2023年高级口译真题

２02３年上海口译考试高级口译笔试（全真试题+答案)完整版SEＣTＩON１:ＬISＴEＮINGＴＥST(30mｉnｕｔｅs)ＰartA：SpotDｉctａtionDiｒections:Inthisｐａｒtoｆtｈｅtesｔ,ｙouwillheａrapassageandreaｄthｅsａmepaｓsagewithｂlａnｋsｉnｉｔ.Fillinｅａchｏfｔhebｌankswiththeｗoｒldorwordsyouhavｅｈeaｒｄoｎthetａpe.ＷriteｙouraｎswerｉntｈeｃorreｓponｄiｎgspaceinyｏurANＳWＥＲBOOKLＥT．RemembeｒｙｏuｗiｌlhｅarthｅpaｓsａgｅOＮLＹONＣE.Pｌayisveryimｐｏrｔantforhｕmansfrombirthtodeａth．Playiｓnoｔｍeaｎttobejusｔforｃhｉｌdｒｅn.Itiｓaｆormof_＿_＿＿______(1)thatcａｎtaｐintoyourcreaｔｉvｉｔy，anｄｃａnallowｙouthechanｃeｔｏfindyourｉnnerｃhildandｔheinｎｅｒcｈｉlｄofｏｔｈers.Ihavｅｃollecteｄthe________＿＿_（２)ｏｆplayhｅre.Playcanstｉmｕｌateyoｕ_____＿_＿_＿_(3).Iｔcａnｇｏagaiｎstalltheｒules,aｎdchangｅthesame________＿__(4).ＷaltＤiｓneywasｄevoｔedtｏplａｙ,ａnｄhiswillingnessｔo__＿___＿____（５）cｈangedthewｏrｌdofenｔertainmeｎt.Tｈｅｎｅxttimｅyouａrｅstuckｉna＿＿_＿__＿_＿__(6）ｗayoflife,puｌlｏｕtａboxofcoloｒｐeｎcｉlｓ，mｏdeｌinｇｃｌay,ｇlueaｎｄscｉssoｒs，and_＿＿_＿___＿__(7)ａndｂｒeaｋfree.Yｏuwｉｌlbeａｍａzｅdaｔthewayｙourthiｎkinｇ_＿__＿＿__＿＿_(8).Plａyingcａnｂriｎgｇreaterjｏyiｎtoyourlifｅ.Whaｔdoyouｔhinktheｗｏrlｄwouｌｄbelike-if__________＿(９)eachdａyinｐlａy?Iｂetjｕstａskingyouthisquestｉonｈａs___＿_＿_____(10）.Playcreaｔeslaughter,joｙ,entertainｍent，___________（１1).Startinｇtｏday,trytoｇet3０mｉnuteseachdaytｏengageinsｏｍeforｍofplaｙ,and___________(1２)rise!Playiｓknown__＿________(1３).Stｕdiesshoｗthaｔ,ashumaｎｓ,plaｙispartofｏurnature.Weｈavetｈeneｅdtｏplａyｂecausｅｉtisinｓｔｉnctｉｖeanｄ＿__＿____＿＿_(1４).Wiｔhrｅguｌarplａy，ouｒprobleｍ-sｏlviｎgａｎd__＿_______＿(15）wｉllbｅｉnmuchｂｅtｔｅrsｈapetoｈａndｌetｈplｅxworｌｄ,anｄwｅａremuｃｈｍｏreliｋelytｏchoｏｓe___________（16)astｈeｙaｒise.Itcreateslaughｔeranｄfｒeｅｄomthａtcaｎｉnｓｔanｔｌｙreducestressand__________(17)tooｕrｄａｉlyliving．Plaｙｃaｎ___________（18)，ｃｕｒiositｙ,andcrｅativity.Researｃhshｏwsthatplayisｂoｔha‘haｎds－ｏn’and‘miｎdｓ-on’leaｒnｉcｅｓs.Itprodｕcesadeｅper,______＿____(19)ofｔhｅwｏrldaｎditsposｓibilｉｔies.Wｅbegｉngivingｍeaningtolifeｔhrougｈstoｒymａking,aｎdｐlayingout_____＿___＿_（20).PartB:LisｔｅｎｉngCｏmprehｅｎｓionＤirectiｏｎs:Ｉnthispartoｆtheｔesｔｔｈerewｉlｌbesomeｓhorttalkｓanｄｃonversaｔiｏns．Afterｅａcｈｏnｅ,yoｕwillbeaskｅdsｏｍｅquestiｏns.Thetａlks,conversatiｏｎsａndquestionswｉｌｌbesｐｏkｅnONLYOＮCE.NowｌistｅｎcaｒeｆullｙandｃhooｓｅｔｈerightansｗｅrtoeachquestionyouhａvｅｈeardandwritｅthelｅtteｒofthｅanｓwｅryｏuhａvｅｃhｏｓenintｈecorｒespondinｇspaceinｙourANSWERBOＯKLET.Quｅｓtions1to５arebasedｏｎｔhefoｌloｗｉnｇｃｏnveｒsａtion．１.(Ａ)inCheｒry(B）IntheUnitｅdStates，thｅreａrｅｔwiceasmａnｙcentｅnariansastherewｅｒetenyearsago.(C)AｌlｔｈｅpｅｏｐｌestudiedｂytheseｓcieｎtistsｆromGeｏrgialｉｖｅininsｔitutioｎｓfortheelderｌy.(Ｄ)AlmｏstallｔherｅsidentｓinCherry２.（Ａ）Whetｈeｒthecｅntenaｒｉａnscａnｌiｖeindependenｔｌyinsmallapａrtｍentｓ.(B)Whetheritisfeaｓｉbletoestaｂlisｈａｖilｌageforthe“ｏldｅｓｔold”peopｌe.(C)WhaｔpeｒcenｔagｅofｔhepopulａtionaｒｅcenｔeｎaｒiansｉntheｓtａteofGeorgia．(D)Whattｈeｒealseｃretsaretｏbeｃoｍｉnｇanactiｖｅaｎdhealｔhy100-ｙear-old.3．(A）Diｅt,ｏpｔimism，aｃｔivityormobility，andgenetics.（B)Oｐｔimism,coｍmitｍenteｒestiｎｇtｈings，actｉviｔyoｒmoｂｉlｉty,andａdaｐtabilitytoｌoss.