2023年大学英语四级语法考点透析

动词的时与体(Tense&Aspect)时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表达时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表达“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表达“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”）。体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表达动作或过程在一定期间内处在何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressiveaspect)和完毕体(perfectiveaspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加积极词的-ing分词构成；完毕体由助动词have的一定形式加积极词的-ed分词构成。现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完毕体结合使用，也可以同时与完毕体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simplepresent)、一般过去时(simplepast)、现在进行体(presentprogressive)、过去进行体(pastprogressive)、现在完毕体(presentperfective)、过去完毕体(pastperfective)、现在完毕进行体(presentperfectiveprogressive)、过去完毕进行体(pastperfectiveprogressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完毕体来加以详述。1．1必须使用完毕体的结构1）It(This,Thisevening,yesterday...)is(was,willbe)first(second,third...)time(day,month…)…结构中的分句，规定用完毕体。Isthisthefirsttimeyou'vebeentoBeijing?ThiswasthefirsttimehehadbeentoBeijing.ThisistheeighthmonththatIhavebeenoutofwork..ThiswastheeighthmonththatIhadbeenoutofwork.ThisisthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhavebeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.ThiswasthesecondtimethatthegoodsproducedbyourfactoryhadbeenshownintheInternationalExhibition.2）在nosooner…than,hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用过去完毕体。Hehadnosoonerseenmethanhelefttheroom.Nosoonerhadheseenmethanhelefttheroom.Thehelicopterhadhardlylandedwhenthewaitingcrowdrantowardit.ScarcelyhadIseenthelightningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.3）将来完毕体用来表达在将来某一时间以前已经完毕或一直连续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的分句连用。Iwillhavefinishedalltheworkbythetimeyouarebackthisevening.IamsurehewillhaveleftParisbythistimetomorrow.Ihopewewillhavegotalltheinformationbeforeyoucometomorrow.BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.（2023年1月）A)wouldbeleavingB)amleavingC)havealreadyleftD)shallhaveleft本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完毕体用法，应选择D)。BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we________herefortwodays.（2023年6月）A)havebeenstayingB)havestayedC)shallstayD)willhavestayed将来完毕体用来可以表达在将来某一时间以前一直连续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完毕体，答案为D)。1．2现在完毕体与现在完毕进行体现在完毕进行体兼有现在完毕体和现在进行体两者基本特点。由于它有现在完毕体的特点，所以它可以表达某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行体的特点，所以它也可以表达某一动作的延续性、临时性、反复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。1）现在完毕进行体和现在完毕体皆可表达动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表达的结果是直接的，而后者所表达的则是最后的结果。Wehavebeencleaningtheclassroom．（a）Wehavecleanedtheclassroom．（b）（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着”。其直接结果也许是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了”。其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。此外（a）句表达教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则也许表达教室是昨天打扫的。再看下面两个句子：Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor．（a）Johnhaspaintedthedoor．（b）（a）句表达约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆尚未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆也许已干了。2）现在完毕进行体有时有延续性；现在完毕体往往没有。Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad．（a）Theyhavewidenedtheroad．（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未竣工。（b）句的意思则是已竣工了。有时现在完毕体有延续性（如一些属于连续体的动词），但无临时性质。Mr.SmithhasbeenlivinginLondonsince1978．（a）Mr.SmithhaslivedinLondonsince1979．（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。3）但现在完毕进行体并不总是具有临时的性质。MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfortwentyyears．（a）MymotherhastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.（b）(a)句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。此外，（a）句表达动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去；（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。在完毕进行体往往表达动作在反复；现在完毕体则经常不带反复性。Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately？（a）Haveyoumetherlately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，everyday等时间状语连用，当然也表达动作在反复。在否认结构中，现在完毕体所否认的是谓语动词；现在完毕进行体所否认的是状语。Hehasn'tbeenspeakingsincethreeo'clock．（a）Hehasn'tspokensincethreeo'clock．（b）（a）句中所否认的不是hasbeenspeaking，而是sincethreeo'clock，其结构等于Hehasbeenspeakingnotsincethreeo'clockbutsincehalfpastthree．这是由于现在完毕进行体自身是没有否认结构的原故。（b）句用的是现在完毕体，而现在完毕体是有否认结构的，所以（b）句中所否认的自然是hasspoken，意即“从三点起他一直沉默不语，未发一言”。1．3情态动词+行为动词完毕体must+have+V-ed指现在对过去已发生的事或也许出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表达推测过去某事“一定”发生了。因此，Youmustseeherlastnight的说法是错误的。Shemusthavemetaghostyesterday.她昨天一定碰见过鬼了。Hemusthavebeentherelastweek.他上周一定在那儿。HisscoreontheEnglishtestisthehighestintheclass;hemusthavestudiedlastnight.他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。can’t/couldn’t+have+V-edcan’t/couldn’t+have+V-ed为must+have+V-ed的否认形式，指现在对过去已发生的事或也许出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表达过去不也许发生某事。Theycan’thavecomehereintheircaryesterday,foritwasthenunderrepair.他们昨天不也许开车到这里，由于那时他们的车还正在修理当中。Theroomisinamess;itcan’t/couldn’thavebeencleaned.may/might+have+V-ed表达推测过去某事“也许”发生了。Hemay/mighthavechosenanothercareerifhehadhadenoughmoneytofurtherhiseducation.假如他那时有足够的钱继续受教育，他也许会选择另一个职业。Imighthavefulfilledtheworkearlier.我本可以早一些完毕这件工作的。oughtto/should+have+V-ed和oughtnot/shouldn’t+have+V-ed对以发生的情况表达“不满”、“责备”，分别表达“本应当…”和“本不应当”Iwonderwhytheyhaven’tarrivedyet.Itoldthemhowtogetthere,butperhapsIought/shouldgivethemamap.（具有“后悔”或“自责”之意）Yououghttohavetoldmethatyesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。needn’t+have+V-ed表达过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。Youneedn’thavehurried.Sheneedn’thavecomeinperson---aletterwouldhavebeenenough.Youneedn’thavedoneallthosecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.4用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished+不定式完毕体表达事实上并未实现的计划或行为。（详见3.3不定式完毕体）Weweretohavestartedat8lastnight,butitsnowedheavily.Theyintendedtohavegonecamping,buttheylatercancelledit.Ihopedtohavefinisheditlastweek,butIwastoobusy.练习1.Suchcrimesmaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonethem.（2023年12月）A)discoversB)discoveredC)willdiscoverD)wouldhavediscovered2.Infact，PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothan_______inNewYork.（2023年6月）A)tostayB)stayingC)stayedD)havingstayed3.Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales，_______？（2023年6月）A)doesthereB)hasn'tthereC)isn'titD)isn'tthere4.TheboyspentasmuchtimewatchingTVashe________studying.（2023年1月）A)doesB)hadC)wasD)did5.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson_______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell-balanceddiet.（2023年1月）A)isB)wereC)beD)was6.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A)havefoundB)willbefoundC)willhavefoundD)arefinding7.Theconference____afullweekbythetimeitends.A)musthavelastedB)willhavelastedC)wouldlastD)haslasted8.---"MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo'clocktonight?"---"I'msorry.M.Williams_______toaconferencelongbeforethen."（2023年6月）A)hadgoneB)wouldhavegoneC)hasgoneD)willhavegone9.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe________toolong.（2023年1月）A)hasbeenreadingB)hadreadC)isreadingD)read10.Thecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.Hehavedrivensofast.（2023年12月）A)can’tB)mustn’tC)wouldn’tD)shouldn’t11.Investigatorsagreedthatpassengersontheairliner____attheverymomentofthecrash.（2023年6月）A)oughttodieB)musthavediedC)mustbedyingD)shouldhavedied12.You_______himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.（2023年6月）A)shouldn'thavebeenfollowingB)couldn'thavebeenfollowingC)mustn'tfollowD)shouldn'tfollow13.Theconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendofthisyear.willhavecompletedB)willhavebeencompletedC)willbecompletedD)willcompleted14.JackhasjustphonedtosaythathebacktillSundaynextweek.doesn’tcomeB)willcomeC)hasn’tcomeD)isn’tcoming15.Taketheumbrellaincaseit.A)israiningB)isgoingtorainC)rainsD)willrain16.Bytheendoflastyear,Iinthisuniversityfortenyears.A)hadworkedB)workedC)wasworkingD)wouldwork17.Pickmeupat9o’clock.Imybathbythen.A)canhavehadB)willhavehadC)willbehavingD)mayhave18.IaglasswhileIthedinner.A)broke…wascookingB)wasbreaking…wascookingC)wasbreaking…cookedD)broke…cooked19.“MichaelleftforNewYorkthismorning.”“Oh,Ithoughtheuntilnextweek.”A)hadn’tbeengoingB)wasn’tgoingC)isn’tgoingD)won’tbegoing20.Ithasbeenalongtimesincetheylasteachother.A)weremeetingB)weretomeetC)metD)meet21.Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,theybetterhealth.A)hadenjoyedB)areenjoyingC)havebeenenjoyingD)couldhaveenjoyed22.Youshouldhaveputthemilkintheice-box;Iexpectitundrinkablebynow.A)hadbecomeB)becomeC)hasbecomeD)became23.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthatatsuchameeting.A)areraisedB)haveeverbeenraisedC)israisedD)haseverbeenraised24.Whenhehurriedtotheairport,hefound,tohisgreatdisappointment,histicketathome.A)tohavebeenleftB)hadleftC)wereleftD)hadbeenleft25.ThenovelissaidintosevenlanguagesincludingRussian.A)tohavebeentranslatedB)tobetranslatedC)havetranslatedD)havingtranslated26.Weourownbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoney.A)hopedtohavestartedB)hopedtostartC)hopetostartedD)hopetohavestarted27.whenshestartedcomplaining.A)NosoonerhadhearrivedB)ScarcelydidhearriveC)HardlyhadhearrivedD)Notuntilhearrived28.Therewasaknockatthedoor,itwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.A)wouldhaveinterruptedB)tobeinterruptedC)tohaveinterruptedD)hadinterrupted29.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.A)haveoftenseenB)willoftenseeC)oftenseeD)areoftenseeing30.Theyhurriedthereonlytofindthemeetingcancelled.Infact,theyatall.A)needtohavegoneB)wouldn’thavegoneC)needn’thavegoneD)mustn’thavegone第二章被动语态(PassiveVoice)2．1积极态表达被动意义1）一般说来，表达被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却具有被动意义，用来表达主语的某种特性、属性。Enamelwarescleaneasily.搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。Thisboxdoesn'tcloseproperly.这箱子关不拢。Theseapplescookwell．这些苹果适于烹煮。Thismetalcutseasily.这种金属容易切削。Thepipedoesnotdrawwell.这烟斗不大畅通。Nylondriesquickly.尼龙织物干得快。Thismaterialdoesnotdyewell.这料子染不好。Iteatswell.这东西吃上去味道好。Thehallsoonfilled．那大厅不久便坐满了人。DampWoodwillnotfire.潮湿的木头不会着火。Thiswheatgrindswell.这种麦子很好磨。Thebrakedoesnotgripproperly.刹车不灵。Thiscarhandleswell.这车很好驾驶。Thedoorwon'tlock．门锁不上。Thecowmilkswell.这头母牛出奶率高。Thesebookspackeasily.这些书易于包装。Thesepotatoespeeleasily.这些土豆皮很容易剥。Hisnewnovelissellingwell.他的新小说销路良好。Thewindowwon'tshut．这窗关不上。Somekindsofwoodspliteasily.有些木材容易劈开。Somekindsoffoodsoonspoil.有些食物很容易变坏。Thislinenc1othspotseasily.这麻布容易沾污。Whiteclothesstaineasily.白色衣服容易弄脏。Thedampmatchwon'tstrike.这潮湿的火柴擦不着。Thispapertearseasily．这种纸一撕就破。Noteveryidiomtranslateswithsuchease.不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。Theclothwasheswell.这布很耐洗。Thismaterialwon'twear.这种材料不耐久。Thedoorwon'topen.这门打不开。从以上的例子可以看出，句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一：谓语动词用否认式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。2）当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时，表达的是被动意义。Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了。Thefloorrequireswashing.=Thefloorrequirestobewashed.地板需要冲洗。2．2带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句（重要是that分句）的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。【例如】Peoplethinkthatsheishonest.(a)→Itisthoughtthatsheishonest.(b)→Sheisthoughttobehonest.(c)(b)以it作形式主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，保存(a)中的that分句；(c)将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，再将(a)中的that分句改为不定式短语，放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词重要有：think,consider,assume,suppose,say,report,acknowledge,feel,believe,find,presume,know,understand,etc.假如that分句的动词是进行体，这时分句要改为不定式进行体。Theysupposethatsheiscoming.→Itissupposedthatsheiscoming.→Sheissupposedtobecoming.Theysupposedthatshewascoming.→Itwassupposedthatshewascoming.→Shewassupposedtobecoming.假如that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前，这时分句要改为不定式完毕体。Peoplefeelthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident→Itisfeltthatlittlewasdonetopreventtheaccident.→Littleisfelttohavebeendonetopreventtheaccident.Theyreportthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Itisreportedthatbothsideshavereachedanagreement.→Bothsidesarereportedtohavereachedanagreement.Peoplethinkthatshewashonest.→Itisthoughtthatshewashonest.→Sheisthoughttohavebeenhonest.2．3短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体，转化为被动语态时，词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。Theoldhousewillbepulleddowntomorrow.Thelittleboywasmadeuseofbythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsforhim.Thatsortofthingshouldbedoneawaywith.Thesportsmeetistobeputoff.此外，有些短语动词不能用被动语态，如：takeplace,looklike,belongto,dependon,consistof,agreewith等。Theaccidenttookplaceyesterdayontheexpressway.Helookslikeanoldman.Thehonorbelongstous.Heisthepersontodependon.练习1.Theshirtsmooth.A)isfeltB)isfeelingC)feelsD)istobefelt2.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.A)havetobespentB)havespentC)havetospendD)spend3.Theproblem.nowisadifficultone.isdiscussedB)istobediscussedC)beingdiscussedD)tobediscussed4.Heissaidhomefromabroadlastweek.A)tocomebackB)comebackC)tohavecomebackD)comingback5.Theradiobymyyoungersisterrightnow.A)isbeingrepairedB)repairedC)beenrepairedD)beingrepaired6.Hislatestnovel.well.A)issoldB)soldC)istosellingD)sells7.Bytheendoflastyearthegymnasium______.wasbeingcompletedB)hadbeencompletedC)hadcompletedD)wouldbecompleted

8.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.A)neededtobetakenintoconsiderationB)neededtohavetakenintoconsiderationC)neededtotakeintoconsiderationD)neededtobetakingintoconsideration9.Weallsuggestthathisadvice.adoptsB)isadoptedC)wasadoptedD)beadopted10.It’spayday,andwe’rewaiting.A)tobepaidB)tohavepaidC)tobepayingD)

forpaying11.ThislawthenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygotofftheendsreducingB)intendedreducingC)intendingtoreduceD)

isintendedtoreduce12.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.isgoingtoturnoutB)isgoingtobeingturnedoutC)isgoingtohaveturnedoutD)isgoingtobeturnedout13.Thework______,wehadagooddrinkforcelebration.A)haddoneB)hadbeendoneC)havingdoneD)havingbeendone14.IsupposethatwhenIcomebackinfiveyear’stime,alotofbuildingshere.A)willhavebeenbuiltB)willbebuiltC)willhavebuiltD)willbebuilding15.Jack______ajobinafactory,butherefusedtotakeit.hasbeenofferedB)wasofferedC)offeredD)

hadoffered16.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.oughtnottohaveallowedB)oughtnottobeallowedC)oughtnottobeallowingD)

oughttobenotallowed17.HehasmadeitknowthatmuchofhiscollectiontotheNationalLibrary.hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft18.Beforeliberation,myfatherwasmadeallday.A)toworkB)workingC)workD)worked19.Shein1970.marriedB)gotmarriedC)wasmarriedD)didmarry20.Ontheruinsoftheoldbombedsiteagoodmanymodernbuildingsandasupermarket.arestoodB)havebeenstoodC)standD)standing第三章不定式(Infinitive)3．1不定式在句子中充当的作用1）作主语不定式作主语：一般表达具体的某次动作。Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages.It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：a)Itis＋形容词(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong...)＋(for/ofsb.)＋不定式ItisessentialtoreserveatableinadvanceofChristmasEve.Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords.Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly.ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit.b)Itis＋名词(apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one'sduty,anhonor,ashame,acrime,noeasyjob...)＋不定式Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash.Itisapitytohavetogowithouther.Itisagloriousdeathtodieforthepeople.c)Ittakes/took(sb.)sometime(hours,months,days,alotoftime,patience...)＋不定式IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.2）作表语不定式作表语，常表达将来的动作，主语经常是表达意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,ask,purpose,duty,job等。Themostimportantthingforone'shealthistohaveplentyofexercise.Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanynecessaryinformation.WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.注意：当主语中有do的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。Whathewantstodomostis(to)enjoyhimselfeveryday.Whattheydidlastnightwas(to)playcardstotheirheart’scontent.3）作宾语不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中：a)“动词+不定式”结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。