托福TPO4套听力真题(文本)

XasJVJaXasJVJa小马过河国际教育wwwxiaornacom maomain(zemacLionaLenucation全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267IXaUVh小马过河国际教育IXaUVh小马过河国际教育同股macomImaomaintemaoona(_Anura^ion全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267冏冏XsdV|«小马过河国际教育wuvwxi^n maomaintLemacLiona^Anucsnon全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267www.xiaornacom托福TPO套听力真题（文本）小马过河为大家准备了“托福TPO套听力真题（文本）”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话： 400-0123-267。TPO-4TPO04—ListeningPartConversationNarratorListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandalibrarian.LibrarianCanIhelpyou?StudentYeah,Ineedtofindareview.It'sformyEnglishclass.Wehavetofindreviews oftheplaywearereading.Buttheyhavetobefromwhentheplaywasfirstperformed,soIneedtoknowwhenthatwasandIsupposeIshouldstartwith newspaperreviewsand…LibrarianContemporaryreviews.StudentSorry?LibrarianYouwantcontemporaryreviews.What'sthenameoftheplay?StudentIt'sHappyStrangers.Itwaswrittenin1962andwearesupposedtowrite

aboutitsinfluenceonAmericantheatreandshowwhyitsbeensoimportant.Librariansbeensoimportant.Well,thatcertainlyexplainswhyyourprofessorwantsyoutoreadsomeofthoseoldreviews.Thecritiquesreallytoretheplaytopieceswhenitopened.It'ssocontroversial.Nobodyhadeverseenanythinglikeitonthestage.StudentReally?Isthatabigdeal?LibrarianOh,sure.Ofcoursethecritiques'reactionmadesomepeoplekindofcuriousaboutit.Theywantedtoseewhat'scausingallthefuss.Infact,wewer eonvacationinNewYork.Oh,Ihadtobe,eh,around16orso,andmyparentstookmetoseeit.Thatwould'vebeenabout1965.StudentSothatwastheyearpremier,great,buteh,newspaperfrombackthenwerenonline,so,howdoILibrarianWell,wehavecopiesofallthenewspapersinthebasement,andallthemajorpaperspublishreferenceguidestotheirarticlesreviews,etc.Youwillfindtheminthereferencestacksintheback.ButIstartwith1964,soIthinktheplayhadbeenrunningforalittlewhilewhenIsawit.StudentHowdoyoulikeit?Imeanjusttwocharactersonthestagehangingaroundandbasicallydoingnothing.LibrarianWell,Iwasimpressed.Theactorswerefamous,andbesidesitwasmyfirsttimeinarealtheatre.Butyouareright.Itwasdefinitelydifferentfrommanyplaysthatwereadinhighschool.Ofcourse,inasmalltowntheassignmentsareprettytraditional.StudentYeah,I'veonlyreaditbutitdoesn'tseemlikeitwouldbemuchfuntowatch.Thestorydoesn'tprogressinanysortoflogicalmatter,doesn 'thaverealendingeither,juststops.Honestly,youknow,Ithoughtitwaskindofslowandboring.LibrarianOh,wellIguessyoumightthinkthat.ButwhenIsawitbackthenitwasanythingbutboring.Somepartswerereallyfunny,butIremembercryingtoo.ButI'mnotsurejustreadingit.Youknow,they 'vedonethisplayatleastonceoncampus.I'msurethereisatapeoftheplayinourvideolibrary.Youmightwanttoborrowit.StudentThat'sagoodidea.I'llhaveabetterideaofwhatIreallythinkofitbeforeIreadthosereviews.Librarian