(C)Theｓｔｒeｎgthｔｏadapttoloss,dieｔ,eｘeｒｃise，anｄgenetics.(D)Ｄｉeｔ,ｅxｅrcise,commitmeｎttosoｍｅthiｎｇtheｙwerｅiｎｔｅrｅsteｄｉｎ,ａｎdgｅnetｉcｓ.４.(A)Theceｎteｎａrianshadａｈighcalorieaｎdakｅ.(B)Theceｎteｎａriansｂasｉcａlｌyeatsoｍetｈinｇdｉfferenｔ.(C）Thｅｃeｎteｎａｒianseatalow-faｔandlow-ｃalorie,uｎproｃｅssedｆooｄdｉet.(D)Thｅcenteｎariansｅatspｉcyfood,ｄrｉｎkｗhiskey,andhavｅswｅetpｏrkeｖeryday.5.（A)Ｗorｋhａｒd.(B)Staybusy.（C)Ｓｔickｔｏaｂalaｎceｄｄiet.(D)Ａlｗａysfindsｏmethingtｏlaughａbout．Ｑueｓｔions6to１0arebａsedｏntheｆollowinｇｎeｗs.６.(Ａ)Gｌoｂalteｍpeｒａｔurｅｓroseby3degreeｓinｔhe２0thｃentuｒy.(Ｂ)GlobalwaｒｍingmaysｐreａddiｓeasethatcouldkiｌｌａlotofpeopleinAfｒicａ.(C)Ｄeveloｐeｄｃouｎtrｉesnｏｌoｎｇerｄependｏｎfossiｌｆuelsfｏrtransｐｏrtandpoｗｅｒ.（D)Ｔhｅｉmｐａctoｆtｈｅglｏbalwａrmingwilｌberadicaｌlyreduceｄby20５0.7.(A）Ｔakingｂｒiｂｅs.(B)Ｃreａtingaleａderｓｈipｖａcuumatthecountｒy’sｔoｐcａｒmakｅr.(C）Misｕsingcｏｍpanyfunｄsfoｒpersonａlｓｐｅｎdｉｎg．(D）Offeｒingcashforpolｉticalfａvｏrs.8.(A)Ｔｈenaｔiｏnｈaｓraisｅｄaｌertｓtatｕstotｈehigｈｅｓtｌｅｖｅｌandthousａndsofpeopｌehaｖｅmovedtｏsaｆｅty．(B)TheeｒupｔiｏｎofMｏｕnｔMerａpiｈａsbeentｈewoｒｓtinIｎdｏnesiaｏverｔｈepasttwｏdecades.(C)Aｌlreｓidentsinthereｇioｎtenkilomeｔersfｒｏmtｈeｂaseofｔｈemouｎtainhavｅevacuaｔed.（D)Thｅeｒuptiｏｃeｓswasａsuｄｄeｎｂurstaｎｄhascａｕsｅｄｅｘｔeｎsivｅｄaｍageａndheavycasｕalｔy.9.(A)6to7.(B)８to10．（C）11to16.（D）１7to２5.１0.(A)Curｂiｎghiｇh－leveｌcorｒuｐｔion.(Ｂ)Ｆｉghtiｎgｏrganｉzeｄcrｉme.(C)Iｎｖeｓtiｇatiｎｇcoｎvictｉoｎsｏｆｃriｍinals.(D）Suｒveyｉｎgthethreａtsｔｏnａｔionalｓecuｒｉty.Quｅｓtionｓ11ｔo１5areｂaｓedonｔｈefolloｗｉｎｇinterｖiｅｗ．1１.(A)Aｗinetasteｒ.(B)Aｍasterwatertaｓter.(C)Theｈostoftheshow.（D)Ｔｈeeｎgiｎeerwhｏｗoｒksoｎthｅwａｔertrｅatmｅnｔｐｌａnt．12.(Ａ)BｅrkeｌｅyＳpriｎgｓ.(Ｂ)SantaBａrbara.(C)AｔlantｉcCｉty.(D)Ｓaｃramento.13.(A)Beingｓaｕcｙaｎdpｉquａｎt.（B)Tastingsweeｔ.(C)Ａceｒtaiｎａmouｎtofｍinｅraｌs.(Ｄ)Anａbsｅnceｏftaｓtｅ．１4．(A)Lｏokｉng—smelliｎg—tastｉnｇ．(B)Taｓｔing—smeｌliｎg—ｌookiｎg.(C)Smｅｌling—ｌｏoｋiｎｇ—tasting.(D)Tａstｉng—looking—smｅlling.15.(A）Baｔｈing.（B）Bｏilingｐastａｉｎ.（C)Ｓｗimminｇ.（D)Maｋｉｎgｔｅa．Qｕｅｓtｉｏns16to2０areｂａｓedｏnｔhｅfoｌlowiｎgtalｋ.1６.(A）Enhanｃｅreadiｎgaｎｄmａthｓkills．(B)Ｉｎｃreaseｔｈesｔudｅnts’appreｃiaｔionoｆnａture.（C）Iｍprｏｖｅmaｔh,ｂｕｔｎoｔrｅadingskills.(Ｄ)Developｒeadiｎg,buｔnoｔmatｈskｉlls.17．（A）Tohelptｈestudｅnｔsappreｃｉａｔｅtheaｒｔs.(B)Toｍakethestudｅnts’educationmorewell-roｕndｅｄ．(C）Toｉｎｖesｔigateｔheimpaｃtofaｒｔsｔraining．（Ｄ）Ｔoenhancethestuｄｅnts’ｍathｓkｉllｓ.１８.（A）Onｃｅｗeeｋｌｙ．(B)Ｔwiceｗeekｌy.(Ｃ)Oncｅaｍonｔh.(Ｄ）Tｗｉｃeamｏｎｔh．19．(Ａ)Sｉｘｍｏnths.(B)Sｅvenmonｔhｓ.(Ｃ）Eightｍonths.(D)Ｎinｅmｏntｈｓ.20．(A)Thｅｃhildreｎ’ｓatｔｉtude.(B)Theｃhiｌdren’ｓtｅｓtscores.（C)Bothｔheｃhｉldrｅn’ｓattitudeaｎdteｓtsｃores.(Ｄ）Boththeteacherｓ’anｄtｈeｃhｉldren’sａttituｄe.SEＣTＩON1:LISTENINＧＴＥST(3０minｕtes)ＳEＣTIOＮ２：ＲＥADIＮＧＴEST(３0minｕteｓ)Ｄiｒecｔｉons:Ｉｎtｈissecｔiｏnｙｏｕwiｌlrｅaｄｓｅveｒalｐassａｇes.Eachoｎeisｆolloｗedbyseｖerａlquｅstioｎsａｂoutｉt．YoｕａretｏｃhｏosｅONEｂｅsｔanswｅr,(A),(B)，(C)ｏr(D),toｅａｃhquestioｎ．AnｓweralｌｔhequestiｏnｓfｏｌloｗingｅachｐａsｓａgeoｎｔheｂasｉsoｆｗhatissｔaｔedorimｐliedｉｎthaｔpasｓageaｎdwritetheletterｏｆtheａnswｅrｙｏｕhaｖechoseｎintｈecorresｐondinｇspaceｉｎｙourＡＮSWERBOOＫLＥT．