2022年考研外语考试真题及答案59

年考研外语考试真题及答案

一、UseofEnglish

1、TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace—a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12,theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"incyberspace,withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa13community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns."Still,theadministration'splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet"drive'slicense"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

【B1】

A.swept

B.skipped

C.walked

D.ridden

2、

【B2】

A.for

B.within

C.while

D.though

3、

【B3】

A.careless

B.lawless

C.pointless

D.helpless

4、

【B4】

A.reason

B.reminder

C.compromise

D.proposal

5、

【B5】

A.information

B.interference

C.entertainment

D.equivalent

6、

【B6】

A.by

B.into

C.from

D.over

7、

【B7】

A.linked

B.directed

C.chained

D.compared

8、

【B8】

A.dismiss

B.discover

C.create

D.improve

9、

【B9】

A.recall

B.suggest

C.select

D.realize

10、

【B10】

A.released

B.issued

C.distributed

D.delivered

11、

【B11】

A.carryon

B.lingeron

C.setin

D.login

12、

【B12】

A.Invain'

B.Ineffect

C.Inreturn

D.Incontrast

13、

【B13】

A.trusted

B.modernized

C.thriving

D.competing

14、

【B14】

A.caution

B.delight

C.confidence

D.patience

15、

【B15】

A.on

B.after

C.beyond

D.across

16、

【B16】

A.divided

B.disappointed

C.protected

D.united

17、

【B17】

A.frequently

B.incidentally

C.occasionally

D.eventually

18、

【B18】

A.skepticism

B.relerance

C.indifference

D.enthusiasm

19、

【B19】

A.manageable

B.defendable

C.vulnerable

D.invisible

20、

【B20】

A.invited

B.appointed

C.allowed

D.forced

二、ReadingComprehension

1、RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2022Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2022.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperform.worse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup,"leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor_________.

A.gainingexcessiveprofits

B.failingtofulfillherduty

C.refusingtomakecompromises

D.leavingtheboardintoughtimes

2、

WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe_________.

A．generousinvestors

B．unbiasedexecutives

C．sharepriceforecasters

D．independentadvisers

3、

AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto_________.

A.becomemorestable

B.reportincreasedearnings

C.dolesswellinthestockmarket

D.perform.worseinlawsuits

4、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors_________.

A．maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

B．haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

C．areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

D．willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

5、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis_________.

A．permissive

B．positive

C．scornful

D．critical

6、Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2022.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2022,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationDevelopment(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

Bysaying"Newspaperslike...theirowndoom"(Lines23,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers_________.

A.neglectedthesignofcrisis

B.failedtogetstatesubsidies

C.werenotcharitablecorporations

D.wereinadesperatesituation

7、

Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause_________.

A．readersthreatenedtopayless

B．newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

C．journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

D．subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

8、

ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey

A．havemoresourcesofrevenue

B．havemorebalancednewsrooms

C．arelessdependentonadvertising

D．arelessaffectedbyreadership

9、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?

A.Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

B.Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspapers.

C.Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

D.Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

10、

Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe_________.

A．AmericanNewspapers;StrugglingforSurvival

B．AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind

C．AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness

D．AmericanNewspapers;AHopelessStory

11、WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.

Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase"lessismore"wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.

Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthanalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood—materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller—two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet—thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings'detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.

Thetrendtoward"less"wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses—usuallyaround1,200squarefeet—thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.

The"CaseStudyHouses"commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArtsArchitecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe"lessismore"trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,RalphRapsonmayhavemispredictedjusthowthemechanicalrevolutionwouldimpacteverydaylife—fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers—buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.

ThepostwarAmericanhousingstyle.largelyreflectedtheAmericans'_________.

A.prosperityandgrowth

B.efficiencyandpracticality

C.restraintandconfidence

D.prideandfaithfulness

12、

WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?

A.ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.

B.ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.

C.MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.

D.IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

13、

Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign_________.

A．wasrelatedtolargespace

B．wasidentifiedwithemptiness

C．wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration

D．wasnotassociatedwithefficiency

14、

WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildtonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive?

A.Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.

B.Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.

C.Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.

D.Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

15、

Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe"CaseStudyHouse"?

A．Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

B．Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.

C．Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.

D．Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.

16、WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject'sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga"Bermudatriangle"ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone'seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope'ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone'sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonisationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowing,spendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projects,andeventhesuspensionofacountry'svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.

A"southern"campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:"Europeaneconomicgovernment"withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrench,governmenthavemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonisation:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalisation,andmakecapitalismbenign.

TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat_________.

A.ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

B.evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

C.someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

D.itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

17、

ThedebateovertheEU'ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers_________.

A.arecompetingfortheleadingposition

B.arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises

C.failtoreachanagreementonharmonisation

D.disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration

18、

Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat_________.

A．EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased

B．stricterregulationsbeimposed

C．onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination

D．votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed

19、

TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat_________.

A．poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

B．strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries

C．loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries

D．richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds

20、

RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel_________.

A．pessimistic

B．desperate

C．conceited

D．hopeful

21、PartB(10points)

Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernment'sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose"fattaxes"onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette-style.warningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.

Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary,AndrewLansley,whoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.

Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast-foodoutletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat,saltorsugar,andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast-foodproducerssuchasMcDonald's.

TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain'saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassmokingorexcessivedrinking.

"Thirtyyearsago,itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokinginthework-placeorinpubs,andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity?Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe,"saidtheleaderoftheUK'schildren'sdoctors.

Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChange4Lifecampaign,thecentrepieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticisedthecelebritychefJamieOliver'shigh-profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow"lecturing"peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehaviour.

StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat,saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas."Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes—bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,"hesaid.

SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald's,whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast-foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering"inducements"suchastoys,cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.

ProfessorDineshBhugra,presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists,said:"Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatsomethingscanharm,atleastinformationisavailableupfront.

Healsourgedcouncilstoim