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NewNormal,
NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
EditedbyLiliYanIngandDaniRodrik
NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
NationalLibraryofIndonesiaCataloguing-in-PublicationData
ISBN:978-602-5460-41-8
Publishedby
EconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)
SentralSenayanII,6thfloor,JalanAsiaAfrikaNo.8
Jakarta10270,Indonesia
InternationalEconomicAssociation(IEA)
London
©EconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia
PublishedinJune2022
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformbyanymeanselectronicormechanicalwithoutpriorwrittennoticetoandpermissionfromERIA.
Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheEconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia,itsGoverningBoard,AcademicAdvisoryCouncil,ortheinstitutionsandgovernmentstheyrepresent.
TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarepersonalanddonotrepresentanycommitmentorofficialstatementoftheG20MemberCountriesortheGovernmentofIndonesiaasthePresidentoftheG20in2022.
Materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyquotedorreprintedwithproperacknowledgement.
CoverArtandBookDesignbyLiliYanIngandM.RaihanRamadhan
LayoutbyFadrianiTrianingsih
FrontMatter
iii
Foreword
Theongoingcoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemicandeconomicrecoveryeffortshaveforcedtheworldtofacetheneedforanewframeworkforachievingbettereconomicconditions.EconomicrecoveryamidstglobaluncertaintyandlimitedliquidityraisestheneedforG20collaborationtocreateanewnormalsituation.
TheEconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)andtheInternationalEconomicAssociation(IEA)havethehonourtorespondtotherequestoftheGovernmentofIndonesiatosupportitsG20Presidencyin2022.TogetherwiththeGovernmentofIndonesiaandrespectedacademicsfromtheG20countries,G20expertteamexaminestheglobaleconomicsituationandthepriorityissuesoftheG20PresidencyofIndonesia.ThereportfocusesonthreemainareasfortheG20sherpaandfinancetracks:(i)economicrecovery,(ii)digitaltransformation,and(iii)inclusivegrowthandsustainabledevelopment.
WebelievethisreportwillprovideinsightsintothesuccessofIndonesia’sG20andimprovementoftheworldeconomic.ERIAandIEAhavethecommitmentstosupportthesuccessoftheIndonesia’sG20PresidencyandwillcontinueoursupporttotheupcomingG20inthefuture.
HidetoshiNishimura
President
EconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)
DaniRodrik
PresidentInternationalEconomicAssociation(IEA)
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
iv
Acknowledgements
ThisreportwaspreparedinclosecollaborationbetweentheEconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)andtheInternationalEconomicAssociation(IEA)withG20WorkingGroups,Think20(T20),andBusiness20(B20).ThereportconsistsofthreemainsectionsbasedonIndonesia’sthreepriorityareas:economicrecovery,digitaltransformation,andsustainabledevelopment.
WewouldliketospeciallythankJosephStiglitzandJeffreySachsforourdiscussionontherootofinequalityandworldorder.WearegratefultoDaronAcemoglu,ShiroArmstrong,BambangBrodjonegoro,PeterDrysdale,JayatiGhosh,FukunariKimura,MurrayLeibbrandt,AlbertPark,HanPhoumin,AlloysiusJokoPurwanto,VeraSongwe,ShujiroUrata,FauziahZen,andERIA,IEA,OECD,WorldBank,WTO,UNCTAD,UNESCAP,andUNIDOcolleaguesforsharingtheirinsightsonthethreekeyissues.
ThereportcouldnothavebeenpublishedwithoutvaluableinputsfromourdiscussionswithG20officials,T20,andB20,andparticularlysignificantsupportfromIndonesianG20officials–SuahasilNazara,Riyatno,IndraDarmawan,DjatmikoBrisWitjaksono,WempiSaputra,KasanMuhri,EdiPambudi,RizalLukman,RezaPahlevi,Megawati,andYessiVadilla–aswellasERIAandIEAmanagementteams–KojiHachiyama,TaizoHara,andAndreaCavallo.WealsothankIvanaMarkus,EdoSetyadi,MichelleChandraKasih,RiaFortunaWijaya,CatherinNurSafitri,andMuhammadRaihanRamadhanforprovidingoutstandingresearchassistance,andeditorialteam–StefanWesiak,OonaghDuffy,andFadrianiTrianingsih–fortheirexcellentwork.
