高中英语外研版选修8教学案module4sectionⅠintroductionamp；reading-pre-reading

Englishisalanguagespokenallaroundtheworld.Therearemorethan42countrieswherethemajorityofthepeoplespeakEnglish.MostnativespeakersofEnglisharefoundintheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStatesofAmerica,Canada,Australia,IrelandandNewZealand.Intotal,formorethan375millionpeopleEnglishistheirmothertongue.AnequalnumberofpeoplelearnEnglishasasecondlanguage.Thesepeoplewillperhapsspeakthelanguageoftheirowncountryathomewiththeirfamily,butthelanguageofthegovernment,schools,newspapersandTVisEnglish.ThissituationisfoundincountriessuchasIndia,Pakistan,NigeriaandthePhilippines.Inonlyfiftyyears,Englishhasdevelopedintothelanguagemostwidelyspokenandusedintheworld.Englishistheworkinglanguageofmostinternationalorganizations,internationaltradeandtourism.BusinessmenandtouristsoftencometoChinawithoutbeingabletospeakChinese.Chinesebusinessmen,taxidriversandstudentstalkwiththemusingEnglish.Englishisalsothelanguageofglobalculture,suchaspopularmusicandtheInternet.YoucanlistentoEnglishsongsontheradiooruseEnglishtocommunicatewithpeoplearoundtheworldthroughtheInternet.WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Section_ⅠIntroduction&Reading—Pre­reading[原文呈现]WhichEnglish?Whenyoureceiveaphonecallfromafriend,howlongdoesittakeyoutoknowwhoitis①？Afewseconds,perhaps.Thequalityofsomeone'svoiceandtheirchoiceofwordsmakeapersoninstantly②recognisable③，eventhoughyoucan'tseehimorher④.Inthissense⑤everybody'suseoflanguage—whetherEnglish,Chinese,oranyother—isdifferent.Youcouldsaythatthereareasmanyvarietiesof⑥English,oranyotherlanguageforthatmatter⑦，astherearespeakersofit.Englishisspokenasanofficiallanguageinmorethan⑧60countriesacrosstheworldanditcansound⑨verydifferentfromplacetoplace⑩.Pronunciation,aswellas⑪grammarandvocabulary,canchangeveryquicklyfromoneareatoanother.Forexample,withinLondonthemostfamousdialect⑫iscockney⑬.Itisonlyusuallyspokenbypeoplefromtheeastofthatcityso⑭itisnottheonlyformofEnglishyouwillhear⑮.YoucanusuallytellwhichpartoftheEnglish­speakingworldsomeonecomesfrombytheiraccent⑯，andtherearesomeveryrecognisableaccentsalloverBritain.⑰ItisalsoquiteeasytotellBritishandAmericanEnglishapart⑱.AlthoughmostpeoplebelievethereisarightandawrongwaytospeakEnglish⑲，thereisnotreallyastandardform⑳thateveryonecanagreeoneq\o(○,\s\up1(21)).Englishspreadacrosstheworldoverhundredsofyearsbecauseofeq\o(○,\s\up1(22))trade,explorationandbusiness,andthisprocessproducedmanydifferentEnglishes.Professorsoflinguisticseq\o(○,\s\up1(23))，writersandteachersallworryaboutprovidingaperfectmodeltofolloweq\o(○,\s\up1(24))butasitissowidelyspokeneq\o(○,\s\up1(25))，ithasbecomeimpossibletosaywhichEnglishis“correct”andwhichis“incorrect”eq\o(○,\s\up1(26)).Perhapscorrectnessdoesn'tmattereq\o(○,\s\up1(27))—aslongaseq\o(○,\s\up1(28))speakerscanunderstandeachother—eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))it'scommunicationthatcountseq\o(○,\s\up1(30)).[读文清障]①When引导时间状语从句，主句中含有固定句式：Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.