I'msureyouwillbesurprisedthatanyoneeverfounditradical.Butyouwillseewhyitisstillpowerful,dramaticallyspeaking.'thaveassignedit.Student'thaveassignedit.Yeah,itmustbesomethingaboutit,ortheprofessorwouldnI'msureI'llfigureitout.LectureNarratorListentopartofalectureinabiologyclass.Theclassisdiscussinganimalbehavior.ProfessorOk,thenextkindofanimalbehaviorIwanttotalkaboutmightbefamiliartoyou.Youmayhaveseen,forexample,abirdthat'sinthemiddleofamatingritual,andsuddenlyitstopsandpreens,youknow,takesafewmomentstostraightenitsfeathers,andthenreturnstothematingritual.Thiskindofbehavior,thisdoingsomethingthatseemscompletelyoutofplace,iswhatwecalla"DisplacementActivity'.Displacementactivitiesareactivitiesthatanimal'sengaginginwhentheyhaveconflictingdrives.Ifwetakeour examplefromaminuteago,ifthebirdisafraidofitsmate,it 'sconflicted.Itwantstomatebutit'salsoafraidandwantstorunaway.So,instead,itstartsgroomingitself.So,thedisplacementactivity,thegrooming,thestraighteningofitsfeathers,seemstobeanirrelevantbehavior.So,whatdoyouthinkanother

exampleofadisplacementactivitymightbe?KarlHowaboutananimalthat,um,insteadoffightingitsenemyorrunningaway,itattacksaplantorabush?ProfessorThat'sreallygoodsuggestion,Karl.Butthatscalled "redirecting '.TheanimalisThat'sreallygoodsuggestion,Karl.Butthatscalled "redirecting '.Theanimalisredirectingitsbehaviortoanotherobject,inthiscase,theplantorthebush.tmakesenseButthat'snotanirrelevantorinappropriatebehavior.Thebehaviormakestmakesenseistheobjectthebehaviorsense.It'sappropriateunderthecircumstances.Butwhatdoesnistheobjectthebehavior'sdirectedtowards.Ok,whoelse?Carol?CarolIthinkIreadinanotherclassaboutanexperimentwhereanobjectthattheanimalwasafraidofwasputnexttoitsfood —nexttotheanimal'sfood.Andtheanimal,itwasconflictedbetweenconfrontingtheobjectandeatingthefood,soinstead,itjustfellasleep.Likethat?ProfessorThat'sexactlywhatImean.Displacementoccursbecausetheanimal'sgottwoconflictingdrives—twocompetingurges,inthiscase,fearandhunger.Andwhathappensis,theyinhibiteachother,theycanceleachotheroutinawayandathirdseeminglyirrelevantbehaviorsurfacesthroughaprocessthatwecallDisinhibition'.Nowindisinhibition, thebasicideaisthattwodrivesthatseemtoinhibit,toholdback,athirddrive.Or,well,they 'regettinginawayofIXaUVh小马过河国际教育IXaUVh小马过河国际教育同股macomImaomaintemaoona(_Anura^ion全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267IXaUVh小马过河国际教育IXaUVh小马过河国际教育同股macomImaomaintemaoona(_Anura^ion全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267eachina•••inaconflictsituationandsomehowlosecontrol,losetheirinhibitingeffectonthatthirdbehavior,whichmeansthatthethirddrivesurfaces,it'sexpressedintheanimal'sbehavior.Now,thesedisplacementactivitiescanincludefeeding,drinking,grooming,evensleeping.Thesearewhatwecall 'ComfortBehavior'.Sowhydoyouthinkdisplacementactivitiesaresooftencomfortbehaviors,suchasgrooming?KarlMaybebecauseit'seasyforthemtodo?Imean,groomingislikeoneofthemostaccessiblethingsananimalcando.It'ssomethingtheydoallthetime,andtheyhavethestimulusrightthereontheoutsideoftheirbodiesinordertodothegrooming,oriffoodisrightinfrontofthem.Basically,theydonthavetothinkverymuchaboutthosebehaviors.CarolProfessor,isn'titpossiblethatanimalsgroombecausethey'vegotmessedupalittlefromfightalittlefromfightingormating?Imeanifabird'sfeathersgetruffledorananimal'sfur,maybeit'snotsostrangeforthemtostopandtidythemselvesupatthatpoint.ProfessorThat'sanotherpossiblereasonalthoughitdoesntnecessarilyexplainotherbehaviorssuchaseating,drinkingorsleeping.What'sinterestingisthatstudieshavebeendonethatsuggestthattheanimal'senvironmentmayplayapartindeterminingwhatkindofbehavioritdisplays.Forexample,therebird,the'woodthrush',anyway,whenthe'woodthrush'isinanattack-escapeconflict,thatis,it'scaughtbetweenthetwourgestoescapefromortoattackanenemy,ifit'ssittingonahorizontalbranch,it'llwipeitsbeakonitsperch.Ifit'ssittingonaverticalbranch,itllgroomitsbreastfeathers.Theimmediateenvironmentofthebird,itsimmediate,um,itsrelationshiptoitsimmediateenvironmentseemstoplayapartinwhichbehaviorwilldisplay.LectureNarratorListentopartofalectureinaliteratureclass.ProfessorAllright,soletmeclosetoday'sclasswithsomethoughtstokeepinmindwhileyouaredoingtonight'sassignment.YouwillbereadingoneofRalphWaldoEmerson'sbest-knownessays'Self-Reliance'andcomparingitwithhispoemsandotherworks.Ithinkthisessayhasthepotentialtobequitemeaningfulforallofyouasyoungpeoplewhoprobablywonderaboutthingsliketruthandwhereyourlivesaregoing-allsortsofprofoundquestions.KnowingsomethingaboutEmerson'sphilosophieswillhelpyouwhenyouread'Self-Reliance'.Andbasically,oneofthemainbeliefsthathehadwasabouttruth.Notthatit'ssomethingthatwecanbetaught,Emersonsaysit'sfoundwithinourselves.Sothistruth,theideathatit 'sineachoneofus,isoneofthefirstpointsthatyou'llseeEmerson**inthisessay.It 'sabitabstractbuthe'sveryinto …ah…intoeachpersonbelievinghisorherownthought,believinginyourself,thethoughtorconvictionthat 'strueforyou.Butactually,hetiesthatinwithasortof universaltruth' -somethingthateveryoneknowsbutdoesn'trealizetheyknow.Mostofusaren'tintouchwithourselvesinaway,sowejustaren'tcapableofrecognizingprofoundtruth.Ittakesgeniuses,peoplelike,say,Shakespeare,who'reuniquebecausewhentheyhaveaglimpseatthistruth,thisuniversaltruth,theypayattentiontoitandexpressitanddon'tjustdismissitlikemostpeopledo.SoEmersonisreallyintoeachindividualbelievinginandtrustinghimorherself.You'llseethathewritesabout,well,first,conformity.Hecriticizesthatpeopleofhistimeforabandoningtheirownmindsandtheirownwillsforthesakeofconformityandconsistency.Theytrytofitinwiththerestoftheworldeventhoughit'satoddswiththeirbeliefsandtheiridentities.Therefore,it 'sbesttobeanon-conformist—todoyourownthing,notworryingaboutwhatotherpeoplethink.That'sanimportantpoint.Hereallydrivesthisargumenthomethroughouttheessay.Whenyouarereading,Iwantyoutothinkaboutthatandwhythatkindofthoughtwouldberelevanttothereadersofhistime.Rememberthisis1838,'Self-Reliance'wasanovelideaatthetimeandtheUnitedState 'scitizenswerelesssecureaboutthemselvesasindividualsandasAmericans.Thecountryasawholewastryingtodefineitself.Emersonwantedtogivepeople