Qｕｅｓｔions１—5Anyonewhoｄoubtsthatcｈilｄrenarebｏrｎwｉthaheａlthyamｏｕntoｆambitionneｅdspendonlｙafewminutｅswithａbabyeagerlyｌeａrninｇtｏwａlkorａhｅadsｔronｇtｏddleｒstａrtｉnｇtｏtalk.Nomａtｔerhowmanｙtimestｈelittｌeｏnｅsｓtｕmbleｉnｔheｉrinｉｔiａｌｅffｏrts,mosｔkeｅpｏｎtｒyｉｎｇ,detｅrｍinedtomａstｅrtｈeｉｒamazingnewｓkilｌ．Iｔｉsonlyｓeverａlyeａrｓlａter,arouｎdｔhｅstartofｍiｄｄleorjｕｎｉorhiｇhschool,manｙpsyｃhoｌoｇistsａndｔｅａcｈersaｇree,thａｔａgooｄnumbｅroｆkidsｓeｅｍtoｌｏsｅtｈeirnaｔuｒaldｒivetoｓuｃｃeedanｄｅnduｐjoiｎingtｈeｒａｎksｏｆuｎｄｅrachievｅrs.Ｆortheｐaｒｅntsofｓuchkids,whoseowｎambitｉoｎｉsoftｅninextricａblｙtｉeｄtotｈeirｃhｉldreｎ’ssｕccesｓ，ｉtcanｂｅａbewilderｉnｇ,ｐaｉnｆｕleｘpｅrｉence．Ｓｏit’snowｏndersomｅｐarentsfiｎdthｅｍselｖeshopingｔｈat,justｍａybe,ａmbiｔionｃanbｅtaughtlikeanyｏthersubjectatｓchool.Ｉt’snotquiteｔhatsｉmｐlｅ．“Kidｓcａnbegｉvｅntheｏｐpoｒｔunitiestobｅｃomepassiｏnatｅaboutaｓubjectoｒactivitｙ,buttｈeycaｎ’tｂeforced,”saysJacquelyｎnｅEccles,ａpsyｃhoｌｏgyprofeｓsoｒattheUnｉversityofFigurｉngｏutwhythefｉreｗentoutisｔhefirｓtstep.Assumingthatakｉddoeｓn’ｔsufferfromaneｍotionalorlearningdisaｂiｌitｙ，orisn’tiｎｖｏlｖeｄinsｏmｅｆamilyｃｒisiｓathｏme，manyeducaｔｏrsatｔributｅasｕddenlaｃｋｏfmoｔivationｔｏaｆｅaｒoffailurｅorpeｅｒprｅｓsurethａtconveyｓthｅmessａgethatdｏingwellacademicａllyｓｏmehowｉｓn’tcool.“Kｉｄsgeｔｓｏｃaｕgｈtupintｈemoment－tｏ-ｍoｍentｉｓsuｅofｗillｔheylｏokｓmaｒtordumｂ,aｎdｉｔblｏcksｔｈemfroｍthinkiｎｇａｂoutthｅlongterｍ,”saysCarolDweｃk，apsｙｃｈoｌfｅssoｒatＳtanfoｒd.“Youｈavetoteaｃhthｅmｔhatthｅyaｒeiｎchargeofellectualgrowth.”Oveｒthepaｓｔcouｐleofyeａrs,ＤwｅｃkｈaｓｈelｐeｄｒｕnaｎｅxperimeｎｔaｌworｋshopwithＮewYoｒkCitypｕｂｌicscｈooｌsｅventh-ｇradｅrstoｄojustｔhａt.DubbeｄBｒaｉnology，tｈeunorthodoｘaｐproachｕsｅｓbaｓicnｅuroscｉencｅtoｔeachｋiｄshowtheｂrainworkｓaｎdｈｏwitcanｃontinuetoｄeｖｅlopthｒoughoｕｔlife．“Ｔhemesｓageisｔhａtevｅrｙｔhingisｗithinｔｈekids’ｃｏnｔrｏl,tｈａtｔheiriｎteｌligenceiｓmalleable,”saｙｓLisａBlackwell,aresearchscientiｓtａtCｏlｕmbiａSomｅexpｅrtｓｓaｙｃａtioｎsyｓtem,wiｔhitsｓtrｏngｅmｐhaｓｉsontesｔingandriｇidseparａtiｏnofstudentｓinｔodifferｅｎtｌevｅｌｓoｆａbｉlity，alsobearsblamｅfoｒｔheｄisappｅaｒanceofｄriｖeinsomekidｓ．“Theseｐroｇraｍssｈutdoｗnthemｏtivatｉoｎoｆallkidswhｏａren’ｔconｓiｄｅredgifteｄａndtaｌｅｎｔed.Ｔｈeydesｔｒoythｅｉrconfｉｄence,”ｓayｓJeffＨｏｗaｒd，asocialpsyｃｈoｌｏgistandpresidｅntｏｆtheEｆfｉｃａｃyＩnstｉｔute,ａBoston－ａniｚatｉoｎthatworｋsｗithteaｃｈersandｐａreｎtsiｎsｃｈooｌｄｉstriｃtsaｒｏuｎdｔhecountryｔohｅlpｉmpｒｏvechｉldren’sacadeｍｉcpeｒｆormance.Hoｗaｒdａnｄoｔhereｄuｃａtｏrｓsayit’sｉｍpｏrtａnｔtoeｘposeｋiｄstoaworldｂeyoｎdhomewoｒkａｎdtｅsts,thｒｏｕｇhｖolｕnteerwork,sports,ｈobｂｉesanｄotherｅxtｒacurｒｉcularactｉｖitｉes．“Ｔｈｅｃrｕxｏftheｉssueｉsthatmanystudentsexｐerienｃeｅｄｕcationasｉrｒelｅvａnｔtoｔheｉｒｌifegoａlsandamｂitions,”sａｙsＭichaｅlNakｋuaｌ,aＨarvaｒdeｄuｃationprofeｓsorwhｏｒuｎsaBｏｓton-ａrｅaｍｅｎtｏringｐrｏgrａmcalｌedＰrｏｊecｔＩＦ(InventingtｈeFuture),wｈicｈｗorkｓtoｇeｔlｏｗ－ｉｎcomｅunderacｈｉｅｖｅrsｉｎtouｃhwiｔhtｈeirａspirationｓ．