这类动词有：afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.Mymotherhatestomovefromplacetoplace,forshefeelstired.Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctor'sdegree.Shefailedtofinishtheassignmentintime,andshewasworriedaboutit.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstomaketrouble.I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus.b)不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式”Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。c)“wh-＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what,which,who,whom,whose)或疑问副词(where,when,how,why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相称于一个分句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。Icouldn'tdecidewhichbooktochoose.Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally.“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。Whentostarttheprogramremainsundecided.Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopractice.4）作状语a)不定式作状语表达目的。或用于soas(not)to和inorder(not)to之后，来强调这种目的。Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmustmakepainstakingefforts.Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.Wemustdevelopscienceandtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry.InordertogetahighmarkinBand4,hedidalotofexercisesbothingrammarandreadingcomprehension.b)不定式表达结果，特别是在so...asto,such...asto,onlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表达结果。IrushedtothestationasfastasIcould,onlytofindthetrainalreadygone.Sheleftherhometownwithherbelovedman,nevertoreturn.Nooneistoooldtolearn.Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageforme?c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：beableto,beafraidto,beaptto,beboundto,becertainto,beeasyto,beeagerto,befitto,belikelyto,bereadyto,besureto,beunableto,beunwillingto,bewillingto等。ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime.Itislikelytoraintoday,foritisverycloudy.Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomework,forwearefriends.5）作宾语补足语a)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch等。Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipment,mostofficesrequiresecretariestohavespecifiedtraining.Heaskedyoutocallhimatteno'clock.ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo.I'dneverallowmychildrentobehavelikethat.b)当不定式在let,make,have,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive（感觉到）等动词后面作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to。Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyou,pleasedoletmeknow.IwillhavethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet.Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthattheneighborgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident.Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.6）作主语补足语带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，本来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词重要有：assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。Mr.BrownissaidtohaveleftforItalylastweek.(ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek.)Personshavebeensaidtoclimbonroofs,solvemathematicalproblems,composemusic,walkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.Heisreportedtohavewonthe100-meterrunningraceintheOlympicgames.7）作定语a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常作下列名词的定语：attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan,promise,pressure,right,tendency,time,way等。Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuccessful.Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyou.Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsentencesincommercialcorrespondence.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.注意：不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式自身的规定。Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.b)由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirstmantoarriveattheofficeandthelastmantoleave.Idon'tthinkheisthebestonetodothework.3．2不带to的不定式(BareInfinitive)在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：wouldrather...than(宁愿……也不),hadbetter...