kisdefinitelyasrelevantsomethingtoreallythinkabout,helpthemfindtheirownwayandwhatitmeantkisdefinitelyasrelevanttobewhotheywere.Sothat'ssomethingthatIthintodayasitwasthen,probably,um,especiallyamongyoungadultslikeyourselves,youknow,uh,collegebeingatimetosortofreallythinkaboutwhoyouareandwhereyou'regoing.NowwealreadysaidthatEmersonreallyemphasizesnon-conformity,right,asawaytosortofnotloseyourownselfandidentityintheworld,tohaveyourowntruthandnotbeafraidtolistentoit.Well,hetakesthisastepfurther.Notconformingalsomeans,uh,notconformingwithyourselforyourpast.Whatdoesthatmean?Well,ifyou'vealwaysbeenacertainwayordoneacertainthing,butit'snotworkingforyouanymore,oryou'renotcontent,Emersonsaysthatit'dbefoolishtobeconsistentevenwithourownpast. 'Focusont hefuture,'hesays,"That'swhatmattersmore.Inconsistency isgood."Hetalksaboutaship'svoyageandthisisoneofthemostfamousbitsoftheessay-howthebestvoyageismadeupofzigzaglines.Upclose,itseemsalittleallovertheplace,butfromfartheraway,thetruepathshowsandintheenditjustifiesalltheturnsalongtheway.So,don 'tworryifyouarenotsurewhereyou'reheadedorwhatyourlong-termgoalsare.Staytruetoyourselfandit'llmakesenseintheend.Imean,Icanat testtothat.BeforeIwasaliteratureprofessor,Iwasanaccountant.Beforethat,Iwasanewspaperreporter.MylifeistakingsomeprettyinterestingturnsandhereIam,veryhappywithmyexperiencesandwherethey'vebroughtme.Ifyourelyon

yourselfandtrustyourowntalents,yourowninterest,don'tworry,yourpathwillmakesenseintheend.'tworry,yourpathConversationNarratorListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofessor.ProfessorHey,Jane,youlooklikeyouareinahurry.StudentYeah,thingsarealittlecrazy.ProfessorOhyeah?What'sgoingon?Oh,it'snothing.Well,sinceit'syourclass,Iguessit'sOK.It's,it'sjustIamStudenthavingtroublewithmygroupproject.Oh,it'snothing.Well,sinceit'syourclass,Iguessit'sOK.It's,it'sjustIamProfessorAh,yes,duenextweek.What'syourgroupdoingagain?StudentIt'saboutUnitedStatesSupremeCourtDecisions.Wearelookingattheimpactofrecentcasesonpropertyrights,municipallandusecases,owningdisputes.ProfessorXasJVJaXasJVJa小马过河国际教育wwwxiaornacom maomain(zemacLionaLenucation全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267XasJVJaXasJVJa小马过河国际教育wwwxiaornacom maomain(zemacLionaLenucation全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267Right,OK.Andit'snotgoingwell?StudentNotreally.I'mworriedaboutothertwopeopleinmygroup.Theyarejustsittingback,notreallydoingtheirfairshareoftheworkandwaitingforanA.It 'skindofstressingmeout,becausewearegettingclosetothedeadlineandIfeellikeI'mdoingeverythingforthisproject.ProfessorAh,thegoodoldfreewriterproblem.StudentFreewriter?ProfessorAh,it'sjustatermthatdescribesthissituation,whenpeopleinthegroupseektogetthebenefitsofbeinginagroupwithoutcontributingtothework.Anyway,whatexactlydoyoumeanwhenyousaytheyjustsitback?Imean,they 'vebeenfollowingtheweeklyprogressrepotswithme.StudentYes,butIfeellikeI'mdoing90%ofthework.Ihatetosoundson egativehere,buthonestly,theyaretakingcreditforthingstheyshouldn 'ttakecreditfor.Likelastweekinthelibrary,wedecidedtosplituptheresearchinto3partsandeachofuswassupposedtofindsourcesinthelibraryforourparts.Iwentofftothestackandfoundsomereallygoodmaterialformypart,butwhenIgotbacktoourtable,theywerejustgoofingoffandtalking.SoIwentandgotmaterialsfortheirsectionsaswell.ProfessorUmyouknowyoushouldn'tdothat.StudentIknow,butIdidn'twanttorisktheprojectgoingdownthedrain.ProfessorIknowTeresaandKevin.Ihadbothofthemonothercourses.So,I 