上海市金山区2023届高三英语二模试卷

金山区2023学年第二学期质量监控高三英语试卷〔时间120分钟，分值140分〕2023年4月I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InPartA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Foroneweek. B.Forlessthanaweek.C.Fortwoweeks. D.Hardtosay.2.A.Gotohersister’sweddingceremony. B.Stayathome.C.GotoGeorge’sbirthdayparty. D.GotoGeorge’shouse-warmingparty.3.A.50dollars. B.40dollars. C.60dollars. D.55dollars.4.A.Shefeelsboredwiththeidea. B.Shethinksballetisfunny.C.Shewillnotgowiththemananyway. D.Sheshowsinterestintheshow.5.A.Snowy. B.Sunny. C.Windy. D.Cloudy.6.A.Shehasn’tseenMonet’spaintingsfortenyears.B.Shehasn’tbeentothemuseumforlong.C.ShehasbeeninterestedinMonet’spaintingsfortenyears.D.SheusedtoownoneofMonet’spaintings.7.A.Fatheranddaughter. B.Friends. C.Husbandandwife. D.Bossandhisemployee.8.A.Themanisnotinterestedinthegamethisweekend.B.Themanisnotinterestedintheteamthatwillplaythisweekend.C.Themandoesn’twanttomentionthegame.D.Themanisnotinterestedinwatchinganygame.9.A.ShewouldseeEllenatlast.B.ShesawEllenforthelasttimenotlongago.C.ShehasmanypeopletoseebeforeEllen.D.Shewouldn’tliketoseeEllenatall.10.A.Thewomanissorryfornotbeingabletospendtheholidaywiththeman.B.Themanisabitannoyedbecausethewomandidn’ttellhimherplanforthewinterholiday.C.ThemanissorryaboutnotbeingabletogotoMalaysia.D.ThewomanisexcitedaboutspendingthewinterholidayinMalaysiawithouttheman.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.70. B.80. C.130. D.15.12.A.OnTuesdays. B.OnWednesdays.C.OnSundays. D.OnMondays.13.A.TheEnglishFamilyclub. B.Thepaintingclub.C.Thesportsclub. D.Themusicclub.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Becausetheyhaven’tasmuchinterestinfindingthecureasinspacetravel.B.Becausetherearetoomanykindsofcoldvirusesforthemtoidentify.C.Becauseitisnoteconomicaltofindacureforeachtypeofcold.D.Becausetheybelievepeoplecanrecoverwithouttreatment.15.A.Theyrevealtheseriousnessoftheproblem.B.Theyindicatehowfastthevirusspreads.C.Theytelluswhatkindofmedicinetotake.D.Theyshowourbodyisfightingthevirus.16.A.Itcanactuallydoesmoreharmthangood.B.Itcausesdamagetosomeorgansofourbody.C.Itworksbetterwhencombinedwithotherremedies.D.Ithelpsustorecovermuchsooner.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Itlaststilltoday. B.Itlastedabouttenyears.C.It’snotmentionedintheconversation. D.Itlastsforever.18.A.Thecommercialsuccessofseveralboysandgirls. B.Thefunnydailystoriesthathappenedtoagroupofclosefriends.C.HowpeopleinManhattanmadetheirliving. D.Americanculture,mainlythecoffeeculture.19.A.Italwaysreceivedpositivereviewsfromthecritics. B.Itenjoyedahighrateofwatching.C.ItwasusedasatoolforEnglishlearningallovertheworld. D.Itbecameaculturalphenomenon.20.A.Theymaygotothe“CentralPerk〞foracupofcoffee.B.Theymayopenanewcoffeeshoptogether.C.TheymaystartpracticingEnglishwitheachother.D.Theymaygotothewoman’splacetoenjoytheshow.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Iwaseighteen,summerfading,whenmyparentsdrovemetomyuniversityapartment.Itwasmyfirstapartment.___21___(walk)myparentssolemnlybacktotheircar,Inoticedthatmymotherhadtearsinhereyes.I___22___(struggle)toholdbackmyown.Suchastrongwomanwasshe___23___itwasraretoseesuchashowofemotion.Atthetime,Iwasrathersurprised.Beingtheyoungestoffivechildren,Ithoughtthatmyparentswereaccustomedto___24___(let)go.Butmaybeit’ssomethingthatnevergetsanyeasier,___25_________________manypracticeswingsyouget.Asmyparentsdroveoff,Irealizedthattheywouldreturntoanemptyhome,___26___alloftheirchildrenleavingtopursuedreamsandlivesoftheirown.Theirnest,fullofloveandjoyforsolong,wasnowempty.Relishing(向往)mynew-foundfreedom,Iconcentratedonmycollegelife.Myparentsdidtheirbesttogivemespacetolearnandgrow,evenifIneglectedtocallorvisit.Itwasatimeof“firsts,〞andatasteoffirst“lasts.