WehopethispublicationcanprovideasolidbasisforLeadersandMinisterstoestablishanddeliverG20commitmentsforabetterworldeconomy.ThesupportfromtheGovernmentofIndonesiaandstrongengagementwithG20officialsaregreatlyacknowledged.
ThesupportfromtheGovernmentofIndonesiaisgreatlyacknowledged:
FrontMatter
v
TableofContents
ListofFiguresvii
ListofTablesix
ListofBoxesix
ListofEditorsandContributorsx
Chapter1Introduction1
LiliYanIngandDaniRodrik
Chapter2EconomicRecoveryRequiresGlobalEfforts8
M.ChatibBasri,LiliYanIng,andGüntherG.Schulze
Chapter3GlobalEconomicRecoveryintheFaceofCOVID-1922
MauriceObstfeld
Chapter4EnsuringGlobalFinancialStability38
JoséAntonioOcampo
Chapter5TheG20’sRolesinImprovingResilientSupplyChain51
TaijiFurusawaandLiliYanIng
Chapter6TheG20’sRoleinFosteringTradeandInvestment64
GordonHanson
Chapter7DigitalTransformation:‘DevelopmentforAll’?76
LiliYanIng,GeneGrossman,andDavidChristian
Chapter8TheTechnologyGapintheDevelopingWorldandtheG20:89
AnEmpiricalProfile
HaroonBhorat,CaitlinAllenWhitehead,andDaviddeVilliers
Chapter9InclusiveGrowth:WhatKeySpecificActionsthatareFeasibleforthe101
G20ActinginConcertWouldHelpthePoorestCountriesEscapefromMassPoverty?
PaulCollier
Chapter10FinancingInfrastructure115
JustinYifuLinandYanWang
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
vi
Chapter11
Chapter12
GreenFinance–TheRoadfromBillionstoTrillions130
IshacDiwanandHomiKharas
StrengtheningtheMultilateralTradingSystem:The‘WTORising’141
Imperative
RichardBaldwinandDmitryGrozoubinski
FrontMatter
vii
ListofFigures
Figure2.1
TotalDebtasShareoftheGDPofG20Countries(%)
11
Figure2.2
CentralBankPolicyRates,2019-2021
13
Figure3.1
RealGDPofMajorCountriesandRegionsComparedwithPre-COVID-19Trends
30
Figure3.2
DownwardTrendinPre-PandemicEMDEGrowthRates,EvenExcludingChina
32
Figure3.3
PublicDebtRatiostoGDPRoseSharplyin2020
33
Figure3.4
ShareofBusinessEstablishmentsinArrearsorAnticipatingArrearswithin6Months,May–September2020
33
Figure3.5
CPIInflationLevelssince2005
34
Figure4.1
USInterestRates(%)
39
Figure4.2
StockMarketPrices
40
Figure4.3
CentralGovernmentGrossDebt
41
Figure4.4
CapitalFlowsTowardsEmergingEconomies,2018–2022
43
Figure4.5
YieldsofEmergingBankingBonds(JPMorganEMBI)
44
Figure4.6
DebtRatiosofEmergingandDevelopingCountries
46
Figure5.1
ValueofExportsbyMajorTradingCountries,2000–2021(%)
53
Figure5.2
GDPGrowthofFiveCountries,2000–2020(%)
53
Figure6.1
RevealedComparativeAdvantageinManufacturingandNon-Manufacturing,ChinaRelativetotheUnitedStates
66
Figure6.2
RealWagesbyMunicipalityinMexico,1990and2015
67
Figure6.3
ChangeintheUSEmployment–PopulationRatio,2000-2019
69
Figure7.1
GlobalRetailE-CommerceSales,2014–2025
78
Figure8.1AverageTertiaryEducationGrossEnrolmentRatiosbyCountry93
IncomeClassification,2000–2020
Figure8.2AverageContributionbyIndicatortotheTechnologyGapIndex,97
2000–2020
Figure9.1
Figure10.1
Figure10.2
FinanceandUncertainty
GlobalInfrastructureNeeds,2007–2040
ExpandingtheDefinitionofDevelopmentFinance
105
117
120
Figure10.3TaxonomyoftheFinancialInstrumentsRequiredforInfrastructure122
FinanceandPatientCapital
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
viii
Figure10.A1InfrastructureBottlenecks–TheG20andAsianDeveloping126
Countries,ExcludingChina,2000–2017
Figure12.1ExportGrowthinGoodsandServicesTrade,2011–2019,and2019145
ExportShares
FrontMatter
ix
ListofTables
Table2.1CurrentAccount/GDP(%),GFCF/GDP(%),andPrivate15
Savings/GDP(%)
