(完整)逆变器外文文献及翻译

（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译的全部内容。（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译Inverter1IntroductionAninverterisanelectricaldevicethatconvertsdirectcurrent（DC）toalternatingcurrent（AC）;theconvertedACcanbeatanyrequiredvoltageandfrequencywiththeuseofappropriatetransformers，switching，andcontrolcircuits.Solid-stateinvertershavenomovingpartsandareusedinawiderangeofapplications,fromsmallswitchingpowersuppliesincomputers,tolargeelectricutilityhigh—voltagedirectcurrentapplicationsthattransportbulkpower.InvertersarecommonlyusedtosupplyACpowerfromDCsourcessuchassolarpanelsorbatteries.Therearetwomaintypesofinverter。Theoutputofamodifiedsinewaveinverterissimilartoasquarewaveoutputexceptthattheoutputgoestozerovoltsforatimebeforeswitchingpositiveornegative。Itissimpleandlowcostandiscompatiblewithmostelectronicdevices，exceptforsensitiveorspecializedequipment，forexamplecertainlaserprinters.Apuresinewaveinverterproducesanearlyperfectsinewaveoutput（〈3％totalharmonicdistortion）thatisessentiallythesameasutility—suppliedgridpower.ThusitiscompatiblewithallACelectronicdevices。Thisisthetypeusedingrid-tieinverters。Itsdesignismorecomplex,andcosts5or10timesmoreperunitpowerTheelectricalinverterisahigh—powerelectronicoscillator.ItissonamedbecauseearlymechanicalACtoDCconvertersweremadetoworkinreverse，andthuswere”inverted"，toconvertDCtoAC.Theinverterperformstheoppositefunctionofarectifier。(完整)逆变器外文文献及翻译2Applications2。1DCpowersourceutilizationAninverterconvertstheDCelectricityfromsourcessuchasbatteries，solarpanels,orfuelcellstoACelectricity。Theelectricitycanbeatanyrequiredvoltage;inparticularitcanoperateACequipmentdesignedformainsoperation,orrectifiedtoproduceDCatanydesiredvoltageGridtieinverterscanfeedenergybackintothedistributionnetworkbecausetheyproducealternatingcurrentwiththesamewaveshapeandfrequencyassuppliedbythedistributionsystem.Theycanalsoswitchoffautomaticallyintheeventofablackout.Micro—invertersconvertdirectcurrentfromindividualsolarpanelsintoalternatingcurrentfortheelectricgrid.Theyaregridtiedesignsbydefault.2.2UninterruptiblepowersuppliesAnuninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)usesbatteriesandaninvertertosupplyACpowerwhenmainpowerisnotavailable。Whenmainpowerisrestored,arectifiersuppliesDCpowertorechargethebatteries.2。3InductionheatingInvertersconvertlowfrequencymainACpowertoahigherfrequencyforuseininductionheating.Todothis，ACpowerisfirstrectifiedtoprovideDCpower.TheinverterthenchangestheDCpowertohighfrequencyACpower。2.4HVDCpowertransmissionWithHVDCpowertransmission，ACpowerisrectifiedandhighvoltageDCpoweristransmittedtoanotherlocation。Atthereceivinglocation，aninverterinastaticinverterplantconvertsthepowerbacktoAC.(完整)逆变器外文文献及翻译2。5Variable-frequencydrivesAvariable—frequencydrivecontrolstheoperatingspeedofanACmotorbycontrollingthefrequencyandvoltageofthepowersuppliedtothemotor。Aninverterprovidesthecontrolledpower.Inmostcases，thevariable—frequencydriveincludesarectifiersothatDCpowerfortheinvertercanbeprovidedfrommainACpower.Sinceaninverteristhekeycomponent，variable—frequencydrivesaresometimescalledinverterdrivesorjustinverters。2。