〞IhaverecentlybeenplayingTravelFrog,amobilegamethathasmeemotionally___27___(influence).Inthegameyougatherresources,sendyourfrogonhisadventuresandyourpayoffis,*drumrollplease*...postcards.That’sright,postcards.Ithoughtitwasasilly,overly-simplisticgameatfirst,butthenitstartedtobringbackmemoriesfromlongago.Whilethegamelacksthenarrativedetailortheinteractivityofothergames,youhavealesson___28___(learn)fromyouritinerant(四处奔波的)“FrogSon〞.Youdonotcontrolwhenhesetsoffonhisadventures,___29___canyoubesurethatyourhardworkwilllandyouacoveted(梦寐以求的)postcard.Thisgame,however,hasemotionallyaffectedmanyplayers.They___30___(remind)oftheirparentswhorestlesslyawaittheirreturnhome,theirfamiliarvoices,theirlove.Parentssacrificealargepartofthemselvesfortheirchildren.Itisasacrificethatcanonlybepaidbackwithlove.SectionBDirections:Completethepassagewiththewordsgiveninthetable.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Thereisanextraonethatyouwillfindnousefor.A.evidenceB.significantlyC.completelyD.effectiveE.removeF.applicableG.beneficialH.environmentI.assessJ.influenceK.purifyCanIndoorPlantsReallyPurifytheAir?Plantsareveryimportanttohumanlife.Throughphotosynthesis(光合作用),theytransformcarbondioxideintofreshoxygen.Theyaresaidto___31___toxinsfromtheairwebreathe—butisthistrue?OnefamousNASAexperiment,publishedin1989,foundthatindoorplantscancleantheairbyremovingcancer-causingpollutantslikeformaldehydeandbenzene.Laterresearchhasfoundthatsoilmicro-organismsinpottedplantsalsoplayapartincleaningindoorair.Basedonthisresearch,somescientistssayhouseplantsare___32___airpurifiers,andthebiggerandleafiertheplant,thebetter.“Theamountofleafsurfaceareacan___33___therateofairpurification,〞saysBillWolverton,aformerNASAresearchscientistwhoconductedthat1989plantstudy.Otherexperts,however,saythe___34___thatplantscaneffectivelyaccomplishthisfeatisfarfromconclusive.“Therearenodefinitivestudiestoshowthathavingindoorplantscan___35___increasetheairqualityinyourhome,〞saysLuzClaudio,aprofessorofenvironmentalmedicineandpublichealthattheIcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai.There’snoquestionthatplantsarecapableofremovingvolatilechemicaltoxinsfromtheair“underlaboratoryconditions,〞accordingtoClaudio.Butintherealworld—inyourhomeorinyourofficespace—thenotionthatputtingafewplantstogethercan___36___yourairdoesn’thavemuchhardsciencetobackitup.Mostresearcheffortstodate,includingtheNASAstudy,placedindoorplantsinsmall,sealedenvironmentsinorderto___37___howmuchair-purifyingpowertheyhave.Butthosestudiesaren’treally___38___towhathappensinahouse,saysStanleyKays,aprofessorofhorticultureattheUniversityofGeorgia.Inmanycases,theairinyourhome___39___turnsover—thatis,exchangesplaceswithoutdoorair—onceeveryhour.