“某人花多长时间做某事”。whoitis为宾语从句，用陈述语序。②instantly/'Instəntli/adv.立即，马上③recognisable/'rekəgˌnaIzəbl/adj.能辨认的，能认出的④eventhough引导让步状语从句。⑤inthissense从这种意义上说⑥varietiesof＝various各种各样的⑦forthatmatter在那方面，就此而论⑧morethan(＝over)超过，多于⑨sound听起来。此处soundverydifferent构成系表结构。⑩fromplacetoplace＝fromoneplacetoanother⑪aswellas(＝inadditionto)以及⑫dialect/'daIəlekt/n.方言，地方话⑬cockney/'kɒkni/n.伦敦东区土话⑭so“因此，所以”，是并列连词，表示因果关系。⑮youwillhear是定语从句，修饰theonlyformofEnglish，关系代词that省略。⑯bytheiraccent根据他们的口音⑰本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。⑱tell...apart区分开⑲Although引导让步状语从句，该从句中又含有一个宾语从句。⑳that引导定语从句，修饰先行词form。eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))agreeon指“(双方或多方协商后)在……方面取得一致意见”。eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))becauseof后跟名词(短语)或代词。because后跟句子。eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))linguisticsn．语言学eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))tofollow作后置定语，修饰model。eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))asitissowidelyspoken是原因状语从句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))and连接两个which引导的宾语从句，作say的宾语。eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))matter/'mætə/v.重要，要紧；有关系eq\o(○,\s\up1(28))aslongas只要，引导条件状语从句，也可写作solongas。eq\o(○,\s\up1(29))强调句型，被强调部分是communication。eq\o(○,\s\up1(30))count/kaʊnt/v.很重要；很有价值(＝tobeimportant/valuable)哪种英语？[第1～3段译文]当你接到朋友的电话的时候，你要花多久才能知道对方是谁？或许几秒钟而已。一个人的音质及措辞能让这个人立即被辨认出来，即使你看不见他/她。从这种意义上说，每个人对语言的使用——不管是英语、汉语，或者其他任何语言——都是不同的。你可以说，英语，或者就此而论，任何别的语言，有多少使用者，就有多少种变体。英语在全世界六十多个国家被作为官方语言使用，而且各地的英语听起来是非常不同的。发音、语法、词汇在不同的地方都可能会很快发生变化。例如，在伦敦，最著名的方言是cockney(伦敦腔)。通常仅仅是伦敦东部的人说这种方言，因此它绝不是你能听到的唯一一种英语。根据他们的口音，你通常能够分辨出人们来自英语世界的哪个地区，而在英国各地也有一些非常易辨认的口音。把英式英语和美式英语区分开也很容易。尽管大多数人都相信说英语的方式有正确与错误之分，但是确实没有一种人人都认同的标准模式。几百年来由于贸易、探险以及商业的发展，英语已传播到世界各地，在此进程中产生了许多不同种类的英语。语言学教授、作家以及教师都在为提供一种完美的模式而忧虑，但是，由于英语使用如此之广，要想说出哪种英语正确和哪种英语错误已经变得不可能。也许正确并不要紧——只要说话的人互相明白就行——重要的是交流本身。AustraliaG'day!D'yaspeakStrine?Orrathereq\o(○,\s\up1(31))，Hello!DoyouspeakAustralian?Australiaisoneoftheyoungestnationsintheworld.ThefirstEnglishspeakersarrivedlittlemorethan200yearsago—andtheydidn'twanttoeq\o(○,\s\up1(32)).Mostofthemwereprisonerssenttheretoworkeq\o(○,\s\up1(33)).TheycamefromalloverBritain,butespeciallyeq\o(○,\s\up1(34))fromNorthernIrelandandtheLondonarea,whichiswhytheAustralianaccenttodayhastraceseq\o(○,\s\up1(35))ofbothIrishandcockneyspeechpatternseq\o(○,\s\up1(36)).TheEnglishspeakersfoundapeopleeq\o(○,\s\up1(37))whohadbeenlivinginAustraliaformorethan50,000yearseq\o(○,\s\up1(38))—theAborigineseq\o(○,\s\up1(39))，andanextraordinaryvarietyeq\o(○,\s\up1(40))ofwildlife,uniqueeq\o(○,\s\up1(41))tothecontinent.ManyoftheAboriginalwordsfortheseanimals,suchaskangaroo,koalaandkookaburrasoonpassedintoeq\o(○,\s\up1(42))thelanguage.ButthemaindifferencesbetweenAustralianEnglishandothervarietiesofEnglishlieineq\o(○,\s\up1(43))theindividualsoundsandintonationeq\o(○,\s\up1(44))patterns.SometimesitisdifficultforBritishandAmericanpeopletounderstandeq\o(○,\s\up1(45))theAustralianaccent,andmistakesarecommoneq\o(○,\s\up1(46)).Afewyearsagoawell­knownEnglishauthoreq\o(○,\s\up1(47))wassigningcopiesofhisbooksinaSydneybookshop.Acustomercameuptotheauthorholdingacopyofthebookeq\o(○,\s\up1(48))andsaideq\o(○,\s\up1(49))EmmaChissit.TheauthorthoughtthatEmmaChissitwasthewoman'sname.Butwhenheaskedhowtospellthename,incaseeq\o(○,\s\up1(50))thecustomerwantedhimtowritehernameinthebook(ToEmmaChissit,withbestwishes),herealisedthatthecustomerhadbeenaskingeq\o(○,\s\up1(51))thequestion:Howmuchisit？eq\o(○,\s\up1(31))orrather更确切地说(常用作插入语)eq\o(○,\s\up1(32))此处是动词不定式的省略形式。为避免重复，作宾语或谓语的一部分的动词不定式再次出现时，往往省略，只保留动词不定式符号to。eq\o(○,\s\up1(33))sentthere...是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰prisoners。eq\o(○,\s\up1(34))especiallyadv.尤其，特别eq\o(○,\s\up1(35))trace/treIs/n.痕迹，踪迹eq\o(○,\s\up1(36))which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容，并在从句中作主语，whytheAustralianaccent...作表语。eq\o(○,\s\up1(37))people在这里是“民族，种族”的意思，是可数名词。eq\o(○,\s\up1(38))who引导定语从句，修饰apeople。eq\o(○,\s\up1(39))Aboriginen．澳大利亚土著eq\o(○,\s\up1(40))anextraordinaryvariety异常丰富的种类eq\o(○,\s\up1(41))unique/juː'niːk/adj.独一无二的；独特的beuniqueto(对某地、某人、某民族来说)独特的，特有的eq\o(○,\s\up1(42))passinto融入，纳入，变为其中的一部分eq\o(○,\s\up1(43))liein(问题、答案、责任、困难等)在于eq\o(○,\s\up1(44))intonation/ˌIntə'neIʃn/n.语调eq\o(○,\s\up1(45))it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语tounderstand...。eq\o(○,\s\up1(46))commonadj.常见的，普通的eq\o(○,\s\up1(47))author/'ɔːθə/n.作家，作者eq\o(○,\s\up1(48))holdingacopyofthebook是现在分词短语作状语，表伴随。eq\o(○,\s\up1(49))said与前面的cameupto为并列谓语。eq\o(○,\s\up1(50))incase以防万一，以防incaseof如果，假使eq\o(○,\s\up1(51))hadbeenasking是过去完成进行时。[第4～5段译文]澳大利亚,G'day！D'yaspeakStrine？更确切地说，Hello！DoyouspeakAustralian？澳大利亚是世界上最为年轻的国家之一。第一批说英语的人在仅仅200年前到了这里——他们并非出于自愿。他们中的大部分都是当时发配到那里做工的犯人。他们来自英国各地，但主要是来自北爱尔兰以及伦敦地区，这也是现在的澳大利亚口音带有爱尔兰以及伦敦东区土话语言模式痕迹的原因。这些讲英语的人发现了当地的一个民族——澳大利亚土著人，他们已经生活在澳大利亚50000多年了；还发现了该大洲独有的异常丰富的野生生物种类。澳大利亚土著人关于这些动物的很多词语，比如袋鼠kangaroo、树袋熊koala以及笑翠鸟kookaburra，很快就融入了语言中。但澳大利亚英语和其他英语变体的主要区别在于单音和语调模式。有时候英美国家的人很难理解澳大利亚口音，所以通常也就容易犯错误。前些年，一位著名的英国作家到悉尼的一家书店签售他的书。一名顾客手里拿着一本书朝作者走来，并说了句“EmmaChissit”。这个作者以为EmmaChissit是这位女士的名字。但当他询问如何拼写这个名字以便她要自己在书上签名献给EmmaChissit，并致敬意之用时，他才明白过来这名顾客问的是：这本书多少钱？JamaicaandSingaporeAustralianEnglishcomesdirectlyfromEnglishspokeninBritaineq\o(○,\s\up1(52)).ButinothercountrieswhereEnglishisspokenasafirstlanguageeq\o(○,\s\up1(53))thisisnotthecaseeq\o(○,\s\up1(54)).ThevarietyofEnglishspokeninJamaica,andotherCaribbeancountries,hassomeofthegrammaticalfeatureseq\o(○,\s\up1(55))oftheAfricanlanguagesspokenbytheancestorseq\o(○,\s\up1(56))oftheJamaicanpeople,sothatthereisoftennoapostropheeq\o(○,\s\up1(57))s('s)eq\o(○,\s\up1(58))(thatwomanhouse,insteadofthatwoman'shouse)ornolinkeq\o(○,\s\up1(59))verborarticle(Hegoodman,insteadofHe'sagoodman).Anotherfeatureistherhythmeq\o(○,\s\up1(60)).Itistherhythmofrapmusic,whichbecamepopularintheUSinthe1980seq\o(○,\s\up1(61)).Ontheothersideoftheworld,inSingapore,Englishisasecondlanguage,spokenbyabouthalfthepopulationeq\o(○,\s\up1