Table8.1AverageTechnologyAdoptionRatesbyCountryIncome90
ClassificationandintheG20,2000–2020
Table8.2AverageTechnologyProductionRatesbyCountryIncome91
ClassificationandintheG20,2000–2020
Table8.3GiniCoefficientofTechnologyAdoptionandProductionRates,92
WorldandG20
Table8.4
Top500EducationalInstitutionsbySubjectandCountryIncomeClassification,2021
94
Table8.5
GiniCoefficientofHumanCapitalAccumulation,TertiaryGERs,andSTEMFieldRankings:TheWorldandtheG20
95
Table8.6
AnAlkire-FosterGlobalTechnologyGapIndex,2000–2020
96
Table9.1
AverageGDPperCapitaAnnualGrowth,byGroupandPeriod(%)
103
Table9.2
AverageAnnualGrowthinTotalWealthperCapita,byGroupandPeriod(%)
103
Table9.3
AnnualPercentageChangeinRenewableNaturalCapitalperCapitaDuringEachPeriod
104
Table10.1
InfrastructureInvestmentGap,2016–2040
117
Table10.2
G20OutflowstoEMDCforSustainableInfrastructure,2011–2017
121
Table10.A1
SectorsandIndicatorsforBottleneckIdentification
125
Table10.A2
G20andAsianDevelopingCountries,ByIncomeGroup
127
Table12.1ImportanceofBusinessServiceExportsinOverallJobCreation,146
2011–2018
ListofBoxes
Box2.1
Box2.2
WorldwideAccesstoVaccines
EconomicConsequencesoftheWarinUkraine
9
12
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
x
Editors
LiliYanIng,LeadAdvisorforSoutheastAsiaRegionatEconomicsResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)
DaniRodrik,ProfessorofPoliticalEconomyatHarvardUniversityandPresidentofInternationalEconomicAssociation(IEA)
ListofContributors
RichardBaldwin,ProfessorofInternationalEconomicsatGraduateInstituteGenevaM.ChatibBasri,ProfessorofEconomicsatUniversityofIndonesia
HaroonBhorat,ProfessorofEconomicsatUniversityofCapeTown
DavidChristian,ResearchAssociateatEconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia(ERIA)
PaulCollier,ProfessorofEconomicsandPublicPolicyatBlavatnikSchoolofGovernmentUniversityofOxford
IshacDiwan,ProfessorofEconomicsatParisSchoolofEconomics
TaijiFurusawa,ProfessorofEconomicsatUniversityofTokyo
GeneGrossman,ProfessorofEconomicsatPrincetonUniversity
DmitryGrozoubinski,ExecutiveDirectoratGenevaTradePlatform
GordonHanson,ProfessorofEconomicsatHarvardKennedySchool,HarvardUniversity
HomiKharas,SeniorFellowatGlobalEconomyandDevelopmentCenterforSustainableDevelopmentBrookings
JustinYifuLin,ProfessorofEconomicsatPekingUniversity
MauriceObstfeld,ProfessorofEconomicsatUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
JoséAntonioOcampo,ProfessorofProfessionalPracticeinInternationalandPublicAffairsatColumbiaUniversity
GüntherG.Schulze,ProfessorofEconomicsatUniversityofFreiburg
DaviddeVilliers,JuniorResearchFellowatDevelopmentPolicyResearchUnit,UniversityofCapeTown
YanWang,SeniorAcademicResearcheratGlobalDevelopmentPolicyCenter,BostonUniversity
CaitlinAllenWhitehead,JuniorResearcheratDevelopmentPolicyResearch,UnitUniversityofCapeTown
Chapter1
Introduction
LiliYanIngandDaniRodrik
Whilethecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)seemstobebehindusnow,thescarringeffectsonemployment,poverty,andeducationwilllastforever.Theunemploymentratereached6.3%in2021,with33millionmorepeopleunemployedworldwidethanbeforethepandemic.Women,youth,andlesseducatedgroupsofthepopulationhavebeendisproportionatelyaffected.Povertyincidencehasalsoincreased,withextremepovertyrisingby0.9%in34mostlylow-incomeandlowermiddle-incomecountries.Bytheendof2022,860millionpeoplecouldbelivinginextremepoverty,whilesimultaneouslytheworld’spoorestcountriesmustrepayUS$43billionindebtthisyear.
