操作系统原理绪论英文课件

PrinciplesofOperatingSystem

操作系统原理AboutThisCourse课程基本情况课程类别：学科专业课必修课学时学分：总学时64学时实验8学时4学分先修课程：数据结构、程序设计语言课程内容主要讲授操作系统基本原理，即教材第1章至第13章成绩评定方法期末考试成绩占70%，平时成绩占30%平时成绩包括：作业、实验、课堂、考勤Textbook&ReferencesAbrahamSilberschatz．AppliedOperatingSystemConcepts．HigherEducationPress,2001,5汤子瀛．计算机操作系统．西安：西北电子科技大学出版社,1999,5胡志刚．计算机操作系统．长沙：中南大学出版社,2005,8张尧学．计算机操作系统教程（第二版）．北京：清华大学出版社,2000,8Overview(1-3)Mainlyexplain:Whatoperatingsystemsare?Howoperatingsystemsaredesignedandconstructed?Whatthecommonfeaturesofanoperatingsystemsare?Processmanagement(4-8)Mainlyintroducemethodsfor:ProcessschedulingInterprocesscommunicationProcesssynchronizationDeadlockhandlingDiscussionofthreadsStoragemanagement(9-13)Mainlydealwith:MemorymanagementVirtualmemoryI/OsystemsMass-storagestructureChapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?HistoryofOperatingSystemsTheOperatingSystemZooWhatisanOperatingSystem?Therearealotofdefinitions.Doyouknow?DefinitionfromWikipediaAnoperatingsystem(OS)isaninterfacebetweenhardwareandapplications;itisresponsibleforthemanagementandcoordinationofactivitiesandthesharingofthelimitedresourcesofthecomputer.WhatisanOperatingSystem?aprogramthatactsasanintermediarybetweenauserofacomputerandthecomputerhardware.Operatingsystempurpose:Provideanenvironmentinwhichausercanexecuteprograms.Operatingsystemgoals:Makethecomputersystemconvenienttouse(Convenience).

Usethecomputerhardwareinanefficientmanner(Efficiency).DefinitionsofanOperatingSystemResourceallocator

–managesandallocatesresources.管理和分配资源Controlprogram–controlstheexecutionofuserprogramsandoperationsofI/Odevices.控制用户程序运行和I/O设备的操作Kernel–theoneprogramrunningatalltimes(allelsebeingapplicationprograms).全时运行的一个程序OurTraditionalDefinitionAsetofprogramsthatcontrolandmanagecomputerhardwareandsoftware,andorganizecomputer'sworkflowsoastomakethecomputersystemconvenientforuserstousereasonablyandefficiently.控制和管理计算机软硬件资源，合理组织计算机工作流程，方便用户合理使用计算机的程序的集合。AbstractViewofSystemComponents

Virtualmachine

裸机在每增加一层软件后，就成为一个功能更强的机器，通常将这个“新的功能更强的机器”称为“虚拟机”Chapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?

HistoryofOperatingSystems

TheOperatingSystemZooHistoryofOperatingSystemsFirstgeneration1945–1955vacuumtubes,plugboards(noOS)Secondgeneration1955–1965transistors,batchsystemsThirdgeneration1965–1980ICs,multiprogrammingFourthgeneration1980–presentpersonalcomputers,hand-helddevices,sensorsENIAC

(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer)Itcontained17,468vacuumtubes,weighed30shorttons(27t),andtookup680squarefeet(63m²),andconsumed150kWofpower.InputwaspossiblefromanIBMcardreader,andanIBMcardpunchwasusedforoutput.Noprogramminglanguage,letaloneOSPunchedCardAFamousRemark!

"Ithinkthereisaworldmarketformaybefivecomputers."--ThomasWatson,chairmanofIBM,1943EarlyBatchSystembringcardsto1401readcardstotapeputtapeon7094whichdoescomputingputtapeon1401whichprintsoutputBatchSystemsHireanoperator设置一个操作员User¹operatorReducesetuptimebybatchingsimilarjobs

批量处理同类作业减少了设置时间OS’smaintask:Automaticjobsequencing–automaticallytransferscontrolfromonejobtoanother.Residentmonitorinitialcontrolinmonitor初始化管理程序controltransferstojob转换控制到作业whenjobcompletescontroltransfersbacktomonitor作业=程序+数据+处理步骤ControlCards(Cont.)Specialcardsthattelltheresidentmonitorwhichprogramstorun$JOB