Thekeｙtｏｇettingkｉdｓtoaimhiｇheratschoolistodｉsａbｕseｔhｅmoｆtheｎotionｔhatclassｗoｒkisｉｒｒelｅｖａｎt，ｔｏｓhowtheｍhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyｈelpｔhｅｍfｕlfilltheiｒdｒeamsｂeyondｉt.Lｉkｅａnｙamｂiｔｉoustodｄler,thｅyｎeedtｏｕndeｒｓtanｄtｈａtyouhavetｏlｅaｒnｔowａｌkbeforeyouｃanｒuｎ.1.Wｈiｃhoｆthefollowiｎｇbestexpｒesseｓthemainideaofthefiｒstｐaragｒaph？（A)Chilｄrenarｅｂｏrnｗiｔｈakindofhｅaｌｔhyambitioｎ.(B)Howabaｂylearnsｔowａlkａｎｄｔaｌk．(C)Ａmbｉtｉｏncaｎbeｔaugｈｔｌikeｏthersｕｂｊｅcｔsatｓｃhool.(D)Ｓometeenagechilｄrｅnloseｔheirdｒivｅtoｓuccｅｅd.2.Acｃorｄinｇtosｏmｅｅducaｔｏｒｓandpsychoｌogiｓｔｓ,allofthefollowiｎgwoｕｌdｂehelpｆultocｕｌｔｉvatestudents’ambitioｎｔoｓuccｅedEXCEPT___＿____.(A)stimulaｔiｎgtheｍtobuiｌｄｕｐｓelf－confidencｅ(B）cuｌtivatingtheaｔｔitudeoｆrisktａｋinｇ(C)ｅｎlarｇiｎgtheaｒeasfｏrchildrentosｕcceed(D)ｍａｋingｔｈeｍunderstandtheiｒfａmilycrisis3．Wｈatistheｍｅｓsagｅthａtｐeerpressuｒeconｖeystochｉldren？(A）Asｕddenlackｏfmotivaｔioniｓattribuｔeｄtｏｔhesｔudｅnｔ’ｓfaｉｌuｒe．(B)Bｏokkｎowｌedgeisnotasimporｔantaｓprａcｔicａlexperience.（Ｃ）Loｏｋｉngsｍartismoreimporｔantfｏryoｕnｇｐeｏpｌeatscｈoｏl．(Ｄ)Toacｈiｅveacademicｅxceｌlｅｎceshouldｎotbetreatedａｓthetoｐpｒioritｙ.4.Theword“ｍalleａｂlｅ”inｔheclausｅ“thattｈeｉrｉnteｌliｇenｃeｉｓｍalleａbｌe,”（para.3）moｓｔｐrobａblymeansｃａpａbｌeｏfbeing＿_______.(A)altｅrｅdanddeｖeloped(B)blｏckedandｉmpａireｄ(Ｃ)sharpenedａｎdadｖanｃｅd（D)reｐlacｅdaｎdtrａnｓplanｔed5．Theeｘpreｓsion“todiｓabuｓｅthemofthenotｉoｎ”(ｐara.4)ｃanｂepａrapｈrａsｅdas______＿_.(A)ｔoｆｒeeｔhemｏftｈeiｄea（B)ｔoｈelpthemundｅｒstaｎdｔheidea（C)ｔoimbｕetｈemwitｈｔhｅnotiｏn(D)ｔoinformtheｍoｆthecｏnceptQueｓtionｓ６—10Civiｌ-ｌiberｔiesaｄｖｏcaｔesreelingfｒoｍtherecentreｖelaｔionsoｎsurvｅiｌlａncehadsｏｍethｉｎgelsｅtｏworryaboutlａstwｅek:theprｉvacyofｔhebｉllionsofｓearchquｅｒiｅsmadeｏnsiteｓlｉｋeGooｇle，AOＬ,YahｏoandMｉcｒｏsoft.Ａsｐartｏｆaloｎg－ruｎningcｏuｒtcasｅ,thegovernmenｔhａｓａｓkｅdｔhoｓｅｃompanｉｅstoｔurnoveriｎｆｏrmａtioｎoｎｉｔsusers’searcｈbｅhａvioｒ．AllbutGooglｅhａvehaｎdedoｖerdata,anｄnoｗtheDｅｐartｍeｎtofJustiｃehasmｏvｅｄtocoｍpelｔhesearchｇianttoｔurnoverｔｈegoｏds.Whatmakesthiscasedifferentｉsthatthｅintendeduｓeoｆthｅiｎformaｔioｎisｎotｒeｌatｅdtonationalseｃurｉty,butthｅｇovernmeｎt’ｓｃｏntｉｎuｉngａtｔemptｔoｐolｉceIｎternetpornoｇｒaｐｈy.Ｉn1998,CoｎgｒeｓsｐasｓedtｈeＣｈildOnｌinｅProtectｉｏnＡｃｔ（ＣOPA),bｕtcｏuｒｔshavｅｂlockeditsimpleｍenｔａtioｎduｅtoＦirｓｔAmｅｎdmeｎtcｏncerｎs.Initsａpｐｅal,thｅDOJｗantsｔoprｏvehowｅaｓｙitｉsｔoinａdvｅrtenｔlystuｍblｅupｏｎpｏre.Iｎoｒdertoｃｏnducｔacontrolｌedeｘperimeｎt—ｔobｅperｆormｅｄbyaＵCＢerkeｌｅyprofessorofstａtiｓｔｉｃs—theＤOJwantstousealａｒgesampｌeofａcｔｕaｌｓearｃhtermsfｒｏmthedifferentsｅaｒchｅngineｓ.Ｉtwouldthｅｎusethosｅtermstｏdoiｔsowｎseａｒches,ｅｍplｏyingｔhediｆferｅntkｉndsｏｆfilｔerseａchsｅａｒchenｇineofferｓ,iｎanaｔtｅmpttｏqｕａｎtifyhoｗofteｎ“materｉalthatｉsharmfuｌtoｍｉnors”ｍｉghtａｐｐeａr.Ｇooglecontｅｎdsthatｓiｎｃeitiｓnｏtapartｙｔｏtheｃaｓe,thegｏｖｅｒnmeｎｔhasｎotrighttｏdemａnditsprｏprietａryiｎforｍａｔｉontｏperformｉtｓtest.“Weintendtoresisttｈｅirmｏｔｉonvigoｒoｕsｌy，”saidGoogｌｅａttorｎeyNiｃoleWong.DＯＪｓｐokespｅrｓonCharlesMｉｌlersaysthatthｅgoｖｅrnｍentisrequestingonlytheacｔualseａrcｈtｅｒms,andnotanｙthiｎgthatwouｌdｌinｋｔhｅqueriｅｓtothoseｗhｏmadeｔhem.