2022考研英语真题：英语一真题

2021考研英语真题：英语一真题

完整版

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related〞asfourth

cousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfrom

theUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsof

theNationalAcademyofSciences,has__(2)_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)__1,932unique

subjectswhich__(4)__pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.

Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.

While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,

professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledo

noteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriends

thepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.〞

Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingshared

infriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmell

genesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,it

drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(11)_it.Therecould

bemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggenetically

similarfriends_(13)_〞functionalKinship〞ofbeingfriends

with_(14)_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenes

seemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscould

help_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,with

socialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s_(18)_tobefriendthose

ofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthe

subjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewas

takento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfrom

thesamepopulation.

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]s[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]

disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethe

monarchy’sworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph

4?

[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear〞becauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

TEXT2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?The

SupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontents

ofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundaperson

duringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,

particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmay

searchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.

Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsof

newandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’s

advice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothat

thejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyers

anddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthat

exploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigital

informationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourt

hasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygo

throughthewalletorporcketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.But

exploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.A

smartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,

medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.The

developmentof“cloudcomputing.〞meanwhile,hasmadethatexploration

somuchtheeasier.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.

New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsofthe

Constitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparesthe

explosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcentury

withtheestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflife

inthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonal

domainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth

Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,it

islegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentis

comparableto

[A]gettingintoone’sresidence.

[B]handingone’shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone’scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone’swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens’privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

30.OrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

(C)California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalchecks

toitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannounced

today.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,after

widespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributing

totheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinour

journal,〞writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican

StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoa

statisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbeflaggedup

foradditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyits

existingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.The

SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanus.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNutt

said:“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcerns

broadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisin

scientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincrease

reproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.〞

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolof

PublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboard

to“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.〞Heagreedtojoinbecausehe

“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,

uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonly

bethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythrougha

largergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproach

afterScience.〞

31、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32、Thephrase“flaggedup〞(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33、GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoRE

may

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseScience’scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

34、DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchers’worklosd.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’Desks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe

“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions〞

Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptance

thattheonly“sortingmechanism〞insocietyshouldbeprofitandthe

market.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesociety

wewant,notprofit〞.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“It’sincreasinglyapparent

thattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,media

orbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalism

andfreedom.〞Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies

suchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythat

itwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes–findingguiltyones-editorofthe

NewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,and

findinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge

–thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalists

areknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishacking

onanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,theman

hiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphone

hacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythe

factofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrial

tookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekah

Brooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughtto

askandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.The

coreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday’sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell—paidexecutives

shouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthatthey

runperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,the

collectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshould

beprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,

shareholdervalue,business–friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impact

and,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeen

justicefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereader

understandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommon

humanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.

MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalists

gottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—nor

receivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies’financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks’sdeference

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcote

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofit

intoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonot

fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthe

senseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingout

relationshipsbetweenthemdrawingonyourimplicitknowledgeof

Englishgrammar.(41)________Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,

forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventis

involved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsof

comprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassive

assimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.

Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)_________

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesame

trackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofan

absolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedfor

accuracy,orsometimelessrelationoftexttotheworld.(43)_________

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)_______

Thisdoesn`t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeoreven

pointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,

placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadings

ofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewith

fundamentalhumanconcerns--debatesabouttextscanplayanimportant

roleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticular

interestinreadingit,(45)________Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-as

othersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringan

implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn`t

thennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvanced

ormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreading

informeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforand

counterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereading

componentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurrounding

textualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythat

fulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?

Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedare

likelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,our

gender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertain

interpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,

usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill

becomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesas

wellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffects

thatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemight

betheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferencesthatformthebasisofapersonal

responseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearly

eighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—oneofthegreatfolk

wanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thismovement,

drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofa

wildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofan

unchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-the

immigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,and

nationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodified

thesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,

Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattempted

totransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,the

interplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheer

difficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcaused

significant