大学英语词汇学期末考试-重点复习资料整理-权威版-后附试题

3/3大学英语词汇学期末考试-重点复习资料整理-权威版-后附试题大学英语词汇学期末考试-重点复习资料整理-权威版-后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

1.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamilies.ItincludesmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.Thoselanguages,whicharebelievedtohaveoriginatedfromthislanguagefamilyanddevelopedalonedifferentlines,showvariousdegreesofsimilaritytooneanother.Theyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternSet东部诸语族:Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语,Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族,Armenian亚美尼亚语族andAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚语族;aWesternSet:西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族,Italic意大利语族,Hellenic希腊语族,Germanic日尔曼语族.AllthelanguagesinbothsetsshedsomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentbecauseeachhaslentwordsintotheEnglishvocabulary.

Prussian普鲁士语

Lithuanian立陶宛语

Polish波兰语

Balto-Slavic波罗的-

斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语Bulgarian保加利亚语

Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语

Russian

Albanian阿尔巴尼亚

Persian波斯语

Hindi北印度语

Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语

Romany，吉卜赛语

Armenian亚美尼亚语

Portuguese

Spanish

Italic意大利语族

Italian

Roumanian罗马尼亚语

French

Indo-European

LanguageFamily

Irish

Celtic凯尔特语Breton

Scottish

Norwegian挪威语

Icelandic，冰岛语

Danish丹麦语

Germanic

Swedish瑞典语

日尔曼语言English

Dutch

Flemish

German

Hellenic，古希腊语-Greek

Chapter1

AGeneralSurveyofAWord

TheDefinitionofWord

?Awordis

(1)Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;

(2)asoundunity;

(3)aunityofmeaning;

(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

Awordisaminimalfreeformthathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

Awordisasmallestunitofalanguage.

1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary

ThehistoryofEnglishlanguagecanbedividedinto3periods:

a/OldEnglishperiod(449—1100)

Theformerinhabitants,theCeltic,theGermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish,OldEnglishcontains50-60thousand

words,whichconsistsofthebasicwordstock.

b/MiddleEnglishperiod(1100-1500)

characterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundinlawandgovernmentaladministration(judge,justice)

c/ModernEnglishperiod(1500--)

theearlystageofthisperiod(includingtheyearsbetween1500-1700),theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.borrowingfromLatin,Latinwerenowmostlyconnectedwithscienceandabstractideas.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords

2.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria

A.ByOrigin:nativewordsandloan(borrowed)words

InEnglishlanguage,mostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic.TheyformthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockofEnglishlanguage.

Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:

1.Nationalcharacter;

2.Stability;

3.Word-formingability;

4.Abilitytoformcollocations

Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyarenaturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechandwriting.

B.Bylevelofusage

1.Commonwords(P11wordsconnectedwithordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife:“Therepeatedtelephonecallsonlyannoyedmebutmademysisterveryangry.”)

2.Literarywords(P12wordsarechieflyusedinwriting,formalspeeches,e.g.Feelingfatigued,Tomretiredearly.):a.Archaicwords;b.PoeticalwordsSeeP13

3.Colloquialwords