(ThｅDOJｉsａlsodemanｄｉnｇａｌｉstofaｍillｉonWeｂsitｅsｔhatGoｏgleindexeｓtoｄｅterminethｅdeｇreetｏwhichobｊecｔｉonablesｉｔesａｒｅｓｅarｃhed.）Ｏrｉgｉｎally,ｔeｒnｍenｔａskedforatreaｓuretroveofallｓｅarｃhesｍadｅinJuneanｄJuly2023;ｔhｅrｅqueｓthａsbeｅｎscaledｂacｋtooneweek’sｗorthofsearchquerieｓ.ＯｎeodｄiｔyabｏutｔhｅＤOJ’sstrateｇyisthattｈeexperｉmｅntcｏｕlｄconceｉvablｙsｉnｋitｓowncase.Ｉｆtｈeｂｕｉlt-infｉltersthａtｅachsearchengｉneprｏｖiｄesaｒeeffectiveｉnblockｉngｐｏrnsｉtes,ｔhegoｖｅrnmeｎtwiｌlhavｅｗounduppｒoｖｉngwｈaｔtheopposiｔioｎｈasｓaｉdａllaｌong—yｏudoｎ’tnｅeｄｔoｓｕpprｅssｓpｅechtｏpｒotｅctminorｓoｎｔheNｅt.“Wｅｔhinｋｔhatourfｉlterｉngtecｈnｏlogydoesａgｏｏdjoｂprotｅctingmiｎorsfｒominadvｅrteｎtｌｙseeiｎgadｕltｃｏｎteｎｔ，”saysRａmｅzNａａm,gｒoｕpｐrｏgｒammanaｇerｏｆMＳNSｅarch.ThoughtｈegｏｖｅrnｍentiｎteｎdsｔouｓｅtｈeｓeｄataspecifｉcａllyforitsCOPＡ-relatｅdtest，iｔ’spoｓｓiblethaｔｔheiｎｆｏrｍatｉoｎcoｕldｌeadtoｆｕrｔherinvestigaｔioｎｓａnd,peｒhapｓ，sｕbｐｏeｎａｓtｏｆindoｕtｗhoｗasdｏiｎgtheｓeａrchｉnｇ.Whatｉfcertainsｅarchtermsindicatedtｈａtpeopleｗｅｒｅｃｏnteｍｐlaｔiｎgterrorisｔactionｓｏｒotheｒcｒiminalacｔiｖities?SaystheDOJ’ｓMiller,“I’mａssuｍｉngthatｉｆsｏmethingraisｅｄalarmｓ,wewｏｕldhandｉtovertoｔhepｒoperautｈoritiｅs．”Pｒｉvacyadvocaｔesfearthａｔiｆthｅgoｖernmentrequeｓｔisuphｅld,ｉtwｉllopentｈedｏｏｒtofｕrｔｅrnｍentexaｍｉｎatiｏnofsearchbｅhaｖｉor.OnesoｌutｉonｗｏuｌｄbeforＧoogｌetostopstoringthｅｉｎformatｉon，ｂuｔthecｏmｐaｎyhopｅstoevｅntuａｌlyusｅthepersonaｌinforｍａtiｏnoｆconsｅntingcustｏmerstｏimprｏveｓearｃhperfｏrmance.“Searchisawｉnｄowintopeｏple’spｅｒsoｎａlitiｅs,”saysKｕrtＯpsahl,anElｅctrｏｎｉｃFronｔierFoundａｔｉｏnattorｎｅy.“ＴheyshouldｂｅａblｅtotaｋeａｄvantageoftheInteｒｎeｔwｉｔhoｕｔwｏrryｉngabｏｕtBigBrotherlookinｇｏｖertheirｓhoulders.”6.WheｎthｅAｍericaｎgoveｒnｍｅntaｓｋeｄGooglｅ,ＡOL,YahｏoandＭｉcrosoftｔotｕrnｏvｅrｉnｆoｒｍaｔiｏnoｎｉtｓｕｓｅrs’ｓearchｂｅｈavior，tｈemaｊeｎtｉoｎｉs_____＿___．(A）ｔｔｅctnatｉｏnalｓecurity(Ｂ)tｏｈeｌpprｏteｃtperｓonaｌｆreedoｍ(C)tomonitoｒInternetporｎographｙ（D)toｉmpleｍentｔｈeChildＯnｌｉｎePｒotecｔionAｃt7.Ｇoogｌerefusｅdｔｏturｎover“itspｒopｒｉｅtarｙinｆormａtｉon”(para．2）rｅquiｒedｂyDOＪaｓitbｅlｉeｖesthat＿_＿__＿＿_．(A)itｉｓnoｔinvolvｅdinthecoｕrtcａsｅ(B)useｒs’privacyismosｔimｐoｒｔanｔ（C)thegovernmenthasviolａtｅdｔheFｉrstAmendment(D）ｓearcｈｔeｒmsispａny’ｓbusinesssｅｃrｅt8．Ｔｈｅphrａse“ｓcａledbackｔo”intheｓｅnteｎce“therｅquesthaｓbｅenscａledbaｃｋtooｎeweｅk’swortｈofｓeａrcｈqueries”（paｒa.3)cａnbeｒｅplacedby____＿__＿＿.(A)mａxiｍizedto（B）mｉnｉmｉzｅdｔｏ(C）returnedto(D)ｒｅduｃedto9.Inthｅsenｔｅnｃe“OneoｄdiｔyaｂｏuttheDＯJ’sstrａtegyisｔhattｈｅeｘperimｅnｔcｏuｌdcｏncｅivaｂlysｉnkitsowｎcaｓe.”(parａ．4)，theexpｒeｓsiｏn“sｉｎkitsｏwｎcase”mｏstprobａｂlymｅａnｓthat_________.(A)cｏuntｅｒattacｋｔｈｅｏppoｓition(B)ｌeadtoblｏckingofpｏrnsites(C)proviｄeeviｄeｎcｅtodisｐroveｔhｅcase(D)ｇｉvefｕllgrｏｕndtosupportthecase10.WhenKurtOpsａhlｓaysthａt“TheyshoｕldｂeａbleｔotakeａｄvantageofｔheＩntｅrnetｗithoutworryｉngabｏuｔBigBrｏtherｌｏｏkingｏveｒtheirsｈoulders.”(pａra.５),tｈeexｐressｉon“BigBｒoｔher”iｓuｓedtorefertｏ_＿＿___＿_＿.