“Inmostinstances,airexchangewiththeoutsidehasafargreatereffectonindoorairqualitythanplants,〞Kayssays.ManypeoplemaybedisappointedbywhatKayssaid,buttheprofessoralsomadeitclearthathebelieveshouseplantsare___40___—theyarenotonlypleasantlivingcompanions,butalsoprovideanumberofhealthbenefits.Studieshaveshownplantscanknockoutstressbycalmingthesympatheticnervoussystem,andcanalsomakepeoplefeelhappier.Moreresearchshowsspendingtimearoundnaturehasapositiveeffectonaperson’smoodandenergylevels.III.ReadingcomprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Whatthescientistsaresaying…Thefirstprimate(灵长目动物)clonesForthefirsttime,scientistshaveusedthetechniquethatproducedDollythesheeptoclonemonkeys.TheChineseresearcherswhoproducedthetwomacaquessaythathavingaccesstogeneticallyidenticalprimateswillbeahuge___41___tomedicalresearch.Itwillgivescientistsaclearerunderstandingofgenetic___42___byenablingthemtocompareanimalswhoareidenticalexceptforonetweakedgene;when___43___drugs,itwillmakeitpossibletoruleoutthepossibilitythatvariationsinoutcomesaredowntogenetic___44___.Butotherexpertshaveraisedahostof___45___.Thesomaticcellnucleartransfer(SCNT)techniqueinvolves___46___acellnucleustoadonatednucleus-freeeggthatisthenpromptedtodevelopintoanembryo〔胚胎〕.Although23specieshavebeenclonedinthisway,primateshaveonlybeenclonedbeforeusingalesscomplexembryo-splittingtechnique.Similartotheprocessthatcreatestwins,itcanonlyleadtoavery___47___numberofgeneticallyidenticalindividuals.SCNTcanin___48___leadtoafarlargernumberofclones,butintheChineseexperiment,thefailratewasveryhigh.Theteamimplantedscoresofembryos,butonlytwomonkeyssurvivedbeyondafewdays.___49___tothatistheconcernthatbycloningaprimatespecies,theteamhasbrokendownasignificant___50___onthewaytocloninghumans.HerbalremedydangerHerbalremediessuchasSt.John’swortandginsengmaybe___51___whenusedalongsideconventionaldrugs,reportsTheGuardian.Inareviewofmedicalliterature,researchersatStellenboschUniversityinSouthAfricafoundseveral___52___ofalternativetreatmentsappearingto___53___withprescriptiondrugs,resultinginpotentiallydangeroussideeffects.Inonecase,theautopsy(解剖)ofa55-year-oldwhodiedwhileswimmingconcludedthattheginkgobilobasupplementshehadbeentakingmayhave___54___hisanti-seizure(防止发作)medicine.Othercasesdocumentedpatientsonstatinsappearingtosuffercomplicationslinkedtoflaxseed,St.John’swortandgreentea.“Ifyouaretakingherbalremedies,youshould___55___ittoyourclinician,〞saidoneofthereport’sauthors,DrCharlesAwortwe.41.A.threat B.damage C.benefitD.potential42.A.variations B.diseasesC.structures D.factors43.A.manufacturing B.applying C.testing D.prescribing44.A.mess B.differences C.losses D.recombination45.A.concerns B.focuses C.fundsD.suspicion46.A.translating B.transferring C.connecting D.reversing47.A.magnificent B.astonishing C.limited D.accurate48.A.theory B.reality C.advance D.addition49.A.Attached B.Related C.ComparedD.Added50.A.access B.keyC.barrier D.contribution51.A.harmful B.useful C.helpful D.purposeful52.A.methods B.figures C.problems D.instances53.A.deal B.interact C.mixD.identify54.A.putforward B.movedup C.helddown D.carriedon55.A.claim B.avoidC.classify D.mentionSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Curefortiredness?Stayinguplateisapotentialbattlebetweenparentsandkids.Butthesolutioncouldbeassimpleaschangingyourmealtime.ResearchersattheUniversityofSurry,UK,foundthatdelayingmealscouldhelpchangeoneoftheinternalbodyclocks.Besidesa“master〞clockinthebrain,thereareclocksinotherpartsofthebody.Theyareusuallysynchronizedaccordingtofactorsincludinglight.Duringthestudy,researcherstested10participantstoexaminetheeffectofchangingmealtimesontheirbodyclocks.Theparticipantsweregiventhreemeals–breakfast,lunchanddinner.Inthefirststage,participantsreceivedbreakfast30minutesafterwaking.Lunchanddinnerfollowed,after5-hourintervals.Inthesecondstage,eachmealwasdelayedby5hours.Rightaftereachstage,bloodandfatsampleswerecollected.Resultsshowedthatlatermealtimesgreatlyinfluencedbloodsugarlevels.A5-hourdelayinmealtimescauseda5-hourdelayintheinternalbloodsugarrhythms.Thediscoveryshowedthatmealtimesareinlinewiththebodyclockthatcontrolsbloodsugarlevels.Thisisasmallstudybuttheresearchersbelievethefindingscouldhelpjetlagsufferersandnight-shiftworkers.InastudybytheUniversityofSurreyin2023,researchersexploredwhathappenedwhenaperson’sbodywaschangedfromanormalpatterntothatofanight-shiftworker’s.Afterpeopleworkthroughthenight,over97percentofthebody’srhythmicgenesaredisrupted.Thesefindingsexplainwhywefeelsobadfollowingalongflight,orafterworkingatnight,accordingtoSimonArcher,oneofthestudy’sresearchers.“It’slikelivinginahouse.There’saclockineveryroominthehouseandinallofthoseroomsthoseclocksarenowdisrupted,whichofcourseleadstochaosinthehousehold,〞fellowresearcherDerkJanDijktoldtheBBC.Changingmealtimesdidn’taffectthe“master〞bodyclock–theonecontrollingwhenwegetsleepy–butitcanresetthebodyclockthatcontrolsbloodsugarlevels.Thiswouldn’tnecessarilycurejetlagcompletely,butitmightreducethenegativeeffects.Astudypublishedearlierthisyearsuggestedthatjustaweekendcampingtripcouldbeenoughtoresetourbodyclocks.Andnowthislatestresearchshowsregularfoodschedulescouldplayakeyparttoo.56.WhatdidresearchersattheUniversityofSurreyfindfromtheirnewstudy?A.Connectionsbetweenthe“master〞clockandclocksinotherpartsofthebody.B.Changingmealtimescanbeenoughtoresetoneofourbodyclocks.C.Adelayinmealtimescausesanirregularchangeinbloodsugarrhythms.D.Bloodsugarlevelsareaffectedbywhenweeatratherthanbyourinternalclocks.57.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutthenewstudy,accordingtothearticle?A.Theintervalbetweeneachmealbeinggivenwasdifferent.B.Bloodandfatsamplesofthetwogroupsofparticipantswerecollected.C.Participantswereaskedtoreporttheirfeelingsaftereachstage.D.Eachmealwasservedfivehourslaterduringthesecondstage.58.WhatcanwelearnfromthestudybyresearchersattheUniversityofSurreyfrom2023?A.Allourbody’sgeneswouldbedisruptedifweworkedthroughthenight.B.Ourgenesoftenbecomelessactiveafteralongflightornightofwork.C.Thedisruptionofonegenecouldleadtothedisruptionofothergenes.D.Adisruptiontothebody’srhythmicgenescancausepeopletofeelbad.59.Accordingtothearticle,______.A.it’simpossibletoreducethenegativeeffectscausedbyjetlagornightworkB.thereismorethanonewaytoresetbodyclocksC.the“master〞bodyclockcontrolsalltheotherbodyclocksD.achangeinmealtimescanresetthe“master〞bodyclock(B)CanadaApprentice(学徒)LoanBasicsTheCanadaApprenticeLoanisavailabletohelpregisteredRedSealapprenticescoverthecostoftheirtraining.Whatyouneedtoknow●TheGovernmentofCanadaoffersapprenticesregisteredinaRedSealTradeapprenticeshipprogramupto$4,000perperiodoftechnicaltraining.●YoucangetCanadaApprenticeLoansforupto5periodsoftechnicaltraining.●Yourloanwillbeinterest-freeforupto6yearsaslongasyouareconfirmedasbeingregisteredinaRedSealTradeapprenticeshipprogram.●Youdonothavetomakeanyloanpaymentsaslongasyourloanisininterest-freestatus.Eligibility〔资格〕Tobeeligible,youmustmeetallofthesecriteria：●beaCanadianCitizen,PermanentResident,orProtectedPerson；●beregisteredinaRedSealTradeapprenticeshipprogramthatisdesignatedbytheprovinceorterritorywhereyouareregisteredasanapprentice；●beenrolledinblockreleasetechnicaltrainingortheequivalentfulltimetechnicaltrainingwithanapprovedtechnicaltrainingprovider;●passacreditcheck(requiredifyouareapplyingforthefirsttime)．