$FTN

$RUN

$DATA

$ENDSpecialcharactersdistinguishcontrolcardsfromdataorprogramcards

特定的字符把数据卡片和程序卡片区分开来StructureofatypicalFortranMonitoringSystemjob$JOBcardspecifies:themaxruntimeinminutesTheaccountnumbertobechargedTheprogrammersname$FORTRANcard:tellstheoperatingSystemtoloadFortrancompiler$RUNmeansruntheprogramwithThefollowingdata$ENDendofjob

AFamousRemark!"Ihavetravelledthelengthandbreadthofthiscountry,andtalkedwiththebestpeople,andIcanassureyouthatdataprocessingisafadthatwon'tlastouttheyear."--TheeditorinchargeofbusinessbooksforPrenticeHall,1957

Thirdgeneration1965–1980IntegratedCircuitsandmultiprogrammingIBM’sSystem/360mainframecomputerwithastandardarchitecturedesignedtohandlebothscientificandcommercialcomputingThirdgeneration1965–1980Prerequisite:interrupt,ChannelI/OchannelI/Oisagenerictermthatreferstoahigh-performanceinput/output(I/O)architecturethatisimplementedinvariousformsonanumberofcomputerarchitectures,especiallyonmainframecomputers.Inthepasttheyweregenerallyimplementedwithacustomprocessor,knownalternatelyasperipheralprocessor,I/Oprocessor(IOP),I/Ocontroller,orDMAcontroller.AchannelprogramisasequenceofI/Oinstructionsexecutedbytheinput/outputchannelprocessorintheIBMSystem/360andsubsequentarchitectures.OS:Multiprogramming/timesharing,spoolingSpooling-usediskasaverylargebufferforinput/outputdevicesOsesDevelopedMULTICS(fatherofallmodernOSes)UNIX(SystemV,BSD)POSIX(byIEEE)MINIX(byTanenbaum)Linux(originatedbyLinusTorvalds,inspiredbyMINIX)MultiprogrammedBatchSystemsSeveraljobsarekeptinmainmemoryatthesametime,andtheCPUismultiplexedamongthem.MultiprogrammingincreasesCPUultilizationbyorganizingjobssuchthatCPUalwayshasonetoexecute.作业状态转换示意图后备状态提交状态CPUP1P2P3运行I/O作业调度进程调度完成状态外存盘交换区外存就绪外存阻塞中级调度OSFeatures

NeededforMultiprogrammingI/Oroutinesuppliedbythesystem.Memorymanagement–thesystemmustallocatethememorytoseveraljobs.CPUscheduling–thesystemmustchooseamongseveraljobsreadytorun.Allocationofdevices.

JobMonitorI/OJobAJobBSchedulingTypeI/ODiskI/OSimple/Multiprogramming

BatchSystem(1)ImproveCPUutilization7%--100%(intheory)(2)ImprovememoryandI/Odevicesutilization(3)IncreasesystemthroughputAdvantagesofMultiprogrammingCharacteristicsofMultiprogrammedBatchSystems:多道性、无序性、调度性（两级）Question两个/两个以上的作业同时入主存处于宏观运行状态共享所有系统资源Canyoutellmetheconceptof“Multiprogramming”?AFamousRemark!"Thereisnoreasonanyonewouldwantacomputerintheirhome."--KenOlson,president,chairmanandfounderofDigitalEquipmentCorp.,1977TourthGeneration1980–PresentpersonalcomputersweredevelopedafterLSI(LargeScaleIntegration)circuitswereinvented.FirstMicrocomputer:Intel8080CPU+attached8-inchfloppydiskFirstdiskbasedOS:CP/M(ControlProgramforMicrocomputers)Programminglanguages:C/C++,Java,……OS:DOS,Windows,MacOS,Linux……AFamousRemark!"Wedon'tseeWindowsasalong-termgraphicalinterfaceforthemasses."--ALotusSoftwareDevelopmentofficial,whiledemonstratinganewDOSversion,1989HistoryofOperatingSystemsÑBillGatessuggestedIBMthattheyshouldlookatCP/M(byGaryKildall)Thebiggestmistakeofall:Kindallrefusedtosignanon-disclosureagreementIBMwentbacktoBillGatesandsignedacontractwithhimtowriteanOSfortheirnewhomecomputerMS-DOSwasbasedonQDOS,the"QuickandDirtyOperatingSystem"writtenbyTimPatersonofSeattleComputerProductsQDOSwasbasedonGaryKildall'sCP/MMicrosoftboughttherightstoQDOSfor$50,000HistoryofOperatingSystemsÒEarlyMS-DOSwasveryprimitivebutlaterversionsincludedadvancedfeaturestakenfromUNIXTheearlyOSformicrocomputerswerebasedonuserstypingincommandsfromthekeyboardDouglasEngelbartfromSRIinventedtheGraphicalUserInterface(GUI)withwindows,icons,menus,andmouse.HistoryofOperatingSystemsÓSteveJobssawthevalueofGUIinaPCanddevelopedtheApplecomputerwithGUI(AppleMacintosh)inhisgarage.Heisalsotheco-founderofPixarwhichhascreatedverysuccessfulanimatedfilms:ToyStory;ABug'sLife;ToyStory2;FindingNemo;Monsters.HistoryofOperatingSystemsÔMicrosoftdevelopedaGUI-basedsystemcalledWindowswhichoriginallyranontopofMS-DOSWindows95and98wererealGUIbasedoperatingsystemsstillbasedon16bitIntelassemblylanguageWindowsNTfamilyWindows2000,WindowsMeWindowsXPWindowsVistaWindowsNeptune:aversionofMicrosoftWindowsthatwasdotoarriveatthesametimeaswindows2000,butwasneverreleased.Chapter1:IntroductionWhatisanOperatingSystem?

HistoryofOperatingSystemsTheOperatingSystemZooTheOperatingSystemZooMainframeoperatingsystemsRoom-sizecomputersHighI/OcapacityOffers:Batchprocessing(nointeraction,suchaslargereports)Transactionprocessing(largenumberofsmallrequests)Timesharing(multipleuserssittinginfrontofclients)TheOperatingSystemZooServeroperatingsystemsOfferserviceslikeprint,file,orwebUNIX,Windows2000,LinuxMultiprocessoroperatingsystemsParallelcomputingPersonalcomputeroperatingsystemsSingleuserwithagoodGUI,suchasWindows98,Windows2000,MacintoshOS,LinuxTheOperatingSystemZooReal-timeoperatingsystemsE.g.industrialprocesscontrolsystemswhereeachjobmustbecompletedinthespecifiedtime.Hardreal-time(nuclearreactorcontrolsystems)orsoft-realtimesystems(e.gmultimediasystems)dependingontheacceptanceofmissingdeadlinesEmbeddedoperatingsystemsReal-timesystemswithsomeresourceconstraintslikememory,CPU,power.SmartcardoperatingsystemsExtremelyprimitiveOSrunningoncreditcard-sizeddeviceswithaCPU.CPUMemJob1Job2JobnUser1User2UsernTime-SharingSystemsTime-SharingSystems(Cont.)TheCPUismultiplexed多路amongseveraljobsthatarekeptinmemoryandondisk(theCPUisallocatedtoajobonlyifthejobisinmemory).Ajobissinandoutofmemorytothedisk.On-linecommunicationbetweentheuserandthesystemisprovided;whentheoperatingsystemfinishestheexecutionofonecommand,itseeksthenext“controlstatement”notfromacardreader,butratherfromtheuser’skeyboard.On-linesystemmustbeavailableforuserstoaccessdataandcode.Time-SharingSystems(Cont.)主机终端Real-TimeSystemsOftenusedasacontroldeviceinadedicatedapplicationsuchascontrollingscientificexperiments,medicalimagingsystems,industrialcontrolsystems,andsomedisplaysystems.Well-definedfixed-timeconstraints.

严格的时间限制Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Real-TimeSystems(Cont.)Hardreal-timesystem

硬实时系统Secondarystoragelimitedorabsent,datastoredinshort-termmemory,orread-onlymemory(ROM)Conflictswithtime-sharingsystems,notsupportedbygeneral-purposeoperatingsystems.Softreal-timesystem软实时系统LimitedutilityinindustrialcontrolorroboticsUsefulinapplications(multimedia,virtualreality)requiringadvancedoperating-systemfeatures.Personal-ComputerSystemsPersonalcomputers

–computersystemdedicatedtoasingleuser.I/Odevices

–keyboards,mice,displayscreens,smallprinters.Userconvenienceandresponsiveness.Canadopttechnologydevelopedforlargeroperatingsystem,oftenindividualshavesoleuseofcomputeranddonotneedadvancedCPUutilizationofprotectionfeatures.

可采用大型操作系统研发的技术，个人独占计算机不需要高级CPU使用的保护技术MigrationofOperating-SystemConceptsandFeaturesParallelSystemsMultiprocessorsystemswithmorethanoneCPUinclosecommunication.Tightlycoupledsystem紧耦合系统

–processorssharememoryandaclock;communicationusuallytakesplacethroughthesharedmemory.Advantagesofparallelsystem:Increasedthroughput吞吐量EconomicalIncreasedreliabilitygracefuldegradation故障时性能降低不大fail-softsystems软失效系统ParallelSystems(Cont.)Sym