Moreover,thecurrentwarinUkraineandrisingglobaltensionshaveplacedadditionalpressuresontheworldeconomy.Thesupplyshortagewillmagnifyinflationarypressuresthroughincreasesinthepriceofenergy,food,andmetals.Inflationisexpectedtoremainelevatedformuchlonger,bothinadvancedandemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies(EMDEs).Thefactthatnow,countries,particularlylow-andmiddle-incomecountries,havelimitedfiscalspace,hasworsenedtheinequalityandtherecoveryprocess.
WebelievetheG20couldbeaneffectiveinternationalforumtofosteracoordinatedglobalresponsetoestablishanddelivercommitmentsforresilient,sustainable,andinclusivegrowth.Thisreportconsistsofthreemainsections:economicrecovery,digitaltransformation,andsustainabledevelopment.
Chapter2,writtenbyChatibBasri,LiliYanIng,andGüntherSchulze,discussestheurgencyofglobaleffortsinmitigatingthescarringeffectsofthepandemic.ItstartswithanexplanationofhowtheprolongedCOVID-19pandemichasincreaseduncertaintiesinvariousdomains,includinghealth,economy,andsocialaspects.Governmentsaroundtheworldhavestrivedtooptimisetheuseoffiscalandmonetarymeasurestomitigatetheeffectsofthepandemic.Thefiscalinterventionshavehelpedcountriestosurviveduringthepandemicbuthaveincreaseddebtburdenssignificantly.Monetaryinterventionshavealsobeenimplementedsince2020byloweringinterestratesandprovidingadditionalliquidity.Whilethepandemicisnotoveryet,thewarinUkrainehasescalatedmajoreconomicshocksandaffectedtheworld’srecoverypath.Itisevenmorechallengingbecauseofthefactthattheeconomicrecoveryisuneven.
Theauthorsproposethreemainpolicyrecommendations.First,itiscrucialfortheG20toreinforceitscommitmenttoprovidevaccinesandmedicalsuppliestolow-incomecountries.Second,theG20needstotakestepstomitigatetheriskofdebtdistressbyimplementingthe
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
2
DebtServiceSuspensionInitiative(DSSI)aswellasensuringthattheCommonFrameworkforDebtTreatments(CFDT)workseffectively.Formostdevelopingcountrieswithlimitedfiscalcapacity,effortsareneededtoimprovetaxrevenuethroughreformstotaxadministrationaswellasimprovingthequalityofspending.Third,whiledevelopedcountrieshavestartedtotightentheirliquidity,low-andmiddle-incomecountriesstillneedstimulustogrow.Itisimportantthattheexitstrategychosenindevelopedcountriesdoesnotcauseinstabilityforemerginganddevelopingeconomies.TheG20forumisanavenuefordevelopinganddevelopednationstoexchangeinformationonpolicyinanhonestandtransparentmannerthatwillcreategreatercertaintyinthemarket.
Chapter3,byMauriceObstfeld,highlightsspecificallytheroleofmonetarypolicyinthepost-pandemicstrategy.Obstfeldprovidesevidencethattheworldeconomyhasyettoreturntopre-pandemicgrowthpaths,andthattherepercussionsduetothewarinUkraineareanadditionaldragontheglobalrecovery.Emerginganddevelopingeconomiesaregenerallyprojectedtostayfartherfrompre-pandemicgrowthpathsforlongerthantheadvancedeconomies.Atthesametime,inflationarypressuresareworryinglystrongthroughouttheworld.Withoutappropriateeconomicpoliciesandmoreeffectivemultilateralcooperationonglobalpublichealthinparticular,thescarringeffectsofCOVID-19mayresultinpermanentlylowerlevelsandlong-rungrowthratesofrealgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)thanthoseexpectedinJanuary2020,especiallyforEMDEs.
