雅思阅读模拟题16篇(附答案)

1616篇()雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）★HowtoincreasesalesPublishedonline:Nov9th2006FromTheEconomistprinteditionHowshopscanexploitpeople'sherdmentalitytoincreasesalesATRIPtothesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychologicalwarfare—butitis.Shopkeepersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyhadintended.Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.Nowresearchersareinvestigatinghow“swarmintelligence”(thatis,howants,beesoranysocialanimal,includinghumans,behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinZeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute Technology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisewanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.MrUsmaniandRonaldoMenezes,alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,setouttoenhancethistendencytobuymorebyplayingontheherdinstinct.Theideaisthat,ifacertainproductisseentobepopular,shoppersarelikelytochooseittoo.Thechallengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.Entersmart-carttechnology.InMrUsmani'ssupermarketeveryproducthasaradiofrequencyidentificationtag,asortofbarcodethatusesradiowavestotransmitinformation,andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysitacentralcomputer.Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.MrUsmani's“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.Anditgivesshoppersthesatisfactionofknowingthattheyboughtthe“right”product—thatis,theoneeveryoneelsebought.Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyis newandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaandTescoinBritainareinterestedinhiswork,andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.Anotherrecentstudyonthepowerofsocialinfluenceindicatesthatsalesindeed,beboostedinthisway.MatthewSalganikofColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkandhiscolleagueshavedescribedcreatinganartificialmusicmarketinwhichsome14,000peopledownloadedpreviouslyunknownsongs.Theresearchers foundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhadbeendownloaded,theyfollowedthecrowd.Whenthesongswerenotorderedbyrank,butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Peoplethusfollowtheherdwhenitiseasyforthemtodoso.InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.Theshopssellonlythemostpopularitemsineachproductcategory,andtherankingsareupdatedweekly.Icosystem,acompanyinCambridge,Massachusetts,alsoaimstoexploitknowledgeofsocialnetworkingtoimprovesales.Andthepsychologythatworksinphysicalstoresisjustaspotentoninternet.OnlineretailerssuchasAmazonareadeptattellingshopperswhichproductsarepopularwithlike-mindedconsumers.Evenintheprivacyofyourhome,youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.(644words)Questions1-6Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromthereadingpassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Shopownersrealizethatthesmellof canincreasesalesfoodproducts.Inshops,productsshelvedatamorevisiblelevelsellbettereveniftheymore .AccordingtoMr.withtheuseof“swarmintelligence”phenomenon,anewmethodcanbeappliedtoencourage .Onthewayto everydayitemsatthebackofthestore,shoppers mighttemptedtobuy .Ifthenumberofbuyersshownonthe ishigh,othercustomerstendtofollowthem.Usingthe“swarm-moves”model,shopownersdonothavetogivecustomers toincreasesales.Questions7-12Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Forquestions7-12writeYES ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNO ifthestatementcontraictstheinformationNOTGIVEN ifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassageRadiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasbeeninstalledexperimentallyinbigsupermarketslikeWal-Mart.Peopletendtodownloadmoreunknownsongsthansongstheyarewith.Songsrankedhighbythenumberoftimesbeingdownloadedarefavoredcustomers.Peoplefollowtheotherstothesameextentwhetheritisconvenientornot.ItemssoldinsomeJapanesestoresaresimplychosenaccordingtothesalesofothershops.Swarmintelligencecanalsobeobservedineverydaylife.Answerkeys:答案：(freshlybaked)bread.（12行：Shoppersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyintended.）（14Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.）答案：impulsebuying.（21句：AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.）other(tempting)goods/things/products.（第2段第2Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.）（34acustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.）discounts.（41MrUsmanis“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.）答案(第4段第34句modelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaanTescoinBritainareinterestdinhisworkd,testingwillgetunderwayinthespring.短语“getunderway”的意思是“开始进Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)答案：NOTGIVEN.（在文中没有提及该信息）YES（53Thereseachersfoundthatwhenpeopleseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhavebeendownloaded,theyfollowedthecrowd.）（5thesongsarenotorderedbyrank,butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Pnounced的词义是“显著的、明显的”）答案：YES。（61句：InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.）