(Ａ)aｆrｉendｏrrelativeshoｗiｎｇmｕchconcern(Ｂ)acolleａｇuｅwｈoｉｓmuｃhmｏｒeexｐｅｒienｃed(C)adoｍiｎatingandａll-powerｆulrｕｌiｎgpoweｒ（D)aｂｅnevｏｌｅntaｎｄdemoｃｒatiｃorganizａtiｏnQueｓtiｏns11—15ＯnNｅwYear’ｓDay,50,000ｉnｍａtesinKenｙanjailｓwentwithｏutｌunｃh．Thiswａsnotsｏmeｍasshuｎgｅrｓtrikｅｔohighlｉghtpｏorlｉｖingｃonditｉoｎs.Itｗaｓaｎextraordinaryhuｍaｎiｔaｒiａngeｓture:tｈemoｎeythaｔwouldｈaｖebeenspenｔonthｅirlｕncheswｅntｔothｅchaｒiｔｙFoodAiｄtｏhｅlpfｅｅdanｅsｔｉmated3．5ｍｉｌlionKeｎｙanｓwho,beｃauｓeofaseｖeredｒｏught,aｒｅtｈreatｅnedwiｔhstａrvａtion.ThedｒｏugｈｔisｂｉｇnewsinAfｒiｃa,ａｆfecｔｉnｇhugeａｒeasｏfeastAfｒｉcａanｄtｈｅHｏｒｎ．Ｉfyouarerｅadｉnｇtｈisｉnｔheweｓt，however,youmａｙnotｂｅawaｒeｏfｉt—themｅdiaｉｓnotiｎterｅstedinolｄstories.Eｖenｉfyoudoknowabouttｈedrouｇｈt,ｙｏumaynotbeawareｔhａtitｉｓdevaｓtatingonｅgrｏupoｆpeｏplｅｄisproportioｎatelｙ:tｈｅpaｓtoraliｓts.Theｒｅａre20millｉonnｏｍadicorseｍi－noｍaｄicｈｅrｄｅｒsｉntｈisreｇion,aｎｄtｈeyaｒeｆastbecｏmingsomｅｏfthepoｏrｅsｔpeoplｅinthecｏntinent．TｈeiｒplightencapsulatｅsAｆrｉca’spｅrennｉalprobleｍwithｄroｕghtandfaｍｉne.Howso?Itcomesdowntｏthereｌuｃtａnceｏfｇｏvernmeｎtｓ，ａidaｇｅncｉeｓandfoｒeｉｇnlendersｔoｓuｐportｔheｈerders’trａditionａlwａyｏｆlｉｆe.Iｎｓteadtheyhavetｅndedtｏｔrytoturｎtheｍintocomｍeｒciaｌrａncｈerｓｏrａgriculturaｌisｔｓ,eventhouｇhithasbeenｄｅmｏnstratedtimeａnｄagａｉｎthａtpａstoralistsarｅｗeｌlaｄaptedｔoｔｈｅirharsｈenvironments,andthatmoviｎgliveｓtockaｃcordingtｏｔheseasｏnsorcliｍaticchａｎgesmakestheirｍetｈodｓfarmoｒeviablethａnagｒicultureinｓｕb－Saharａndｒyｌands.Fuｒtheｒｍore，Ａfricanpastoｒalｉstｓystemsａreofｔｅnmoｒepｒｏdｕcｔiｖe,inteｒmsofprｏteinandcasｈperｈectarｅ,ｔhａｎAustrａlian，AmeriｃanaｎdoｔｈｅrAfrｉcａnraｎchｅｓiｎsｉmilａrclｉｍatｉｃconditｉons.Tｈeymａｋeasubstantｉaｌcoｎtributionｔothｅｉｒcｏuntriｅｓ’natｉonalｅconomiｅs.InKenya,ｆoｒｅxampｌe，theturnoverofｔheｐaｓtoｒａlistsｅｃtoriｓworth＄800ｍillionperyｅaｒ.ＩncoｕntｒｉeｓsuchａsBｕｒkinaFaso,EｒｉtｒｅaaｎdEthiｏｐia，hidesfrompaｓtoralｉsts’heｒdsmａｋeｕpover１0pｅrcentｏｆeｘportearningｓ.Despiｔethisproｄｕｃtivity，pastorａlisｔsstilｌstａrveanｄｔｈｅｉｒanimalsｐerisｈｗhｅndrｏughthits.Oｎｅｒeasoｎisthatｏnlｙatriｃｋleoｆtheｐrｏfitsgoesｔothｅhｅrdeｒsthemsｅlves；theｌion’ｓshareispoｃketｅdbytraderｓ.Thｉsispartlybecaｕsetｈeｈｅrdersoｎlysellｍuchoｆthｅiｒｓtockduringtｉｍｅsofdｒoughｔandｆａminｅ,wｈentheyｎeeｄthecashｔobｕyfｏod,anｄthｅtermｓoftraｄeinthisｓiｔｕaｔionneverｗorkinthｅirfavour．Aｎｏtｈｅrreａsｏnisthｅlａckofinvｅstmenｔinｈerdiｎgaｒeas．FundｉnｇbｏdiｅsｓuｃhaｓｔhｅＷｏrldＢanｋanｄ-USAIDtriedｔoaddｒｅsｓｓomeｏftheprｏblemsiｎｔhe196０s,iｎveｓtingmiｌlｉonｓofdollarsincoｍmerciａlbeefaｎddairyprｏduction.Itｄidn’twork.Firstly，nooｎeｂotheredtｏcｏnｓulttｈepastoｒａlistsaboｕtwｈatｔheywaｎted.Sｅconｄly,reaｒingliveｓtocｋｔoｏkprecedenceoｖｅｒｈｇｒｅss．Thepoｌicieｓａｎdsｔratｅgieｓofｉｎteｒnａtioｎaldeｖelopmentagencｉｅsｍorｅorlessｍirrorｅdtｈethiｎkinｇofｔheirｃolｏnｉａｌprｅｄecｅｓsｏrs．Ｔheywｅreｂasｅｄoｎｔwofalseａssuｍptions:tｈatｐastoralismisprｉmｉtiveａｎdｉnｅfficient,ｗhicｈledtoｎumｅrousfａｉleｄsｃhｅｍeｓaｉmedaｔconｖerｔｉngｈerderstomｏdernrancｈｉngmodels;andthatＡfrｉca’sｄrylａndｓcａnｓｕpportｃomｍercｉalｒancｈinｇ．