Youarenoteligibleifyou：●areahighschoolstudent；●areanapprenticeregisteredintheprovinceofQuebec；●arereceivingaCanadaStudentLoanforthesametechnicaltraining；●havebeentoldthatyouarerestrictedfromreceivingaCanadaApprenticeLoanoraCanadaStudentLoan；●havealreadyreceivedfundingfor5periodsoftechnicaltraining；●havealreadyreceived6yearsofinterest-freestatus.60.WhowillfailtogetCanadaApprenticeLoansaccordingtothepassage?A.AnapprenticewhousedtostudyintheprovinceofQuebec.B.AnapprenticewhogottheCanadianCitizenshipthreeyearsago.C.Anapprenticewhoislookingforanapprovedtechnicaltrainingprovider.D.Anapprenticewhohasbeenfundedfortechnicaltrainingthreetimes.61.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFalseaccordingtothepassage?A.Youcangettheloanwithoutpayingtheinterest.B.Youcantotallygettheloanof$20,000in5periods.C.YoushouldberegisteredinaRedSealTradeapprenticeshipprogram.D.Youhavetomakesomeloanpaymenteventhoughyourloanisininterest-freestatus.62.Thepurposeofthepassageisintendedto________．A.promotethebusinessofCanadianbanksB.helpstudentsinneedcompletetheirstudiesC.recruitmoreapprenticesforCanadiancompaniesD.provideapprenticeswithfundtoreceivetechnicaltraining(C)Thebattleforwomen’srighttovoteOnehundredyearsago,Britishwomenweregiventhevoteforthefirsttime.Howdiditcomeabout?Thefirstappealsforwomen’srighttovoteinBritaindatefromtheearly19thcentury.In1818,inhisPlanofParliamentaryReform,JeremyBenthaminsistedthatwomenshouldbegiventhevote.Womenatthetimehadnopoliticalrightsatall–theyweredeemedtoberepresentedbytheirhusbandsorfathers.Theoldargumentsprevailed.Women,itwassaid,werementallylessablethanmen;their“naturalsphere〞wasinthehome;theywereunabletofightfortheircountry,andthusundeservingoffullrights;moreover,theysimplydidn’twantthevote.Thiswasatleastpartlytrue.“Ihaveneverfeltthewantofavote,〞declaredFlorenceNightingalein1867,whileQueenVictoriacondemnedthe“mad,wickedfollyofwomen’srights〞.EvenGeorgeEliotwasreluctanttobackthecause.Itwasn’tuntilthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturythatthefirstcampaigningwomen’sgroupswereformed.Initiallytheyfocusedonthelackofeducation,employmentopportunitiesandlegalrightsforwomen(marriedwomen,atthetime,hadnoindependentlegalstanding);butthequestionofthevotegraduallybecamecentraltotheirdemands–bothsymbolically,asarecognitionofwomen’srights,andpractically,asameansofimprovingwomen’slives.However,thewomen’scampaigningwasstillasubjectofdebate.Whilemosthistoriansagreethatthecampaignswereinitiallyveryeffectiveinmobilizingwomenandhighlightinginjustices,aseriesofmassprocessionsfollowed;morethan250,000womenprotestedinHydeParkin1908.Manywerearrestedandill-treated;prisonerswhowentonhungerstrikewerebrutallyforce-fed.Overtimetheybecamesteadilymoremilitant–smashingshopwindows,settingfiretoletterboxes,librariesandevenhomes.ThePM,HerbertAsquith,anopponentofwomen’svotes,wasattackedwithadogwhip.Suchuseofviolencewasthought,certainlyatthetime,tohavebeenunfavorable.WiththesacrificesoftheFirstWorldWarstrengtheningsupportforwideningtherighttovotegenerally,womensuspendedcampaigning.Morethanamillionwomenwerenewlyemployedoutsidethehome--inmunitions(军需品)factories,engineeringworks.Crucially,AsquithwasreplacedasPMbyDavidLloydGeorge,asupporterofvotesforwomen.TheRepresentationofthePeopleAct1918wasintroducedbythecoalitiongovernmentandpassedbyamajorityof385to55,gainingtheRoyalAssenton6February1918.Womenover30,whowerehouseholdersormarriedtoone,oruniversitygraduates,weregiventhevote.63.