(62)).OtherlanguagesincludeMalayandChinese.AlmosteveryoneinSingaporeisbilingualeq\o(○,\s\up1(63))，whileeq\o(○,\s\up1(64))somepeoplespeakthreeorfourlanguages.ThemostcommonvarietyofEnglishspokenisknownasSinglish.SentencesinSinglishoftenendwitheq\o(○,\s\up1(65))thewordlah.Thevarietyhasbeeninfluencedinparticulareq\o(○,\s\up1(66))byMalayandtheChinesedialectHokkien(languagespokeninMinnan),bothingrammaticalfeaturesandvocabulary.Todaythereisadebateeq\o(○,\s\up1(67))inSingaporeaboutwhichvarietyofEnglishisthebest:Singlish,oravarietyclosertoBritishEnglish,eq\o(○,\s\up1(68))whichistheaimoftheSpeakGoodEnglishMovementcreatedin1999eq\o(○,\s\up1(69)).,eq\o(○,\s\up1(52))过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰English。eq\o(○,\s\up1(53))where引导定语从句，修饰countries。eq\o(○,\s\up1(54))casen．情况，事实asisoftenthecase正如常见的情形那样eq\o(○,\s\up1(55))featuren．特征，特色eq\o(○,\s\up1(56))ancestor/'ænsestə/n.祖先，前辈eq\o(○,\s\up1(57))apostrophe/ə'pɒstrəfi/n.表示所有格的撇号eq\o(○,\s\up1(58))过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰languages;sothat引导结果状语从句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(59))link/lIŋk/n.联系eq\o(○,\s\up1(60))rhythm/'rIðəm/n.节奏；韵律eq\o(○,\s\up1(61))inthe1980s在20世纪80年代eq\o(○,\s\up1(62))populationn．人口，居民population作主语，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调个体时，谓语动词用复数。表示人口的多少用large或small，而不用many或few；对population的数量提问用what。eq\o(○,\s\up1(63))bilingual/baI'lIŋɡwəl/adj.双语的，会讲两种语言的bi­是前缀，意为“二，两倍”。eq\o(○,\s\up1(64))while而，表示对比。eq\o(○,\s\up1(65))endwith以……结束beginwith以……开始eq\o(○,\s\up1(66))inparticular特别，尤其(＝particularly)eq\o(○,\s\up1(67))debate/dI'beIt/n.讨论，辩论lively/heated/widespread/publicdebate热烈的讨论/激烈的争论/广泛的讨论/公开的辩论eq\o(○,\s\up1(68))which引导非限制性定语从句。eq\o(○,\s\up1(69))过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰theSpeakGoodEnglishMovement。[第6～7段译文]牙买加和新加坡,澳大利亚英语直接源于英国英语。但是在其他将英语作为第一语言的国家，却不是这样。牙买加以及其他加勒比海沿岸国家的英语变体就有非洲语言的一些语法特征，牙买加人的祖辈们使用的就是这些非洲语言，所以他们的英语中经常没有表示所有格的撇号以及s'sthatwomanhouse，而不是thatwoman'shouse，没有连系动词和冠词Hegoodman，而不是He'sagoodman。另外一个特点就是节奏。其语言的节奏就像是20世纪80年代在美国流行的说唱音乐。而在地球的另一端——新加坡，英语作为第二语言在被大约一半的人口使用着。其他语言有马来语以及汉语。新加坡几乎每一个人都会说两种语言，有些人甚至会说三到四种语言。这里最常见的英语变体被称为Singlish新加坡式英语。新加坡式英语中的句子通常以lah音“啦”一词结尾。此种语言变体在语法特征以及词汇方面尤其受到马来语以及汉语中一种叫作Hokkien即客家话。闽南地区使用的方言的影响。如今在新加坡还有一个关于哪种英语变体最好的争论：是新加坡式英语还是一种更接近于英式英语的变体，这也是1999年开始开展的“讲好英语活动”的目的。Pre­readingPleasematchthewordswiththeirpropermeanings.1．instantlyA．todiscusssth.,especiallyformally2．matterB．beingtheonlyoneofitskind3．countC．asmallsignthatshowsthatsomeoneorsomethingwaspresentorexisted4．trace D．tobeimportant5．uniqueE．tobeimportantorhaveanimportanteffectonsb./sth.6．debateF．immediately1～6________________答案：1～6FEDCBALead­in1．WehavelearntEnglishforatleastsixyears.DoyouknowinwhichcountriespeoplespeakEnglish？Thefollowingpicturescanhelpyou.①England__②America__③Canada__④Australia__⑤New_Zealand__⑥South_Africa2．AretheEnglishesinthosecountriesthesame?_are_American_English_and_British_English.While­readingFast­readingSkimthepassageandmatchtheparagraphswiththeirmainideas.Para.1A．ThefeaturesofJamaicanEnglishPara.2 B．ThefeaturesofSinglishPara.3C．HowtheAustralianEnglishappearedPara.4 D．TheproblemonthestandardformofEnglishPara.5E．VarietiesofEnglishPara.6F．Differencesinpronunciation,grammarandvocabularyPara.7G．DifferencesbetweenAustralianEnglishandothervarietiesofEnglish答案：～EFDCGABCareful­readingChoosethebestanswersaccordingtothepassage.1．Accordingtothewriter,youcanknowwhoitiswhensomeonephoneyoubecause________.A．thisperson'svoiceisdifferentfromothers'B．thispersonusesdifferentwordsfromothers'C．eitherAorBD．bothAandB2．WelearnfromParagraph2allthefollowingEXCEPT________.A．EnglishspokenbypeopleindifferentareassoundsdifferentB．Englishpronunciation,grammarandvocabularycanchangequicklyfromplacetoplaceC．youcantellwhichpartoftheworldapersoncomesfrombytheiraccentD．BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharesimilar3．ItisNOTmentionedinParagraph4thatAustraliaisacountry________.A．whereBritishgovernmentoncesentitsprisonerstoworkB．whichisoneoftheyoungestnationsintheworldC．whoseEnglishissometimeshardtounderstandforpeoplefromotherEnglish­speakingcountriesD．wherethereareunusualplantsandanimals4．Inthelastpartofthetext,thewritermainlywantstotellusthat________.A．theEnglishspokeninacertaincountryisinfluencedbythemothertongueofthespeakersB．JamaicaEnglishhasfeaturesofsomeAfricanlanguagesC．manypeopleinSingaporearebilingualD．JamaicaEnglishandSingaporeEnglisharequitedifferenttoBritishEnglish答案：1～4DDCAStudy­readingAnalyzethefollowingdifficultsentencesinthepassage.1．AlthoughmostpeoplebelievethereisarightandawrongwaytospeakEnglish,thereisnotreallyastandardformthateveryonecanagreeon.[句式分析][尝试翻译]尽管大多数人都认为说英语的方式有正确与错误之分，但是确实没有一种人人都认同的标准模式。2．Professorsoflinguistics,writersandteachersallworryaboutprovidingaperfectmodeltofollowbutasitissowidelyspoken,ithasbecomeimpossibletosaywhichEnglishis“correct”andwhichis“incorrect”．[句式分析]本句由but连接一个简单句和一个复合句；并列连词but后是as引导的原因状语从句，主句中形式主语it代替后面的不定式tosaywhichEnglishis“correct”andwhichis“incorrect”作主语。[尝试翻译]语言学教授、作家以及教师都在为提供一种完美的模式而忧虑，但是，由于英语使用如此之广，要想说出哪种英语正确和哪种英语错误已经变得不可能。Ⅰ.阅读理解AAustralianEnglishbeganseparatingfromBritishEnglishshortlyafterthefoundationoftheAustralianpenalcolony(罪犯流放地)ofNewSouthWalesin1788.Britishconvictssentthere,includingcockneys(伦敦东区的人)fromLondon,camemostlyfromlargeEnglishcities.Theywerejoinedbyfreesettlers,militarypersonnelandofficials,oftenwiththeirfamilies.However,manyoftheconvictswereIrish,withatleast25%directlyfromIreland,andothersindirectlyviaBritain.Therewereotherpopulationsofconvictsfromnon­EnglishspeakingareasofBritain,suchastheWelshandScots.ThetransportationofconvictstoAustraliaendedin1868,butimmigrationoffreesettlersfromBritain.Irelandandelsewherecontinued.TheearliestformofAustralianEnglishwasfirstspokenbythechildrenofthecolonistsbornintothecolonyofNewSouthWales.Thisveryfirstgenerationofchildrencreatedanewdialectthatwastobecomethelanguageofthenation.TheAustralian­bornchildreninthenewcolonywereexposedtoawiderangeofdifferentdialectsfromallovertheBritishIsles,inparticularfromIrelandandthesoutheasternpartofEngland.Thenative­bornchildrenofthecolonycreatedthenewdialectfromfactorspresentinthespeechtheyheardaroundthem,andprovidedawayfortheexpressionofpeersolidarity(一致).Evenwhennewsettlersarrived,thisnewdialectwasstrongenoughtoturnawayfromtheinfluenceofotherpatternsofspeech.Recordsfromtheearly19thcenturyindicatedthedistinctivedialecthadappearedinthecolonysincethefirstsettlement.In1827PeterCunningham,inhisbookTwoYearsinNewSouthWales,describedthatthenative­borncolonistsspokewithadistinctiveaccentandvocabulary,withastrongLondoninfluence.AnthonyBurgesswrotethat“AustralianEnglishmaybethoughtofasakindoffossilised(僵化的)cockney(伦敦腔)oftheDickensianera”．eq\x(语篇解读：本文是说明文。介绍澳大利亚英语的形成过程。)1．Whodidn'tgotoAustraliawiththeconvicts?A．Miners. B．Soldiers.C．Officials. D．Freesettlers.解析：选A细节理解题。从文章第一段第三句可知，随着囚犯到澳大利亚去的人中没有矿工。2．WhocreatedtheearliestformofAustralianEnglish?A．ConvictssenttoAustralia.B．FreesettlersintoAustralia.C．Thenative­bornchildrenofthecolony.D．PeoplefromIrelandandthesoutheasternpartofEngland.解析：选C细节理解题。从文章第二段可知，在澳大利亚出生的孩子说话不同于自己的父母，是他们创造了最初的澳大利亚英语。3．WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatAustralianEnglish________.A．hadnoidentityofitsownB．wasformedbeforetheDickensianeraC．wasquitedifferentfromBritishEnglishD．wasgreatlyinfluencedbyLondonaccent解析：选D推理判断题。分析文章最后一段可知，两位作者认为澳大利亚英语具有明显的伦敦口音特征。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytellus?A．WhocametoAustraliafirst?B．HowAustraliawascolonized?C．HowAustralianEnglishwasformed?D．WhattheearliestlanguageinAustraliawas?解析：选C主旨大意题。综合全文可知，文章主要说明澳大利亚英语的形成。BInanagewhentechnologyiseverywhere,it'snotsurprisingthatevenyoungchildrenaregettingintotheaction.TheiPadwasreleasedsixyearsago.ThistabletcomputerfromApplehasalarge,multi­touchscreenthatkidscanplaylearninggameson.SuretoddlerscanoperateaniPad,butatwhatageisitsafetoletthemuseit?AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics,childrenundertheageof2shouldhavenoscreentimeatall.Thisincludesnotonlytelevisionbutalsootherelectronics,suchascomputers,cellphones,videogamesandtablets,includingtheiPad.Duringthefirsttwoyearsoflife,children'sbrainsaregrowingsignificantlyanditcanbeconfusingforthemtotellthedifferencesbetweentherealworldandwhattheyareseeingonthescreen.Afterage2,aniPadisfineinmoderation(适度)．UsingtheiPadcanhavebenefitsforkids.Inatwo­weekstudyconductedbyPBS,involvingchildren3to7,itwasfoundthateducationalappscanimproveachild'svocabularybyasmuchas31percentintwoweeks.AnnDensmore,anexpertinspeechandlanguagedevelopment,saidinanarticleonHarvardHealththatthereareeveniPadappsthatarehelpfulforchildreninspeechandlanguagetherapy(治疗)．WhiletherearesomebenefitstochildrenusinganiPadasaneducationaltool,therearealsosomedisadvantagestobeawareof.Noelectronicdevicecanreplacetheroleofhumaninteraction.It'simportantthatyoungchildrenlearnbydoingandnotbywatching.AlsoaniPadcanbeaddictive(上瘾的)whenusedtoomuch.Eventhoughit'sOKfor2­year­oldstouseaniPad,childrenuptotheageof3willlearnbetterfromrealworldexperiencesthanfromanytypeofelectronics,expeciallywhenitcomestolanguage.WhenparentsdecidetolettheirchildrenstartusingtheiPad,it'simportantthattheyestablishsomerulesandlimitations...eq\x(语篇解读：小孩子使用苹果公司的平板电脑有利也有弊，父母应该限制他们使用。)