（intheprivacyofyourhome,youstillbepartoftheswarm.homeeverydaylife的一部分）★RoguetheoryofsmellgetsaboostPublishedonline:6December2006RoguetheoryofsmellgetsaboostAcontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell, whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodourdependsonquantum mechanics,hasbeengiventhethumbsupby ateamphysicists.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthattheideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakesintermsofthephysicsinvolved.That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststakethemoreseriously."Thisisabigstepforward,"saysTurin,whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory,"ithasignoredratherthancriticized."Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules,whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystem invaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesn'tseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly,somemoleculescansmelldifferent—toanimals,ifnotnecessarilytohumans —simplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass).Turin'sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmolecule'sshape,butbyitsvibrations,whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their frequenciesarechangediftheatoms areheavier.Turin'smechanism,saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam,ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur—itisusedinexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin'sidea,whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL,"Ididn'tbelieveit".But,headds,"becauseitwasinterestingidea,IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn'twork.Ididsomesimplecalculations,andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight."NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly,inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown,buttheresearcherscouldestimateparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitis—meansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthat'sdifferentfromaproofofTurin'sidea."Sofarthingslookplausible,butweneedproperexperimentalverification.We'rebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed."Meanwhile,Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations,"says."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition."Attheveryleast,heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.(668words Nature)Questions1-4Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Pleasewritewriter

TRUE ifthestatementagreeswiththewriterFALSE ifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththeNOTGIVEN ifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassageTheresultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTurin’stheory.ThestudyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhypothesized.TurinlefthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehiswasignored.Themoleculesofalcoholsandthoseofthiolslookalike.Questions5-9Completethesentencesbelowwithwordsfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Thehypothesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationmadeby .Turin’scompanyisbasedin .Mostscientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour .Differentisotopescansmelldifferentwhen weighdifferently.AccordingtoAudrewHorsfield,itisstilltobeprovedthat reallyoccurinhumannose.Question10-12AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.What’sthenameoftheresearcherwhocollaboratedwithStoneham?WhatisthenextstepoftheUCLteam’sstudy?WhatisthetheoreticalbasisindesigningodorantsinTurin’scompany?(byZhouHong)AnswerKeysandExplanationsTgivesththethumbsup”为“接受“的意思。F That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.”意即“现在尚无LucaNGT见第六段“Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggsidenticalalcoholsthiols分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却相去甚远。LucaTurin 文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。Virginia 见第四段。tongue Thismolecular'lockandkey'processthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.”theatoms 见第八段“Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.”vibration-assistedelectrontunneling 见第九段“"Thequestionwhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.this”指句首的“vibration-assistedelectrontunnelinAndrewHorsfield见第九段结尾。11．properexperimentalverification见第十三段12．theircomputedvibrations 见第十四段。★Whydidapromisingheartdrugfail?Doomeddrughighlightscomplicationsofmeddlingwithcholesterol.Thefailureofahigh-profilecholesteroldrughasthrownaspotlightoncomplicatedmachinerythatregulatescholesterollevels.Butmanyresearchersremainconfidentthatdrugstoboostlevelsof'good'cholesterolarestilloneofthemostpromisingmeanstocombatspirallingheartdisease.DrugcompanyPfizerannouncedon2Decemberthatitwascancellingallclinicaltrialsoftorcetrapib,adrugdesignedtoraiseheart-protectivehigh-densitylipoproteins(HDLs).Inatrialof15000patients,asafetyboardfoundthatmorepeoplediedorsufferedcardiovascularproblemsaftertakingthedrugplusacholesterol-loweringstatinthanthoseinacontrolgroupwhotookthestatinalone.Thenewscameasakickintheteethtomanycardiologistsbecauseearliertestsinanimalsandpeoplesuggesteditwouldlowerratesofcardiovasculardisease."Therehavebeennoredflagstomyknowledge,"saysJohnChapman,aspecialistinlipoproteinsandatherosclerosisattheNationalInstituteforHealthandMedicalResearch(INSERM)inPariswhohasalsostudiedtorcetrapib."Thiscancellationcameasacompleteshock."TorcetrapibisoneofthemostadvancedofanewbreedofdrugsdesignedtoraiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestoliverforremovalfromthebody.Specifically,torcetrapibblocksaproteincalledcholesterolestertransferprotein(CETP),whichnormallytransfersthecholesterolfromhigh-densitylipoproteinstolowdensity,plaque-promotingones.Statins,contrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthe'bad'low-densitylipoproteins.UnderpressureResearchersarenowtryingtoworkoutwhyandhowthedrugbackfired,somethingthatwillnotbecomeclearuntiltheclinicaldetailsarereleasedbyPfizer.Onehintliesinevidencefromearliertrialsthatitslightlyraisesbloodpressureinsomepatients.Itwasthoughtthatthismildproblemwouldbeoffsetbytheheartbenefitsofthedrug.Butitispossiblethatitactuallyprovedfatalin somepatientswhoalreadysufferedhighbloodpressure.Ifbloodpressureistheexplanation,itwouldactuallybegoodnewsfordrugdevelopersbecauseitsuggeststhatproblemsarespecifictothiscompound.OtherprototypedrugsthatarebeingdevelopedtoblockCETPworkin aslightlydifferentwayandmightnotsufferthesamedownfall.ButitisalsopossiblethatthewholeideaofblockingCETPisflawed,saysMotiKashyap,whodirectsatherosclerosisresearchattheVAMedicalCenterinLongBeach,California.WhenHDLsexcretecholesterolintheliver,theyactuallyrelyonLDLsforpartofthisprocess.SoinhibitingCETP,whichpreventsthetransferofcholesterolfromHDLtoLDL,mightactuallycauseanabnormalandirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody."You'reblockingaphysiologicmechanismeliminatecholesterolandeffectivelyconstipatingthepathway,"saysKashyap.GoingupMostresearchersremainconfidentthatelevatinghighdensitylipoproteinslevelsbyonemeansoranotherisoneofthebestroutesforhelpingheartdiseasepatients.ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.Oneapproveddrug,calledniacin,isknowntobothraiseHDLandreducecardiovascularriskbutalsocausesanunpleasantsensationofheatandtingling.Researchersareexploringwhethertheycanbypassthissideeffectandwhetherniacincanlowerdiseaseriskmorethanstatinsalone.Scientistsarealsoworkingonseveralothermeanstobumpuphigh-densitylipoproteinsby,forexample,introducingsyntheticHDLs."Theonlythingweknowisdeadinthewateristorcetrapib,notthewholeideaofraisingHDL,"saysMichaelMiller,directorofpreventivecardiologyattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenter,Baltimore.(613words nature)Questions1-7Thispassagehas7paragraphs1-7.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-ixinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsHowdoestorcetrapibwork?ContradictoryresultpriortothecurrenttrialOnefailuremaypossiblybringaboutfuturesuccessThefailuredoesn’tleadtototallossofconfidenceItistherightroutetofollowWhyit’sstoppedTheymaycombineandtheoreticallyproduceidealresultWhat’swrongwiththedrugItmightbewrongatthefirstplaceExample answerParagraph1 ivParagraph2Paragraph3Paragraph4Paragraph5Paragraph6ParagraphQuestions7-13MatchandCETPwiththeirfunctions（QuestionsWritethecorrectletterA,B,CorDinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.Ithasbeenadministeredtoover10,000subjectsinaclinical8．Itcouldhelpridhumanbodyofcholesterol.Researchersareyettofindmoreaboutit.Itwasusedtoreducethelevelofcholesterol.AccordingtoKashyap,itmightleadtounwantedresultifit’sblocked.Itproducedcontradictoryresultsindifferenttrials.ItcouldinhibitLDLs.ListofchoicesTorcetrapicHDLSStatinCETPSuggestedAnswersandExplanationsviiivii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statincontrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相i是错误的。iiitorcetrapibl如果以上推测正确，那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验，设法避免torcetrapib陷，研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。ix见首句。vAadministersubject验对象”之意。B 见第四段“…toraiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebodyHDLscholeserolforremovalfromthebodB 见第四段“ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.”C 见第二段“…plusacholesterol-loweringstatinstatincholesterol的。D 见第六段“SoinhibitingCETP,…mightactuallycauseanandirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody.A 见第三段。C Statins,incontrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthelow-densitylipoproteins.”★TheTriumphofUnreasonA.Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeingswhohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit(or“utility”,ineconomist-speak)fromanysituation.Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-makingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.B.Theroleofemotionsindecisionsmakesperfectsense.Forsituationsmetfrequentlyinthepast,suchasobtainingfoodandmates,andconfrontingorfleeingfromthreats,theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhonedbyevolutiontoproduceanoptimaloutcome.Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes,evolutionaryandeconomicpredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.Butdoesthisstillapplywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?C.OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein,aneconomistatCarnegieMellonUniversity,inPittsburgh.Inparticular,hesuspectsthatshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.Toprovethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists,BrianKnutsonofStanfordUniversityandDrazenPrelecoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,tolookatwhathappensinthebrainwhenitisdecidingwhattobuy.D.Inastudy,thethreeresearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseriesofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwereflashedonacomputerscreenoneafteranother.Ineachroundofthetask,theresearchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice,witheachsteplastingfourseconds.Inthefinalstage,whichalsolastedfourseconds,theyaskedthevolunteerstomakeuptheirminds.Whilethevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment,theresearchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional resonanceimaging(fMRI).Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsumptioninthebrain,asanindicationofitsactivity.E.Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferentstagesofthetest.Thenucleusaccumbenswasthemostactivepartwhenaproductwasbeingdisplayed.Moreover,the levelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.F.Whenthepriceappeared,however,fMRIreportedmoreactivityinotherpartsofthebrain.Excessivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex,abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain,monetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.Theresearchersalsofoundgreateractivityinthisregionofthebrainwhenthesubjectdecidednottopurchaseanitem.G.Priceinformationactivatedthemedialprefrontalcortex,too.Thispartofthebrainisinvolvedinrationalcalculation.Intheexperimentitsactivityseemedtocorrelatewithavolunteer'sreactiontobothproductandprice,ratherthantopricealone.Thus,thesenseofagoodbargainevokedhigheractivitylevelsinthemedialprefrontalcortex,andthisoftenprecededadecisiontobuy.H.People'sshoppingbehaviourthereforeseemstohavepiggy-backedonoldneuralcircuitsevolvedforanticipationofrewardandtheavoidanceofhazards.WhatDrLoewensteinfoundinterestingwastheseparationoftheassessmentoftheproduct(whichseemstobeassociatedwiththenucleusaccumbens)fromtheassessmentofitsprice(associatedwiththeinsularcortex),eventhoughthetwoarethensynthesisedintheprefrontalcortex.Hishypothesisisthatratherthanweighingthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternatives,asorthodoxeconomicssuggestshappens,peopleactuallybalancetheimmediatepleasureoftheprospectivepossessionofaproductwiththeimmediatepainofpayingforit.I.Thatmakesperfectsenseasanevolvedmechanismfortrading.Ifoneusefulobjectisbeingtradedforanother(hardcashinmoderntime),thefutureutilityofwhatisbeinggivenupisembeddedintheobjectbeingtraded.Emotionisascapableofassigningsuchavalueasreason.Buyingoncredit,though,maybedifferent.Theabstractnatureofcreditcards,coupledwiththedefermentofpaymentthattheypromise,maymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavouroftheJ.Whetheritactuallydoessowillbethesubjectoffurtherexperimentsthatthethreeresearchersarenowdesigning.Thesewilltestwhetherpeoplewithdistinctlydifferentspendingbehaviour,suchasmiserlinessandextravagance,experiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoprices.Theywillalsoassesswhether,inthesameindividuals,buyingwithcreditcardseasesthepaincomparedwithpayingbycash.Iftheyfindthatitdoes,thencreditcardsmayhavetojointhelistofthingssuchasfattyandsugaryfoods,andrecreationaldrugs,thatsubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseempleasurableatthetimebutcanhavealongandmalignaftertaste.Questions1-6DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.TRUE ifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriterFALSE ifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsoftheNOTGIVEN ifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthisThebeliefofneoclassicaleconomicsdoesnotaccordwiththeincreasingevidencethathumansmakeuseoftheemotionstomakedecisions.Animalsareurgedbyemotiontostriveforanoptimaloutcomesormaximumutilityfromanysituation.GeorgeLoewensteinthinksthatmodernwaysofshoppingtendtopeopletoaccumulatetheirdebts.Themoreactivethenucleusaccumenswas,thestrongerthedesireoffortheproductinquestionbecame.Theprefrontalcortexofthehumanbrainislinkedtomonetarylossandviewingofupsettingpictures.Whentheactivityinnucleusaccumbenswasincreasedbythesenseofgoodbargain,peopletendedtopurchasecoffee.Questions7-9ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes7-9onyouranswesheet.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutorthodoxeconomicsistrue?Theprocesswhichpeoplemaketheirdecisionsisrational.Peoplehaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsinanysituation.Humansmakejudgementonthebasisofreasonratherthenemotion.Peopleweighthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternativesinshopping.Theword“miserliness”inline3ofParagraphJmeans .people’sbehaviorofbuyingluxuriousgoodspeople’sbehaviorofbuyingveryspecialitemspeople’sbehaviorofbeingverymeaninshoppingpeople’sbehaviorofbeingveryinshoppingThethreeresearchersarenowdesigningthefutureexperiments,whichtestwhetherpeoplewithverydifferentspendingbehaviourexperiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoproducts.whetherbuyinganitemwithcreditcardseasesthepainoftheindividualscomparedwithpayingforitbycash.whethertheabstractnatureofcreditcardsmaymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculatio