机场运营人地面活动规范培训

STANDARDIZEDGROUNDMOVEMENTTRAINING

FORAIRPORTOPERATORS

机场运营人地面活动规范培训机场运营人地面活动规范培训项目概述和目的飞行区标记助航灯光飞行区标记牌通讯信号枪的运用跑道侵入施工结论培训目的建立规范的地面运动的训练支配，使机场运营商和车辆运营商驾驭可用资源，尽可能保持机场环境处于高平安等级。确保削减跑道入侵事务的数量，降低飞机事故或事故隐患的风险。Definitions术语定义Runway–Adefinedrectangularsurfaceonanairportpreparedorsuitableforthelandingortakeoffofaircraft.Taxiway–Adefinedpathestablishedforthetaxiingofaircraftfromonepartofanairporttoanother.MovementArea–Runways,taxiways,andotherareasofanairportwhichareusedfortaxiing,orhovertaxiing,airtaxiing,takeoff,andlandingofaircraft,exclusiveofloadingrampsandaircraftparkingareas.RunwayIncursion–Anyoccurrenceatanairportinvolvinganaircraft,vehicle,person,orobjectonthegroundthatcreatesacollisionhazardorresultsinalossofseparationwithanaircrafttakingoff,intendingtotakeoff,landing,orintendingtoland.AirfieldMarkings标记HoldBarsILSHoldBarsMovement/Non-MovementAreaBoundaryIntermediateHoldingPosition(Taxiway/Taxiway)SurfacePaintedHoldingPositionSurfacePaintedDirectionalSignsSurfacePaintedLocationTaxiwayEdge(FullandDashed)GeographicPositioningVehicleRoadwaysHoldBarsUsedtoidentifythelocationwhereapilotorvehicleistostopwhenclearancehasnotbeengrantedontoarunway.Nevercrosswithoutpermission.Holdonthesolidlineside.HoldHereILS/MLSHoldBarToidentifythelocationwhereapilotorvehicleistostopwhenhe/shedoesnothaveclearancetoentertheILS/MLSarea.LocatedattheperimeteroftheILS/MLScriticalarea.UnauthorizedpenetrationcoulddisruptNAVAIDS.Movement/Non-MovementAreaBoundaryDefinestheboundaryofthemovementareaandnon-movementarea.MusthavepermissionfromATCtoentermovementarea.Holdonthesolidlineside.Hold

HereIntermediateHoldingPosition(Taxiway/Taxiway)Toidentifyalocationofataxiwayorapronwhereaircraftorvehiclesaresupposedtostopwhenadvisedtoholdshortofanothertaxiwayorapron.Usedatairportswherethereisanoperationalneedtoholdtrafficattaxiway/taxiwayintersections,geographicposition,oraholdingbay.SurfacePaintedHoldingPositionUsedwherepilotshaddifficultydiscerningthelocationoftheholdingpositionandtosupplementsignslocatedatholdingpositions.Requiredwherethewidthofholdingpositiononthetaxiwayisgreaterthan200’.Usedinconjunctionwiththeholdbar.SurfacePaintedDirectionSigns

Usefultoguidepilotstorunwaysortaxiwaysandtoavoidmissingtaxiwayturns.Appliedontaxiwaysurfacewhenitisnotfeasibletoprovideelevateddirectionalsignsortosupplementelevatedsigns.SurfacePaintedLocationSignsUsedtosupplementelevatedsignsandassistpilotsinconfirmingthetaxiwayonwhichtheaircraftislocated.Locatedontaxiwaypavedsurface.TaxiwayEdgeStripesUsedtodelineatetheedgeofataxiway,primarilywhentheedgeoftheuseabletaxiwaydoesnotcorrespondtotheedgeofthepavement.(Example,taxiwayshoulders).Continuous–Pavedsurfaceotherthanfullstrengthtaxiwaynotintendedforusebyaircraft.Dashed–Operationalneedtoidentifytaxiwayedgewhereabuttingpavedsurfaceisintendedforusebyaircraft.GeographicPositionMarkingsDesignedtoidentifythelocationoftaxiingaircraftduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Locatedontaxiroutesinaccordancewiththeairports’SurfaceMovementGuidanceandControlSystem(SMGCS)plan.VehicleRoadwayMarkingsDefinesroutethatvehiclesshouldusewhenthesameareaisusedinconjunctionwithaircraft.Markingscanbesolidorzipperstyleforgreatervisibility.Vehiclesshouldusetheseroutestothegreatestextentpracticable.AirportLighting助航灯光系统RunwayLightingTaxiwayLightingRunwayCenterlineLightingTaxiwayCenterlineLightingElevatedGuardLights(Wigwags)InPavementGuardLightsRunwayEndLightsRunwayEdgeLightingDesignedtoidentifytheedgeoftheusablerunwaysurfaceatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Clear(orwhite)exceptthelast2000’ofaprecisionornon-precisioninstrumentrunway,lightsareamber.TaxiwayEdgeLightingDesignedtoidentifytheedgeoftheusabletaxiwaysurfaceatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Taxiwayedgelightingisblue.RunwayCenterlineLightingRunwayCenterlinelightingisusedtoprovidepilotswithalignmentguidanceduringtakeoffandlandingoperations,primarilyduringlowvisibilityconditions.Runwaycenterlinelightsarewhite(clear).Exceptthelast3000’portion.2000’oflightsarealternatingwhite/redandthelast1000’aresolidred.TaxiwayCenterlineLightingTaxiwayCenterlinelightingisdesignedtofacilitategroundmovement,primarilyduringlowvisibilityconditions.Taxiwaycenterlineandlead-on/offlightsaregreen.ElevatedRunwayGuardLights

(Wigwags)Elevatedguardlightsareusedtoidentifytheholdingpositionforarunwayespeciallyatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Usedtoenhancetheholdbarandelevatedsigns.In–PavementGuardLightsSupplementholdbarsandholdpositionsignagetoalertpilotsorvehicleoperatorsoftheholdingposition,especiallyduringpoorweatherorperiodsoflowvisibility.RunwayEndLightsUsedtodepicttheendoftheuseablerunwaytoaircraft.Arrangedintwosetsoffourlights.AirfieldSigns标记牌HoldPositionSignsILS/MLSCriticalAreaSignsNoEntryRunwayApproachSignsTaxiwayLocationSignsDistanceRemainingSignsTaxiwayEndingMarkerInboundDestinationSignsArrayofMultipleSignsHoldPositionSignsUsedtodenotetheentrancetoarunwayorcriticalarea,inconjunctionwithholdbars.Havewhiteinscriptionswithredbackgrounds.MustnotbepassedunlesspermissionisgrantedbyATC.ShouldbeNOTAMedwhenunavailableorunlit.ILS/MLSCriticalAreaSignUsedinconjunctionwithILS/MLSCriticalareaholdmarkingstoidentifytheouterboundaryofthecriticalarea.WhiteinscriptionwithRedbackground.PenetrationintoareawithoutpermissioncoulddisruptNAVAIDs.NoEntrySignsIndicatesthatentryintoaparticularareaisprohibitedtoaircraft.Whitedashandcirclewithredbackground.HoldPositionSignsforRunwayApproachAreasIdentifiesthelocationthataircraftorvehiclesshouldholduntilpermissionisgrantedtocrossthrougharunwaysafetyareaorpenetrateairspacerequiredattheapproachtoarunway.TaxiwayLocationSignsIdentifythetaxiwayonwhichtheaircraftorvehicleislocated.Theinscriptionisyellowwithablackbackground.Canalsobeusedtodesignatearunwayinwhichanaircraftorvehicleislocated.DistanceRemainingSigns