5．TheAmericanAcademyofPediatricsshowsthat________.A．parentsusuallyletkidsovertwouseaniPadB．iPadsaren'tdifferentfromotherelectronicsC．kidsusuallyuseaniPadinmoderationD．kidsundertwoshouldn'tuseaniPad解析：选D细节理解题。根据第二段的“AccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics,childrenundertheageof2shouldhavenoscreentimeatall.”可知，未满两岁的小孩不应该使用平板电脑。6．WhatdoesthestudyconductedbyPBSmainlyshow?A．Educationalappsarepopularwithkids.B．UsinganiPadcanhelpkidslearnwords.C．Kidscanimprovevocabularyinvariousways.D．AniPadisusedinspeechandlanguagetherapy.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第三段的“Inatwo­woweeks.”可知，这个研究表明，小孩可以用平板电脑学习单词。7．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardkidsusinganiPadtolearnlanguage?A．Interested. B．Favourable.C．Critical. D．Completelyagainst.解析：选C观点态度题。根据第四段的“Eventhoughit'sOK...comestolanguage.”可知，作者认为小孩通过现实生活学习语言更好，故作者对小孩通过平板电脑学习语言是持批判态度的。8．Thetextisprobablyfollowedby________.A．howchildrenuseaniPadB．theauthor'sopiniononiPadsC．whychildrenloveusinganiPadD．somedetailedrulesandlimitations解析：选D推理判断题。根据末段的“it'simportantthattheyestablishsomerulesandlimitations”可知，接下来应该会给出一些具体的规则和限制。CYoumakedecisions,yearafteryear,neverlastingformorethanafewdaysendinguplostandinthesameplaceyoustarted.Allowmetosuggestsometipsthatmayhelpyousticktoyourdecisionscreatinglong­lastingpositivechangeinyourlife.Tellingotherpeopleaboutyourplancanhelpinmanyways.First,itisalwayseasiertosticktoadecisionwhenyouhaveotherpeoplesupportingyou.Yourfriendsarelesslikelytotemptyouwithwhateveritisyouaretryingtocontroliftheyknowthatyoumadeadecisionaboutit.Tellingotherpeopleaboutyourdecisionisalsohelpfulinthatitkeepsupthepressureonyoutotryandsticktoyourplanofaction.Chooseameasurableandspecificdecision.Insteadofdecidingto“lookbetter”or“haveabetterrelationshipwithsoandso”，chooseamoredefinabledecision.Decidingto“eatavegetableeveryday”or“gooutforcoffeeonceaweekwithJohn”ismucheasiertotrackandassessthanageneraldecisionto“beabetterperson”．Buildarewardsystem.Connectedtothelasttipofchoosingameasurableandspecificdecisionisthatwhenyoudoaccomplishthisspecificbehavioryoudecidedtodo,giveyourselfsmallrewardsalongtheprocess.Forexample,foreveryweekofhealthyeatingtreatyourselfwithsomethingspecial.Createvisualaids.AcolleagueofminedecidedoneyearforhisNewYear'sdecisiontobemorefrugal.Hedecidedtotryandsavemoneybyloweringhismonthlybills.Sohepostedacopyofhishighestelectricbillbyhisheatersothateverytimehewantedtoraisethetemperaturehewouldseethehighelectricbillremindinghimtobemorecautiousabouthisenergyconsumption.eq\x(语篇解读：下决心容易，坚持不易。本文主要介绍了如何才能坚持自己的决定。)9．Manypeople'sdecisionscan'tbecomerealitybecause________.A．theydon'ttakethemseriouslyatthebeginningB．theymakethembutcan'tsticktothemtotheendC．theymeetmuchdifficultyintheprocessD．theylacksupportfromtheirfamilie