6ElectricvehicledrivesAdjustablespeedmotorcontrolinvertersarecurrentlyusedtopowerthetractionmotorsinsomeelectricanddiesel—electricrailvehiclesaswellassomebatteryelectricvehiclesandhybridelectrichighwayvehiclessuchastheToyotaPriusandFiskerKarma.Variousimprovementsininvertertechnologyarebeingdevelopedspecificallyforelectricvehicleapplications。[2]Invehicleswithregenerativebraking,theinverteralsotakespowerfromthemotor(nowactingasagenerator)andstoresitinthebatteries。2。7ThegeneralcaseAtransformerallowsACpowertobeconvertedtoanydesiredvoltage,butatthesamefrequency。Inverters,plusrectifiersforDC,canbedesignedtoconvertfromanyvoltage，ACorDC，toanyothervoltage,alsoACorDC,atanydesiredfrequency。Theoutputpowercanneverexceedtheinputpower,butefficienciescanbehigh,withasmallproportionofthepowerdissipatedaswasteheat。3Circuitdescription3.1BasicdesignsInonesimpleinvertercircuit，DCpowerisconnectedtoatransformerthroughthecentretapoftheprimarywinding。Aswitchis（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译rapidlyswitchedbackandforthtoallowcurrenttoflowbacktotheDCsourcefollowingtwoalternatepathsthroughoneendoftheprimarywindingandthentheother.Thealternationofthedirectionofcurrentintheprimarywindingofthetransformerproducesalternatingcurrent（AC）inthesecondarycircuit。Theelectromechanicalversionoftheswitchingdeviceincludestwostationarycontactsandaspringsupportedmovingcontact.Thespringholdsthemovablecontactagainstoneofthestationarycontactsandanelectromagnetpullsthemovablecontacttotheoppositestationarycontact.Thecurrentintheelectromagnetisinterruptedbytheactionoftheswitchsothattheswitchcontinuallyswitchesrapidlybackandforth。Thistypeofelectromechanicalinverterswitch，calledavibratororbuzzer，wasonceusedinvacuumtubeautomobileradios。Asimilarmechanismhasbeenusedindoorbells,buzzersandtattooguns.Astheybecameavailablewithadequatepowerratings，transistorsandvariousothertypesofsemiconductorswitcheshavebeenincorporatedintoinvertercircuitdesigns3。2OutputwaveformsTheswitchinthesimpleinverterdescribedabove，whennotcoupledtoanoutputtransformer,producesasquarevoltagewaveformduetoitssimpleoffandonnatureasopposedtothesinusoidalwaveformthatistheusualwaveformofanACpowersupply.UsingFourieranalysis,periodicwaveformsarerepresentedasthesumofaninfiniteseriesofsinewaves.Thesinewavethathasthesamefrequencyastheoriginalwaveformiscalledthefundamentalcomponent。Theothersinewaves，calledharmonics，thatareincludedintheserieshavefrequenciesthatareintegralmultiplesofthefundamentalfrequency。（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译Thequalityofoutputwaveformthatisneededfromaninverterdependsonthecharacteristicsoftheconnectedload。Someloadsneedanearlyperfectsinewavevoltagesupplyinordertoworkproperly。Otherloadsmayworkquitewellwithasquarewavevoltage。3.3ThreephaseinvertersThree—phaseinvertersareusedforvariable—frequencydriveapplicationsandforhighpowerapplicationssuchasHVDCpowertransmission。Abasicthree—phaseinverterconsistsofthreesingle-phaseinverterswitcheseachconnectedtooneofthethreeloadterminals.Forthemostbasiccontrolscheme,theoperationofthethreeswitchesiscoordinatedsothatoneswitchoperatesateach60degreepointofthefundamentaloutputwaveform.Thiscreatesaline—to-lineoutputwaveformthathassixsteps。Thesix—stepwaveformhasazero-voltagestepbetweenthepositiveandnegativesectionsofthesquare-wavesuchthattheharmonicsthataremultiplesofthreeareeliminatedasdescribedabove.Whencarrier—basedPWMtechniquesareappliedtosix—stepwaveforms，thebasicoverallshape，orenvelope，ofthewaveformisretainedsothatthe3rdharmonicanditsmultiplesarecancelled4History4。1EarlyinvertersFromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,DC—to-ACpowerconversionwasaccomplishedusingrotaryconvertersormotor—generatorsets（M-Gsets）。Intheearlytwentiethcentury,vacuumtubesandgasfilledtubesbegantobeusedasswitchesininvertercircuits。Themostwidelyusedtypeoftubewasthethyratron。Theoriginsofelectromechanicalinvertersexplainthesourceoftheterminverter.EarlyAC—to—DCconvertersusedaninductionorsynchronousACmotordirect—connectedtoagenerator（dynamo）sothatthe(完整)逆变器外文文献及翻译

generator’scommutatorreverseditsconnectionsatexactlytherightmomentstoproduceDC.Alaterdevelopmentisthesynchronousconverter，inwhichthemotorandgeneratorwindingsarecombinedintoonearmature,withslipringsatoneendandacommutatorattheotherandonlyonefieldframe。TheresultwitheitherisAC—in，DC—out.WithanM—Gset,theDCcanbeconsideredtobeseparatelygeneratedfromtheAC；withasynchronousconverter，inacertainsenseitcanbeconsideredtobe”mechanicallyrectifiedAC”。Giventherightauxiliaryandcontrolequipment,anM—Gsetorrotaryconvertercanbe"runbackwards”,convertingDCtoAC.Henceaninverterisaninvertedconverter.4.2ControlledrectifierinvertersSinceearlytransistorswerenotavailablewithsufficientvoltageandcurrentratingsformostinverterapplications,itwasthe1957introductionofthethyristororsilicon—controlledrectifier(SCR)thatinitiatedthetransitiontosolidstateinvertercircuits.ThecommutationrequirementsofSCRsareakeyconsiderationinSCRcircuitdesigns。SCRsdonotturnofforcommutateautomaticallywhenthegatecontrolsignalisshutoff。Theyonlyturnoffwhentheforwardcurrentisreducedtobelowtheminimumholdingcurrent，whichvarieswitheachkindofSCR,throughsomeexternalprocess.ForSCRsconnectedtoanACpowersource，commutationoccursnaturallyeverytimethepolarityofthesourcevoltagereverses.SCRsconnectedtoaDCpowersourceusuallyrequireameansofforcedcommutationthatforcesthecurrenttozerowhencommutationisrequired.TheleastcomplicatedSCRcircuitsemploynaturalcommutationratherthanforcedcommutation.Withtheadditionofforcedcommutationcircuits,SCRshavebeenusedinthetypesofinvertercircuitsdescribedabove。Inapplicationswhere（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译inverterstransferpowerfromaDCpowersourcetoanACpowersource，itispossibletouseAC-to—DCcontrolledrectifiercircuitsoperatingintheinversionmode.Intheinversionmode,acontrolledrectifiercircuitoperatesasalinecommutatedinverter.ThistypeofoperationcanbeusedinHVDCpowertransmissionsystemsandinregenerativebrakingoperationofmotorcontrolsystems。AnothertypeofSCRinvertercircuitisthecurrentsourceinput（CSI）inverter.ACSIinverteristhedualofasix-stepvoltagesourceinverter.Withacurrentsourceinverter,theDCpowersupplyisconfiguredasacurrentsourceratherthanavoltagesource.TheinverterSCRsareswitchedinasix-stepsequencetodirectthecurrenttoathree-phaseACloadasasteppedcurrentwaveform.CSIinvertercommutationmethodsincludeloadcommutationandparallelcapacitorcommutation.Withbothmethods，theinputcurrentregulationassiststhecommutation。Withloadcommutation，theloadisasynchronousmotoroperatedataleadingpowerfactor.Astheyhavebecomeavailableinhighervoltageandcurrentratings,semiconductorssuchastransistorsorIGBTsthatcanbeturnedoffbymeansofcontrolsignalshavebecomethepreferredswitchingcomponentsforuseininvertercircuits。4。