'mfamiliarwiththeworkandworkhabits.StudentIknow,metoo.That'swhythishasreallysurprisedme.ProfessorDoyou-doesyourgrouplikeyourtopic?StudentWell,IthinkwSdallratherfocusoncasesthatdealwithpersonalliberties,questionsaboutfreedomofspeech,thingslikethat.ButIchosepropertyrights.ProfessorYouchosethetopic?StudentYeah,Ithoughtitwouldbegoodforus,allofustotrysomethingnew.ProfessorUmmaybethat'spartoftheproblem.MaybeTeresaandKevinaren'tthatIXaUVh小马过河国际教育IXaUVh小马过河国际教育同股macomImaomaintemaoona(_Anura^ion全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267IXaUVh小马过河国际教育IXaUVh小马过河国际教育同股macomImaomaintemaoona(_Anura^ion全国免费咨询电话：全国免费咨询电话：400-0123-267excitedaboutthetopic?Andsinceyoupickedit,haveyouthought•••talktothematallaboutpickingadifferenttopic?•••talktoStudentButwe'vegotallthesourcesanditsduenextweek.Wedon'thavetimetoButwe'vegotallthesourcesanditstartfromscratch.ProfessorOK,IwillletyougocauseIknowyouaresobusy.Butyoumightconsidertalkingtoyourgroupaboutyourtopicchoice.StudentIwillthinkaboutit.Gottorun,seeyouinclass.LectureNarratorListentopartofalectureinageologyclass.ProfessorNowwevegotafewminutesbeforeweleavefortoday.SoI 'lljusttouchonaninterestingsubjectthatIthinkmakesanimportantpoint.We 'vebeencoveringrocksanddifferenttypesofrocksforthelastseveralweeks.Butnextweekwearegoingtodosomethingabitdifferent.AndtogetstartedIthoughtI 'dmentionsomethingthatshowshowuh-asageologist,youneedtoknowaboutmorethanjustrocksandthestructureofsolidmatter,movingrocks,youmayhaveheardaboutthem.It'squiteamystery.Deathvalleyisthisdesertplane,adrylakebedinCaliforniasurroundedbymountainsandonthedesertfloorthesehugerocks,someofthemhundredsofpounds.Andtheymove.Theyleavelongtrailsbehindthem,tracksyoumightsayastheymovefromonepointtoanother.Butnobodyhasbeenabletofigureouthowtheyaremovingbecausenoonehaseverseenithappen.Nowtherearealotoftheories,butallweknowforsureisthatpeoplearen 'tmovingtherocks.Therearenofootprints,notyretracksandnoheavymachinerylikeabulldozer ••-uh,nothingwaseverbroughtintomovetheseheavyrocks.Sowhat'sgoingon?TheoryNO.1 -Wind?Someresearchersthinkpowerfuluh-windstormsmightmovetherocks.Mostoftherocksmoveinthesamedirectionasthedominantwindpatternfromsouthwesttonortheast.Butsome,andthisisinteresting,movestraightwestwhilesomezigzagorevenmoveinlargecircles.UmHowcanthatbe?Howaboutwindcombinedwithrain?Thegroundofthisdesertismadeofclay.It'sadesert,soit'sdry.Butwhenthereistheoccasionalrain,theclaygroundbecomesextremelyslippery.It'shardforanyonetostandon,walkon.Somescientiststheorizedthatperhapswhenthegroundisslipperythehighwindscanthenmovetherocks.There 'saproblemwiththistheory.Oneteamofscientistsfloodedanareaofthedesertwithwater,thentrytoestablishhowmuchwindforcewouldbenecessarytomovetherocks.Andguessthis,youneedwindsofatleastfivehundredmilesanhourtomovejustthesmallestrocks.Andwindsthatstronghaveneverbeenrecorded.Ever!Notonthisplanet.SoIthinkit'ssafetosaythatthatissueshasbeensettled.Hereisanotherpossibilityice.It'spossiblethatrainonthedesertfloorcouldturntothinsheetsoficewhentemperaturesdropatnight.Soifrocks•••uhbecomi