组织学与胚胎学课件6软骨和

Looseconnectivetissue(stretchedpreparationofmesentery)Adiposetissueregulardenseconnectivetissue(tendon)Irregulardenseconnectivetissue（collagenousfiberandfibroblast)Elasticfiber(dermofskin）ReticularfiberLiverandlymphnode第六章软骨和骨中国医科大学组织胚胎学教研室软骨组织结构骨组织结构长骨结构软骨软骨组织结构软骨细胞细胞外间质软骨分类（根据纤维不同）透明软骨（胶原原纤维）弹性软骨（弹性纤维）纤维软骨（胶原纤维）软骨膜软骨发生软骨细胞光镜软骨细胞电镜软骨细胞（EM），rER丰富ProcessesrER透明软骨——软骨细胞软骨组织中唯一的细胞类型LM:细胞体坐落在软骨陷窝内，核大、位于中央，核仁明显，胞质嗜碱性。软骨周边：细胞幼稚、扁平软骨深部：细胞成熟、卵圆形，成群存在同源细胞群：3、5成群的细胞由一个软骨细胞分裂而来。EM:与成纤维细胞相同功能：合成和分泌基质和纤维。透明软骨——细胞外间质由纤维和基质组成纤维：胶原原纤维：II型胶原蛋白基质：凝胶状。类似与疏松结缔组织；软骨陷窝、软骨囊（硫酸软骨素多）、嗜碱性无血管，水丰富纤维与基质的折光率一致软骨膜和软骨生长软骨膜：外膜：纤维多、细胞少内膜：细胞多，含有骨祖细胞。血管丰富软骨生长的两种方式软骨内生长（间质性生长）软骨膜下生长（外加生长）透明软骨Hyalinecartilage(HE)ChondrocytePerichondriumIsogenouscellgroup弹性软骨（弹性染色）Elasticcartilage纤维软骨fibrouscartilage(HE)Elasticfiber骨骨组织结构长骨骨发生骨组织结构骨质有机成分35%Largeamountofcollagenousfibers(90%)Groundsubstances:Glycosamino-glycans,proteoglycans,water.Osteonectinandosteocalcin,playaroleinmineralizationofbone.Chondroitinsulphates,phospholipids,andphosphoproteins.Bonelamella:无机成分65%Mineralsalts:Ca,P,C,andcitrate e.g.hydroxyapatite(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)informofneedleshapedcrystalsOsteoid:bonematrixbeforecalcification.骨组织细胞成分(osteocytes)OsteoblastOsteoprogenitorcellFoldingrimlamellaOsteocyteOsteoprogenitorcellindivisionOsteoclastlamella骨组织细胞成分骨祖细胞(干细胞，osteoprogenitorcell)

位于骨膜内层骨组织表面，细胞小、梭形、弱嗜碱性分化为成骨细胞。成骨细胞（Osteoblasts）骨组织表面单层排列：立方或柱状分泌骨的有机成分，即基质和纤维骨细胞（Osteocytes）埋在骨基质内.胞体坐落在骨陷窝内突起在骨小管内，与相邻小管以缝隙连接。破骨细胞（Osteoclast）由血液中的单核细胞融合而来，故多个核。类似结缔组织的巨噬细胞成骨细胞Osteoblast(LM)成骨细胞Osteoblast(EM)OsteoblastrERNucleusprocess破骨细胞Osteoclast(LM)Osteoclast破骨细胞Osteoclast(EM)mitoLysosomeFoldrim长骨结构长骨结构骨密质（Compactbone）环骨板（Circumferentiallamellae）骨单位（Harversiansystemsorosteons）间骨板（Interstitiallamellae）骨松质（Spongybone）针状和片状骨小梁（Trabeculae）：平行排列的骨板和骨细胞构成。分布于长骨骨骺和骨干的内侧面。骨外膜和骨内膜(dCT)骨外膜外层：致密纤维；内层：骨祖细胞和血管骨内膜：衬在骨髓腔面、骨小梁表面、管道内表面；由一层骨祖细胞铺衬。骨外膜

Peristeum骨内膜Endosteum密质骨(HE)外环骨板（Outercircumferentiallamellae）内环骨板（Innercircumferentiallamellae）骨单位（哈弗斯系统）Osteon&HarversiansystemOsteocyteCanaliculiCentralcanalLacunae哈弗斯系统

Harversiansystem中央管:内含血管和神经Harversian骨板:围绕着中央管同心圆排列骨细胞在骨陷窝内;突起位于骨小管OsteocyteCanaliculiCentralcanalLacunae骨发生两种形式膜内骨发生软骨内骨发生骨发生基本过程:Formation:间充质细胞骨祖细胞成骨细胞骨细胞+骨基质骨组织间充质细胞软骨雏形骨领（骨增粗）骨化中心（骨加长）膜内骨发生(HE)骨领EndochondralossificationFormationofcartilagemodelFormationofperiostealcollarPrimaryandsecondaryossificationcenterandbonemarrowcavity.BonetissueformationReservecartilagezoneProliferatingcartilagezoneCalcifiedcartilagezoneOssificationzone①Formationofcartilagemodelmesenchyme(inlimbbud)osteoprogenitorchondrocytematrixhyalinecartilage=cartilagemodelDevelopment&growthoflongbonecartilagemodel②Formationofbonecollarosteoprogenitor

(inmiddle)bonetissue(thin)=bonecollarmatrixosteoblastDevelopment&growthoflongbone③

Formationofprimarycenter&bonemarrowcavitychondrocytesapoptosis

(incenter)bonemarrowcavitybonetrabeculae&space=primarycenterbloodvessels,osteoblast,osteoclastenterDevelopment&growthoflongbonechondrocytesapoptosis

(ends)Appearanceofepiphysis&epiphysealplatebonetrabeculae&space=secondarycenterbloodvessels,osteoblast,osteoclastenter④Formationofsecondarycenter&boneepiphysisDevelopment&growthoflongbonesecondarycenterepiphysealplateStructureofepiphysealplateepiphysealplates(cartilage)grow,thenplacedbybonetissuelongbone