(最佳)，can'thelpbut...(不得不),hadrather...(宁愿)，cannotbut...(不得不，必然)，may/mightaswell...(不妨)，letalone(更不用说),candonothingbut…(只能)。You'dbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwise,youwillbefined.Ican'thelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfood,letaloneeatit.3．3不定式的完毕体不定式的完毕体表达不定式的动作在谓语表达的动作(状态)之前完毕。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Sheseemstohavereadthebookbefore.ThebookisreportedtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutbusinessEnglish.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.（2023年12月）A)robbedB)tohavebeenrobbedC)beingrobbedD)havingbeenrobbed本句意为：据地方报纸报道，昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫。不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前，故选择不定式的完毕体，答案为B)。tohavebeenrobbed在句子中充当主语补足语。不定式完毕体用在was/were,planned,intended,hoped,wished等之后，表达事实上并未实现的计划或行为；intend,wish,hope,mean,plan等动词的过去完毕体与不定式一般式连用，也可表达事实上并未实现的行为。Thesecondnovelwastohavebeencompletedby1963,buttwoyearslater,theendwastillnowhereinsight.JapanhopedtohaveextendeditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.(=JapanhadhopedtoextenditspowertowholeAsia,butitdidn’tsucceed.)Weplannedtohavefinishedtheworkbeforesupper.(=Wehadplannedtofinishtheworkbeforesupper.)3．4不定式的逻辑主语在表达人物情况、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引导不定式逻辑主语，表达对逻辑主语的评价；假如形容词仅仅修饰不定式，与逻辑主语无关，则用for引导不定式逻辑主语。Itisverykindofyoutohavehelpedme.Itisfoolishofhimtohavewastesomuchtimeintrivialities.Itisveryimportantforustoholdameetingassoonaspossible.Itwouldbesurprisingfortherenottobeanyobjectionstotheproposal.3．5不定式与分词作定语的区别根据非谓语动词表达的时间概念拟定具体的非谓语动词形式（不定式、现在分词和过去分词）。涉及将来动作时用不定式；表达已完毕的动作或状态，用过去分词；表达正在进行的动作或目前的状态时，用现在分词。Theproblemtobediscussedtomorrowisanurgentone.（“讨论”是将来的行为，所以用不等式）Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisanurgentone.（“讨论”是完毕了的行为，所以用过去分词）Theproblembeingdiscussednowisanurgentone.（“讨论”是现在的行为，所以用现在分词）3．6不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作，而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。Justthenheheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.(在那时，他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。)Justthenheheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.(在那时，他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。)练习1.TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed______rocketstothemoon.A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending2.I’msorry______youwaitingforsolong.tokeepB)tobekeepingC)tohavekeptD)tohavebeenkeeping3.You’relucky______atickettotheshow.A)tohavegotB)togetC)gettingD)got4.I______thebooktoyoubymail,butIlaterdecidedtocallyou.meantohavesentB)meantosendC)meanttosendD)meanttohavesent5.Iwish______himaboutit.nottellB)nottotellC)tonottellD)nottohavetold6.I______toseeyou,butIwasjusttoobusy.hadintendedtocomeoverB)intendedtocomeoverC)intendtocomeoverD)intendtohavecome7.Theyaresaid______the3000target.toalreadyhitB)tobealreadyhitC)tohavealreadyhitD)bealreadyhit8.Hereisanotherletter______.tohavebeentypedB)typeC)typingD)tobetyped9.Theyallwish______asordinarypersons.beingtreatedB)betreatedC)tobetreatedD)treated10.Ifeelitanhonor______tospeakhere.tobeaskedB)beingaskedC)askingD)asked11.Youarefortunate______asaregularstudenthere.toacceptB)acceptedC)tohavebeenacceptedD)accepting12.Hedoesn’tseem______aboutit.A)tonotifyB)tonotifyC)notifyingD)tohavebeennotified13.Don’tlethim______therealone.A)goB)togoC)goingD)gone14.Wehavenoidea______.wheretogoB)towheregoC)wheregoD)wheregoing15.Wehadthelight______allnight.burntB)tobeburntC)tobeburningD)burning16.Hewasgoingtotown______.havinghiswatchrepairB)haverepairedhiswatchC)tohavehiswatchrepairedD)tohaverepairedhiswatch17.I’mstarvingtodeath.We’dbetterfindarestaurant______.toeatinB)toeatC)eatingD)tohaveeaten18.TherearetimeswhenIfinditdifficult______.tomakemyselfunderstandB)makingmyselfunderstandC)tomakemyselfunderstoodD)makingmyselfunderstood19.Scientistsconsiderlaser______oneofthemostusefultoolsinusetoday.A)tobeB)beingC)beD)asbe20.Ratherthan______everythingtothelastminute,healwayspreferstostartearly.havingleftB)leaveC)leavingD)