Fiscalpolicymustensurepublicsolvencyovertimewithoutaprematurewithdrawalofmacroeconomicsupportorharmtothemostvulnerable,alreadybatteredbythepandemic.Monetarypolicymustkeepinflationexpectationswellanchoredwhilestoppingshortofinducingdeeprecessions.Withallcountriesfacingpressuresoffiscalandmonetarycredibility,theymustcoordinatepolicyresponsestoavoidajointlyexcessiveresponsetotheirsharedchallenges,withdueregardtonationalconditions.Thateffortmustincluderejectingfoodexportrestrictionsdespitehighfoodprices.SpilloversfromtightermonetarypolicycouldimpactEMDEsmostpowerfully,especiallyfrontiermarketswithhighdebts.Tohelp,theG20shouldendorseenhancementstotheglobalfinancialsafetynet,EMDEpolicyapproachesthatreducetheimpactoftheglobalfinancialcycle,and,incasesoflikelyinsolvency,enhancementstothecurrenthaphazardlandscapeofsovereigndebtrestructuring.DirectedevolutionoftheG20CommonFrameworkforDebtTreatmentsbeyondtheDebtServiceSuspensionInitiativecouldproducelesscostlywaysofhandlingfuturesovereigndebtproblems.
Chapter4,byJoséAntonioOcampo,pointsouttheimportanceofensuringglobalfinancialstability.ThecurrentfinancialstabilityissuesfacingtheglobaleconomyaretheresultofthehighpublicsectordebtlevelsinheritedfromtheCOVID-19crisis,andoftherisinginflationandslowereconomicgrowththathasbeenevidentsincelate2021butaggravatedbytheeconomiceffectsoftheRussianinvasionofUkraine.Themajorchallengesareassociatedwiththeincreaseininterestrates,whichisalreadyunderway.Despitehighdebtratios,therisksarenotsevereforadvancedeconomies,wherepublicsectordebtratiosareexpectedtodecreasemoderatelyinthenextfewyearsbutareimportantforemerginganddevelopingcountries,whichwillhavetoconfrontnotonlytherisingcostsoffinancingbutalsoapossiblereductionininternationalprivatecapitalflows.
Introduction
3
Capitalisingandincreasingfinancingfrommultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs)andofficialdevelopmentassistance,aswellasanewallocationofspecialdrawingrights(SDRs),couldmitigatetheseproblems.Debtreliefandbetterdebtworkoutmechanismsshouldalsoplayaroleforcountriesfacinghighdebtratios.Existingmechanismsforlow-incomecountriesshouldbemaintainedandstrengthened,andnewonesshouldbeputinplaceformiddle-incomecountriesfacingseveredebtproblems.Stockmarketcorrectionsmayalsogeneratefinancialstabilityissuesinadvancedeconomies,buttheyarelessimportantthanthosefacedbyemerginganddevelopingcountries.TheliabilitiesofprivatesectorfirmsthatwerestronglyaffectedbytheCOVID-19crisisalsogenerateproblemsandmayrequireimprovementsinrestructuringandsolvencysystemsinsomecountries,butthereisnoevidenceofrisksofsignificantbankingcrises.Finally,actionisneededtomanagetherisksassociatedwiththegrowthandhighvolatilityofcryptoassets,andthefinancialriskthatclimatechangeisgenerating.
Chapter5,byTaijiFurusawaandLiliYanIng,highlightstheimportanceofmaintainingresilientglobalsupplychains.Thepandemicandcurrentgeopoliticaltensionshaveputsupplychainsunderpressure,resultinginincreasedonshoring.Morethantwo-thirdsofallinternationaltradeflowsinvolvetradeinglobalvaluechains(GVCs),andthevalueofworldwideintermediategoodstradehasrisentomorethanUS$10trillionannuallyinthepast2decades.However,thepandemicanditsmeasures,suchaslockdownsandlimitedeconomicactivities,causedglobaldemandandsupplyshocksandhaltedproductionandtrade.Thepandemicdidnotonlydisruptfirms’directintermediatesupplies,butalsoabout40%oftheirtier2suppliersandbeyond.