Tｈeycannot.MoｓtofＡfrｉca’sｈerdｅｒｓlｉvｅｉnarｅａsｗithuｎprｅdicｔａbleｗeatｈersyｓtemstｈaｔａretotallyunsｕitｅdtocｏｍｍercialrａnchｉnｇ.Whaｔthｅpastoｒaｌiｓtｓｎｅeｄissupportfｏrｔheirtrａditionａllｉfeｓtyle.Overtｈepastfｅwyｅars,funderｓａｎdｐolicｙ-mａkｅrshａveｂeenstarｔｉｎgtｏgettｈemeｓｓaｇｅ.Oneexａmｐlｅisinｔｅrveｎtiｏnｂygｏvernmｅntstoeｎsuｒeｔhaｔｐaｓtoｒaｌisｔsｇetｆａirpricesforｔheirｃattｌewｈｅnｔｈｅyseｌltheｍintiｍesｏfdｒought,sotｈaｔthｅycaｎaffｏｒｄｔobuyfodｄeｒfortｈｅirｒemａinｉngｌivｅｓtocｋandcereａlstoｋｅepｔｈemsｅlｖesaｎdtheirｆamｉlｉesaｌiｖｅ（theｐｒoblｅminAｆｒiｃanfａｍｉnｅsisnotsomｕchalackofｆｏｏdａsalackofmoｎeyｔobuyit）.Aｎｏthereｘamｐleｉsaｄrｏughｔeａrly－ｗaｒｎingｓyｓteｍruｎbythｅＫｅｎyaｎｇovernmeｎｔanｄtｈeWorldBaｎkthathashelpｅdaverｔlivestｏcｋdeaｔhs．Ｔhｉsisalｌpromiｓing，ｂuｔmoreneedstobeｄone．SｏｍeAfricangoverｎmentｓstiｌlfaｖouｒforcinｇｐaｓｔoralｉsｔsｔosettｌe.Tｈeyshouldheeｄtｈeｌatestscｉentifiｃreｓeaｒchdｅmoｎｓtrａｔｉngthｅpｒodｕcｔｉｖityoftrａditioｎalcａttle-herdｉｎg．Ｕｌtimateｌy,ｓustainableｒuｒａｌdｅvelopmentinpastoralｉsｔareaswillｄｅpｅnｄonincrｅａsｉnｇｔｒade，sｏｏnethｉnｇgoingforthｅｍｉsthｅｇrｏwingdemａndｆorlｉvestoｃkproduｃts：thｅｒeｗilllikｅlyｂeanaddｉｔioｎaｌ2ｂｉlｌionｃｏnsuｍerｓworｌdwidｅby２023,thevastｍajorｉtｙindevｅloｐｉnｇcouｎtries.Toｅｎsureｔｈａtpasｔoｒalistsｂenefiｔ,itwiｌlbeｃrucｉaltogivetｈemaｇreatersaｙinlocalpolicｉｅs.Otherｋeytａsksincｌudegivinｇａgreatersａytoｗomen,whoｐlａycriticalｒolｅｓinlｉvｅstockproduｃtion.Thericｈｗorldｓhouldｐaypropｅｒａttentｉontotheｐlightoftｈepasｔorａｌists.Ｌeavinｇtｈｅmdｅｐendｅntoｎfｏreｉgｎｆoｏdaｉｄisunsustａｉｎablｅaｎｄwｉllleadｔomorerｅｓｅntment,ｃｏnfｌiｃt,eｎvironmentａｌｄegrａdatｉonaｎdmalnuｔriｔｉｏn.Itiｓｉntｈerｉchwｏrｌd’ｓinteresｔｓtｏheｌpout.1１．WhichofthefollowiｎgCANNOTbecoｎｃluｄｅｄfromtheｐasｓaｇe?(A)FoｒcingＡfｒica’snomaｄicherdeｒｓtobｅcomerancherｓwiｌlsａvethemｆrｏmdrought．(B）ThediffｅrｅncebetweenｐａsｔｏｒaｌisｔandagricｕｌtｕrａｌistisvitaltｏtheAfrｉcaｎpeｏple.(Ｃ)TｈerichwｏrlｄｓｈｏuldgｉvemoreｓuppoｒtｔｏtheＡｆricanpeｏpletooverｃｏmedｒoｕght.(Ｄ)EnｖiroｎｍentaldｅgradatｉonshouｌdｂethemajoｒｃoｎcerｎiｎdｅｖelｏpiｎgAfrｉca’ｓpaｓｔorａlism．1２.Ｔheword“encapsulates”ｉｎｔhesentencｅ“TheirpliｇhteｎcaｐsulatｅsＡｆｒｉcａ’spereｎnialｐroｂleｍwｉthdroｕｇhtanｄfaminｅ.”(ｐａra.l)canbereｐlacｅdｂy_______＿.（A)conclｕdes.(B)involvｅｓ．（C)repreｓents.（D)ａggｒavatｅs.13.Ｗhatistｈeａutｈoｒ’sattitudetowardＡfriｃandｒoｕｇhｔanｄtraditioｎａlｌifestyleoｆpastoｒalism?(Ａ)Nｅuｔｒaｌandiｎｄifｆerｅｎt.(Ｂ)Sympａtheｔicanduｎdｅｒstanｄing.(C)Cｒiticalandvehemeｎt.（D)Subｊｅcｔivｅandfatａｌiｓtiｃ.14.Wｈentｈｅaｕｔhｏrwｒiｔes“theｐolｉciesandsｔrateｇiesｏfinternationaldeｖeｌoｐmentａgｅnciesmoreorlessｍiｒｒoredtheｔhinkingofthｅircolonｉalｐredｅcｅssors.”(parａ.4)，ｈｅiｍpliｅsalltｈｅfollowinｇEXCEPTｔｈatthｅaidａgenｃｉesｄiｄｎｏt_________＿.(A)haveaｎobjｅｃtivｅviewofｔhesiｔuatｉoninAｆriｃa（B）undｅｒsｔaｎdtheunpｒeｄictablewｅatｈersystemsｔhere(C）feelｔhemseｌvessuperｉoｒｉndecisiｏｎｍaｋing（Ｄ)cａreａbouttheｄevｅlopmeｎtoftheｌocａlpeｏpｌe15.Theautｈor’ｓmainpurposｅinwritiｎｇthｉsaｒｔｉcleiｎ_____＿___.（A)ｔｏevaｌuaｔethelivｉngcｏnｄitioｎｓofＫenyａnpastorａlists(B)toｇivesｕggestionsonthｅsupportofthetraｄitionaｌpaｓｔｏraｌｉｓminAfｒiｃa(C)toilluｓｔrａtethedifｆerenｃｅbｅtwｅｅｎcomｍｅrcialranchinｇandpasｔoｒaｌism(D）toｃritｉcｉzｅtｈeｃｏloniaｌtｈｉnkingofwestｅｒｎaidagｅnciesQueｓtioｎs１６—20TｈeprospecｔsｆｏrfindiｎglｉfebeyｏnｄＥaｒthmaｙbeｂrigｈtenｉnｇ．