3RectifierandinverterpulsenumbersRectifiercircuitsareoftenclassifiedbythenumberofcurrentpulsesthatflowtotheDCsideoftherectifierpercycleofACinputvoltage。Asingle—phasehalf—waverectifierisaone-pulsecircuitandasingle—phasefull—waverectifierisatwo-pulsecircuit.Athree-phasehalf—waverectifierisathree-pulsecircuitandathree-phasefull-waverectifierisasix——pulsecircuit。Withthree-phaserectifiers,twoormorerectifiersaresometimesconnectedinseriesorparallelto（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译obtainhighervoltageorcurrentratings。Therectifierinputsaresuppliedfromspecialtransformersthatprovidephaseshiftedoutputs。Thishastheeffectofphasemultiplication。Sixphasesareobtainedfromtwotransformers,twelvephasesfromthreetransformersandsoon.Theassociatedrectifiercircuitsare12-pulserectifiers,18—pulserectifiersandsoon。Whencontrolledrectifiercircuitsareoperatedintheinversionmode,theywouldbeclassifiedbypulsenumberalso。RectifiercircuitsthathaveahigherpulsenumberhavereducedharmoniccontentintheACinputcurrentandreducedrippleintheDCoutputvoltage。Intheinversionmode，circuitsthathaveahigherpulsenumberhavelowerharmoniccontentintheACoutputvoltagewaveform.逆变器简介逆变器是一种能将直流电转化为可变的交流电的电子装置，使用适当的变压器、开关以及控制电路可以将转化的交流电调整到任何需要的电压以及频率值。固定的逆变器没有移动部件，其应用范围极其广泛，从小型计算机开关电源，到大型电力公司高压直流电源应用，运输散货。逆变器通常用于提供从诸如太阳能电池板或电池直流电源转换的交流电源.。逆变器有两种主要类型。对修改后正弦波逆变器输出是一个类似方波输出，输出去除了一时间为零伏特，然后才转到正或负。它的电路简单而且成本一般较低,并与大（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译多数电子设备兼容，除了敏感或专用设备，例如某些激光打印机。纯正弦波逆变器产生一个近乎完美的正弦波输出“（＜3%的总谐波失真），它本质上与公用事业电网提供的相同。因此它与所有的交流电子设备兼容。这是网逆变器配合使用的类型。它的设计更为复杂，成本5人以上每单位功率。［1］电逆变器是一种高功率电子振荡器的10倍。它是如此命名是因为早期机械AC到DC转换器的工作作了相反，因此是“倒“，转换成直流到交流。变频器的整流执行相反的功能应用2。1直流电源利用率逆变器将直流电，如电池，太阳能电池板，燃料电池等转换为交流电直流电。转换的交流电可以是任意需要大小的交流电，特别是它可以操作交流设备用于电源操作，或者滤波产生任何需要的直流电压。配电网络逆变器可以将能量反馈到分配网络，因为他们产生的交流电和分配网络提供的交流电的波形和频率可以是一样的。而且他们也可以自动关断输出当遇到停电事故时。微型逆变器将由个人太阳能电池板产生的直流电转化为交流电并入电网。接从个人的太阳能电池板的电流.它们使用默认的输电网设计.2.2不间断电源不间断电源（UPS）当主电源无法使用时使用电池和逆变器提供交流电源.当主电源恢复时，一个整流器供应直流电源对电池进行充电.2。3感应加热逆变器将低频交流电源转化为更高的频率以用于感应加热使用。要做到这一点,首先交流电源经过滤波提供直流电源.该逆变器，然后更改为高频率的交流电源直流电源。2.4高压直流输电随着高压直流输电,交流电源进行整流和高压直流电源被传输到另一个位置。在接收的位置，在一个静止变流器厂将直流电源转换回交流电2。5变频驱动器一个变频驱动控制器通过控制供应给电机的电源电压和频率来控制交流电机的运行速度.逆变器提供控制信号。在大多数情况下，变频驱动器包括一个整流器，因而提（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译供给逆变器的直流电源可以由交流主电源提供。由于逆变器是关键部件，变频驱动器有时也被称为逆变器驱动器或只是逆变器2。6电动汽车驱动调速电动机控制逆变器是目前用于电力牵引在一些电动和柴油电动轨道车辆以及一些电池电动汽车上的电机，如丰田Prius和菲斯克噶玛混合动力电动汽车高速公路交通工具。在变频技术的各项改善措施正在制定专门针对电动车辆的应用。与更新制动车辆,还需要从变频器的电机（现在作为发电机）和它储存在电池里的电源。2.7一般情况下一个变压器允许交流电源被转换为任何所需的电压，但是却在相同的频率。逆变器,直流加整流器，可以设计成任何转换电压，交流或直流,在任何需要的频率，以任何其他电压,也可以是交流或直流。输出功率不能超过输入功率，但效率可以很高，可以允许作为一部分余热消耗掉功率很小的一部分.3电路描述3.1基本设计在一个简单的逆变电路中，直流电源通过初级绕组的中心抽头连接到变压器。开关以极高的频率来回切换，使电流回流在变压器的初级绕组里流过一个方向后再向另一个方向流动。初级绕组里电流方向的变化通过变压器在次级绕组里产生交变电流.在开关设备机电版本包括两个固定触点和弹簧支撑移动接触点。弹簧持有一个可移动的触体来和固定触点接触,电磁铁拉动可移动的触体到对面的固定的触体。在电磁铁的电流中断的交换机中，使交换开关不断来回迅速切换迅速。这种机动逆变器式开关，称为一个振动器或蜂鸣器，曾经在真空电子管汽车收音机中使用。一个类似的电子装置已用于门铃，蜂鸣器和纹身枪。当开关管有有足够的额定功率，晶体管和半导体开关各种其他类型的的电子开关器件可用已纳入逆变器电路设计.3。2输出波形上述简单的逆变器中的开关，当不耦合到输出变压器时，输出电压波形由于开关管简单的导通或关断产生一个方波电压输出，而不是交流电最常见的正弦波形,它是一个AC电源波形通常由于其简单。利用傅里叶分析，周期性波形表示为一个无穷级数（完整）逆变器外文文献及翻译的正弦波的总和。正弦波中和原始波形具有相同的频率的波称为基波。其他频率的正弦波,称为谐波，这是该系列中包括有频率是基波频率的整数倍.输出波形是从一个逆变器所需的质量取决于逆变器所连接的负载特性。一些载入需要一个近乎完美的正弦波电压供应才能正常工作。其他的负载可能使用方波电压也能工作的很好.3。3三相逆变器三相逆变器是用于变频驱动应用以及诸如高压直流输电高功率传输。一个基本的三相逆变器由三个单相开关每个连接到三个负载接线端子之一的逆变器组成。对于最基本的控制方案，对三个开关运作协调，以便在每一个开关输出波形的基本操作60度点.这将创建一个线到线输出波形有六个步骤。六步之间有一个