Usedtoidentifythedistanceremainingonarunway,duringtakeoffandlanding.Whiteinscriptionwithblackbackground.Locatedat1000’increments.TaxiwayEndingMarkerUsedtoindicatethatataxiwaydoesnotcontinue.Retro-reflectivesignorbarrierswithalternatingyellowandblackangledstripes.InboundDestinationSignUsedtodesignatealocationontheairportsuchasanFBO,rampparkingarea,militaryoperation,orfuel.Blackinscriptionwithyellowbackground.Denotesgenerallynon-movementareafacilities.SignArrayUsedtoprovidedirectiontomultipletaxiwayswithincloseproximity.Generallylocatedattheintersectionoftwoormoretaxiways.ConsistsofTaxiwaylocationandTaxiwaydirections.RadioCommunication无线电通讯TowerControlGroundControlPhoneticAlphabetProperPhraseologyLightGunSignalsTowerFrequencyControlsthemovementofaircraftonairportrunwaysandairportairspace.Localcontrollerhasjurisdictionoverrunways.Thetowerfrequencyforthisairportis---.--MHZ.GroundControlFrequencyResponsibleforthecontrolofaircraft,vehicles,andpedestriansoncontrolledairportsurfaces,exceptrunways.(MovementAreas)TheGroundControlfrequencyforthisairportis---.--MHZ.PhoneticAlphabetA-Alpha J-Juliet S-SierraB-Bravo K-Kilo T-TangoC-Charlie L-Lima U-Uniform D-Delta M-Mike V-VictorE-Echo N-November W-WhiskeyF-Foxtrot O-Oscar X-X-rayG-Golf P-Papa Y-YankeeH-Hotel Q-Quebec Z-ZuluI-India R-RomeoProperPhraseologyIdentifywhoyouarecalling/nameoffacility.Vehicle–“AirportXGround…Operations1”.Waitforaresponse.Tower–“Operations1..AirportXGround.”Identifyyourintentions.Vehicle–“IamonthenorthsideFBORampandwouldliketocrossRunway7totheSouthRamp”.Waitforaresponse.Tower–“Operations1,ProceeduptoandholdshortofRunway7atTaxiwayMike.”Alwaysrepeattheinstructionsbacktothetower.Vehicle–“Roger,Operations1,ProceeduptoandholdshortofRunway7atTaxiway

Mike.”

ProperPhraseologyListenbeforeyoutransmit.Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttosay.Avoidusingslang.Useaviationrelatedphraseology.Roger(Iunderstand)Wilco(Willcomply)AcknowledgeAffirmative(Yes)Negative(No)LightGunSignalsUsedwhenatwowayradiosystembetweentheairtrafficcontrolfacilityandaircraftorvehicleisunavailableorinoperative.SteadyGreenClearedtocross,proceed,or,go.Clearedtotaxi(aircraftonly).SteadyRedStop.Clearrunwayortaxiway.Returntostartingpointon airport.AlternatingGreen/RedUseextremecaution.FlashinggreenFlashing

redFlashing

WhiteRunwayIncursions跑道侵入Theworstdisasterincivilaviationhistoryresultedfromarunwayincursion.Runwayincursionshaveincreasedfrom186to321nationallyinthelastseven(7)years.Hazeandfogincreasetheriskofrunwayaccidentsbyafactoroftwelve(12).Runwayincursionsrepresent6%oftotalaviationfatalities.60%-80%ofrunwayincursionresultfromhumanerror.Nationally,runwayincursionsaverage1perevery200,000aircraftoperations.RunwayIncursionDataYear NumberofIncursions

19972921998325199932120004292001* 326

*thru10/16/01RunwayIncursionData(cont’d)TypesofIncursionsOperationalError(OE)=22%ofoccurrencesPilotDeviations(PD)=57%ofoccurrencesVehicle/PedestrianDeviation(V/PD)=21%ofoccurrencesWaystoPreventRunwayIncursionsSeetheBigPicture–Whenpossiblemonitorbothgroundandtowerfrequencies.TransmitClearly–Makeyourinstructionsandreadbackscompleteandeasytounderstand.ListenCarefully–Listentoyourclearance.Donotletcommunicationsbecomeautomatic.SituationalAwareness–Knowyourlocation.Knowwhatisgoingonaroundyou,inalldirections.AdmitWhenHelpisNeeded–AskATCforhelp.Bettertodamageyourpridethanproperty.WaystoPreventRunwayIncursionsUnderstandSigns,Lights,andMarkings–Keepcurrentwithairportsigns,lights,andmarkings.Knowwhattheymeanandwhatactiontotake.NeverAssume–Donottakeclearances