Theauthorsdiscussfivetypesofshocksinthischapterandarguethattheheavyrelianceonsolesuppliersforavarietyofcriticalinputsandproductsmightnotbetheoptimalsolution.Thepandemicshowedfirmsthattheirjust-in-timestrategyishighlypronetodisruptionsaffectingthesuppliers.Inparallel,thepandemicandcurrentgeopoliticaltensionsincreasedtheuseofexportrestraintsasmanycountriesstruggledtosecuretheirdomesticsupply.TheworldneedstorestructureGVCsandtherearetwobroadpolicysuggestionstoincreaseGVCresilience:reshoring/nearshoringordiversificationofsuppliersandmarkets.TheG20needstoplayakeyroleintheefforttoimproveGVCresilienceaswellasensuringthestockpilingofessentialgoodsandcriticalinputstomitigateothershocksordisruptionsinthefuture.
Chapter6,preparedbyGordonHanson,emphasisestheimportanceoftheG20infosteringtradeandinvestmentintheeconomicrecoveryagenda.Theunevenglobalisationhasleftmanycountriesrivenbyregionaleconomicdisparities,especiallyinthedevelopingeconomies.Workersinlow-wageandlow-employmentrateregionsarenotleavinginsufficientnumberstoimprovethelargedifferenceinearningsandlivingstandardsacrossregions.TheongoingtradewarbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateshasincreasedglobalgeopoliticaltensions,andtheongoingpandemichasseverelydisruptedbothglobalsupplychainsandthemovementofpeopleacrossborders.Moreover,astheabilityoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inresolvingdisputeshaseroded,countrieshaveincreasinglyturnedtobilateralorregionalsolutions,makingitmorecomplicatedtorevivemultilateralcooperationontrade.G20membersmustfindwaystofostertradeandinvestmentasmanycountrieshavegrownincreasinglyscepticalaboutglobalisation.
G20Indonesia2022:NewNormal,NewTechnologies,NewFinancing
4
Thechapterprovidesthreeprinciplesthatpolicymakersshouldkeepinmind:focusonhelpingdisplacedworkersregainemployment,policyneedsattunedtochangeandhelpingworkersmoveacrosssectors,andbettercooperationamongstgovernmentstoavoidtaxandsubsidycompetition.Restoringglobaltradewillrequireglobaleffortsandcoordinationamongstcountries,especiallywithinG20members.Chapter7,byLiliYanIng,GeneGrossman,andDavidChristian,bringstotheforeoneofthemostcrucialchangesofourtime–digitaltransformation(DX)–thatmassivelyreducesthecostofsharinginformation.ThepandemichasacceleratedthedevelopmentofDX,includingdigitaltrade.DespitethefactthatDXhelpsbusinessestoimproveproductivityanddriveeconomicgrowth,ithasconsequencesforemploymentandwages,particularlyforlessskilledworkers.DXpotentiallyraiseslabourmarketpolarisationandinequalitybetweencountries.Moreover,thekeychallengesembeddedinDXanddigitaltradeincludeprivacy,cybersecurity,competition,anddigitaldivide.TheG20mustplayaleadingroleinovercomingthesechallengesandensureDX‘developmentforall’.First,theG20needstoimplementwhatithasalreadycommittedtointhefieldsofindustrialrobots,automation,andartificialintelligence(AI).Thisincludes(i)cooperationandsupportfordigitalisationenablers,comprisingthedevelopmentofdigitalinfrastructureandconnectivity;(ii)protectionofdataprivacyandthemitigationofdigitalisationrisksfromaconsumerprotectionstandpoint;and(iii)thedevelopmentofmappingandstatisticalmeasurementofthedigitaleconomy.Second,toreducetheadoptioncostsofindustrialrobots,automation,andAIforbusinessesandmakethemcommerciallyviable,G20membersshouldcooperateandpromoteincentivesfortechnologicaladoptionbydevelopingcountries.Third,theG20shouldimprovethequalityofkeydigitalenablersfortheadoptionofindustrialrobots,automation,andAI.Thisincludesdigitalinfrastructureandthenecessarytechnologies
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