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhywomenwerenotqualifiedtovote?A.Womenweresupposedtodohouseworkandservetheirhusbands.B.Womenweretooweaktofightagainstenemies.C.Womenhadalreadyenjoyedmanypoliticalrights.D.Womenwerenotasintelligentasmen.64.Accordingtothepassage,whydidwomen’scampaigningarousedebate?A.Becauseitfailedtomobilizewomenandemphasizeinjustices.B.Becausewomenwereputinprisonandabusedduringtheprotest.C.Becausemostwomendidn’twantthevote.D.Becausealltheemotionalbehaviorswereregardedasimproper.65.Theword“militant〞(inLine5,Para.4)probablyrefersto______________.A.imposing. B.extreme. C.negative. D.obedient.66.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Womenstoppedprotestingfortheirvotebecausetheywereofferedmorejobopportunities.B.ThePM,HerbertAsquith,anopponentofwomen’svotes,committedsuicide.C.Thefirstcampaigningwomengroupswereformedoriginallyforthesakeoflegalrights.D.AllwomencanenjoytheirrighttovotesincetheintroductionofPeopleAct.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Ifweseealinemovingfaster,wemightswitchwithouthavingenoughextrainformation.B.Aboutoneinfivepeoplegrewimpatientatthebackofthequeueandswitchedtotheotherlineinthehopeofspeedingthingsup.C.Doyouholdyournerveandstayput,switchtoanotherlineinthehopeitmovesfaster,orgiveupaltogether?D.Basedonhisstudy,Buellsayspeopleshouldthinkhardaboutswitchingqueueswhentheyarethelastinaline.E.Inanunpublishedworkingpaperontheresearch,Buellnotesthatpeopletendtofeelunhappiestatthebackofaqueueforthefirst10secondsorso.F.Althoughthenumberofpeoplebehindyouhasnothingtodowithhowlongyouaregoingtowait,itshapesyourbehavior.Nooneenjoysthemoment.Youarestuckatthebackofaqueueandasthoseinotherlinesmoveaheadandgetserved,thetimetodecidearrives.____67____ThisquestionhasnowbeensolvedbyresearchersatHarvardBusinessSchool.Accordingtowhattheyhavefoundinanewstudy,theysuggestpeoplethinktwicebeforeswitchingqueues.TheresearchwasledbyRyanBuell,anexpertinservicemanagement.Helookedintoconsumerqueuingbehaviorafterworkingwitheconomistsonwhatisknownas“last-placeaversion,〞thediscomfortpeoplefeelwhentheyknowtheyearnlessthanothersorconsiderthemselvesatthebottomofthesocialpileforsomeotherreason.Asaresultofthisaversiontobeingthelast,whenapersonfindshimselfattheendofaqueue,hecanmakedecisionsthathewilllaterregret.Buellbeganbyobservingpeopleatamulti-checkoutgrocerystoreandthensetupanonlinesurvey.Peoplewhotookpartinthesurveyweretolditwouldtakeaboutfiveminutes.Inreality,ittookonlyoneminute,butwhenparticipantsloggedinforthesurvey,theywereforcedtowaitinavirtualqueuedisplayedonthescreen.Theystartedatthebackandcouldwait,switchtoasecondqueueorchoosetoleave.____68____Onaverage,however,thosewhoswitchedwaited10percentlongerthaniftheyhadstayedput.Thosewhoswitchedtwiceendedupwaiting67percentlongerthaniftheyhadnevermoved.“Whenwejoinaqueue,wetendtomakethemostrationalchoicewecan,whichmeansjoiningtheshortestqueue.____69____Unfortunately,wecanoftengetitwrong,〞saidBuell.____70____Afterthat,theaversionfades.Theresearchersuggestspeoplehaveachatwiththepersoninfrontsothattheycanpassthetimemorecomfortablyuntilsomeoneelsejoinsbehindthem.“Rememberthatthep