.DavidFaigmanisagainsttheuseofliedetectionevidenceinUScourts

16、Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseri9uslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQAttwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofivewords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhis,languagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyle.ratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toybear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyse,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling(咿呀声),graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

FrederickII'sexperimentwas______

A.toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak

B.todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech

C.tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

D.toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

17、

Themostprobablereasonforsomechildrenbackwardinspeakingis______

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

18、

Whatisincredibleaboutachildisthat______

A.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak

B.hehasabrainmolecomplexthanananimal's

C.hecanproducehisownsentences

D.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

19、

Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage?______

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman

B.Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning

C.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective

D.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages

20、

Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill______infuture.

A．haveahighIQ

B．belessintelligent

C．beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

D．notnecessarilybebackward

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Dr.DanielStanley,anoceanographer,hasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampino,aclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversity,showthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarkness,aswellasgeneratinglightningandhail,twoofthe10plagues.

B.Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfall,causingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruption,pollutioncouldhaveturneditred,ashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontotheland,thesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddie,removingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice—thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattle(thefifthplague)andboilsandblisterstohumans(thesixthplague).

C.Moses,whichwillbebroadcastinDecember2022,willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisaster,ahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyB.C.

D.ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSea,whichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrowned,mayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReeds,amuchshallowerswamp.

E.TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruption,whichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb.

F.ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwave,travelingatabout400milesanhour,whichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerations,andmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory.

G.FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary.

Order:Gisthe1stparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Intoday'scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivity,internationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.

Forexample,the'UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffee,yetitdoesnotha