Today,sｃieｎtistsareｒｅpoｒtingeｖidencefoｒyetａnｏｔherｐotｅntｉalｈabｉtaｔｉnoursolａrsysteｍ：Satｕrn’ｓmooｎEｎcelaｄus.ScｉentisｔsminｉngnｅｗｄatafrｏmtheCaｓsinispａcecrａfｔsａｙtheymａyhavefoｕnｄeｖidenceｔhaｔEnceladus—theplaｎet’sfｏurtｈ-lａrｇestmoon—hostsliｑｕidwater.Ｉftheｒesｕltsholduｐ,thisｗoulｄbringtofourthenumbｅroｆｂoｄiesintｈesolaｒsｙsｔｅm—includｉｎgＥarth—ｔhａｔｄｉsplaｙacｔｉveｖolｃaｎism.Ａndｓincelｉfeaｓbｉoｌｏgiｓtsknowitｒeqｕｉｒesliquidwaｔeraｎdasourcｅofeneｒgy,EｎcelａduswouｌdｊoinJupitｅr’sｍooｎEｕropaandSaturn’ｓmoｏｎTitan,ａswelｌasMａrｓ,ａsposｓiblｅspｏtsbeyoｎdEａrｔhｗheｒｅｓimpleformｓｏｆlifemayｈａｖegaiｎedｏrstｉllmaiｎｔainafｏothｏlｄ.Thedｉｓcoveｒy,howevｅr，isbitｔeｒsweｅtformanyscｉentists．ＮＡＳA’spｒopｏsedｂｕdｇetｆorｆiｓｃａl2０23callsfｏra50pｅrｃentcutiniｔsaｓtroｂiｏｌogyprogrａm.Althoｕｇhｔheproｇrａmｉsatiｎypiｅcｅoftheagｅncｙ’soverallｓpenｄinｇplａnforsｃienｃe,iｔ’sａｓｉgniｆicantsoｕｒceｏｆｍoneｙforproｂiｎgfｕndamｅntalquｅｓｔionsofhoｗaｎdwｈyｌifｅemerｇedonEarthａｎdwhetherlｉfearoseｅlｓewｈｅreintheuniｖerse.A50－perｃentcuｔ“isaｌmostaｇoing-oｕt-of-buｓinesｓ-levｅｌｃuｔ”inａvｉbrantｌｉneofｒｅsearchｔhatstanｄsaｓonepillａｒsｕppｏｒtingPresｉdｅntＢｕｓｈ’ｓvisiｏnforｓpaceｅxｐｌoration,saysplaｎｅtａryscientｉstSeａnSolomon,whoｈeadｓtheＤepａrｔmｅｎtｏｆＴｅrrestriaｌMａgnetismattｈeCaｒnegieInｓtiｔutioｎofWasｈinｇton.Neveｒｔｈeｌess,ｔheｒeseａrｃｈiｎｔoday’ｓｉssuｅoftheｊｏurnａlＳｃienceｉsｔhesoｒｔｏfthingthatcontiｎｕestoｌightafiｒｅｕnｄertｈefiｅld．ItsrepｏｒｔaboutliquiｄwａtｅrundeｒthｅicｙsｕｒfaｃeｏｆEｎceladｕsisa“ｒadｉcalconclusiｏn,”aｃknowleｄgesＣaｒｏlynＰoｒｃo,wｈｏleadsｔheimagingｔeamｗorkiｎｇwｉtｈdａtａfromtheCaｓｓiniorbiter．Butｉftｈｅｔeaｍisｒigｈｔ,“wehａvesiｇｎｉficantlybroadenedtheｄｉversitｙofｓolａr-systeｍeｎviroｎmｅnts”thatmighthaverolledoｕttheｗelcomemat“fｏrlivingorgaｎiｓms,”sｈeｃoｎｃlｕdes．Imagesｒeleasedlａsｔfａlｌshｏwtheｍoonejｅｃtingｖaｓtplumeｓofmaterｉａlneａｒitｓuneｘpｅctedlywａrｍsｏuthpoｌe.Astheteａmpoｎｄｅreｄｔhｅevidenｃe,tｈeynixeｄsｅverａｌｅxplaｎａtions,inclｕｄingtheiｄeatｈａtｔheｐartiｃｌｅsintｈeplumeｓwｅｒedrｉveｎbyvapoｒbiｌｌowｉngoｕｔａsiｃerｅａchedthｅsurfａｃeanｄｉmmediatｅlｙｔurnｅｄｉｎtｏagas.Thｅlaｓｔideastaｎdinｇ:Liquidｗａｔerwasventingｆｒomｒeｓｅｒvoirsnearthｅｓuｒfaｃe,peｒhaｐsonlyｔｅnsofmetersbelowthefｒiｇｉdcrust.ThｉsｅxplanａtionaｌｓoｈeｌｐｅdsolvetｈerｉddleofpｕzzlｉｎglyhｉghlevelsoｆoxygeｎaｔoｍsｆouｎdinSaｔurn’sneｉｇhboｒhoｏd.Ｃonfirmatiｏｎｃｏuｌdcｏmeｗithadditionalｆlybyｓ,ｉｆwateｒ—andpｅrｈａpslife—ｉsprｅsent,itwｏuldn’tbe“ｌuｘｕｒiant,”ｎｏteｓJeffrｅyKargel，ａreseａrchｅｒaｔtheUｎｉｖeｒｓｉtｙoｆＡriｚoｎａａtTucsｏn.Itlｉkelywouldfａｃetｏughconditions—ｎastyｃｈemicａls,verylowｔemperａturｅs,andliｔtleenergytodｒｉveｉｔ．Stilｌ,heａdｄs,iｔ’sprematｕretocrossthemooｎofｆtheｌistoｆpoｓsible“outposts”fｏrliｆｅbeyｏｎｄEaｒtｈ．Yettheprospectofｂuｉldｉnｇonｔhｅsｅresuｌtｓｃｏuldbedimmerwitｈｔｈethreａtofbudgetcutｓ.Ｔｈepｒopｏseｄｒｅｄuctiｏnspｏstseｖeralchallｅngeｓ,researchｅｒsｓaｙ.Ｏneiｓtheｌossofiｍpｏrtaｎtｆinanｃｉalｌevｅrage.Ｗｈｉｌｅmｏneyｆoｒexｐeｒimenｔsaｎdｏtherresearｃhｒｅｌatedtoastｒoｂiologｙcａncoｍefrｏｍotheｒｆundｉngagencｉes,suchａstｈeＮ