ngbetterthanice,uh…OK,couldapieceoficewithrocksinitbepushedaroundbythewind?Butthere'saproblemwiththistheory,too.Rockstrappedinicetogetherwouldhavemovedtogetherwhentheicemoved.Butthatdoesnalwayshappen.Therocksseemtotakeseparateroutes.Thereareafewothertheories.Maybethegroundvibrates,ormaybethegrounditselfisshifting,tilting.Maybetherocksaremovedbyamagneticforce.Butsadlyalltheseideashavebeeneliminatedaspossibilities.There'sjustnoevidence.Ibetyouaresayingtoyourselfwell,whydon'tscientistsjustsetupvideocamerastorecordwhatactuallyhappens?Thingisthisisaprotectivewildernessarea.Sobylawthattypeofresearchisn'tallowed.Besides,inpowerfulwindstorms,sensitivecameraequipmentwouldbedestroyed.Sowhycan'tresearchersjustlivethereforawhileuntiltheyobservetherocksmoving?Samereason.Sowherearewenow?Well,rightnowwestilldon'thaveanyanswers.Soallthisleadsbacktomymainpoint一youneedtoknowaboutmorethanjustrocksasgeologists.Theresearchersstudyingmovingrocks,well,theycombinetheirknowledgeofrockswithknowledgeofwind,iceandsuch …umnotsuccessfully,notyet.Butyouknow,theywouldevenhavebeenabletogetstartedwithoutuh•••earthscienceunderstanding—knowledgeaboutwind,storms,youknow,meteorology.Youneedtounderstandphysics.SoforseveralweekslikeIsaidwe'llbeaddressinggeologyfromawiderprospective.Iguessthat'sallfortoday.Seeyounexttime.LectureNarratorListentopartofalectureinaUnitedStatesgovernmentclass.ProfessorOK,lasttimeweweretalkingaboutgovernmentsupportforthearts.Whocansumupsomeofthemainpoints?Frank?FrankWell,Iguesstherewasn'treallyany,youknow,officialgovernmentsupportfortheartsuntilthetwentiethcentury.ButthefirstattempttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmadeto,youknow,tosupporttheartswastheFederalArtProject.ProfessorRight,sowhatcanyousayabouttheproject?•••inthe1930stoemployFrank•••inthe1930stoemployUmitwasstartedduringtheDepression,um

out-of-workartists.ProfessorSowasitsuccessful?Janet?Whatdoyousay?JanetYeah,sure,itwassuccessful.Imean,foronething,theprojectestablishedalotof•••uhlikecommunityartcentersandgalleriesandplaceslikeruralareaswherepeoplehadn'treallyhadaccesstothearts.ProfessorRight.ofmoneyforartthatFrankofmoneyforartthatYeah.Butdidn'tthegovernmentendupwastingalotwasn'tevenverygood?ProfessorUhi-somepeoplemightsaythat.Butwasn'ttheprimaryobjectiveoftheFederalArtProjecttoprovidejobs?FrankThat'strue.Imean-itdidprovidejobsforthousandsofunemployedartists.ProfessorRight.ButthenwhentheUnitedStatesbecameinvolvedintheSecondWorldWar,unemploymentwasdownanditseemsthattheseprogramswerenreallynecessaryanylonger.

So,movingon,wedon'tactuallyseeanygovern…wellanyrealgovernment…wellanyrealgovernmentandotherpoliticiansstartedtopushformajorfundingtosupportandpromotethearts.Itwasfeltbyanumberofpoliticiansthat •••wellthatthegovernmenthadaresponsibilitytosupporttheartsassortof ••-oh,whatcanwesay?…thethesoul•••orspiritofthecountry.Theideawasthattherebeafederalsubsidy•••urn-uh--financialassistancetoartistsandartisticorculturalinstitutions.Andforjustthosereasons,in1965,theNationalEndowmentfortheArtswascreated.SoitwasthroughtheNEA,theNationalEndowmentfortheArts,um -thattheartswoulddevelop,wouldbepromotedthroughoutthenation.Andthenind