材料科学与工程专业英语课后答案

UNIT1Materialsscience材料科学StoneAge石器时代Nakedeye裸眼BronzeAge青铜时代Elasticmodulus弹性模量Stiffnessandtoughness硬度和韧性Opticalproperty光学性质integratedcircuit集成电路Mechanicalstrength机械强度thermalconductivity热导性1.“Materials

science"involves

investigating

the

relationships

that

exist

between

the

structures

and

properties

of

materials.

In

contrast,

"Materials

engineering"

involves,

on

the

basis

of

these

structure-property

correlations,

designing

or

engineering

the

structure

of

a

material

to

produce

a

predetermined

set

of

properties.“材料科学”涉及研究材料的结构和性能之间的关系。相反，“材料工程”是指在这些结构和性能相关性的基础上，基于预期的性能来设计或生产有预定性能的材料。

2.Virtually

all

important

Properties

of

solid

materials

may

be

grouped

into

six

different

categories:

mechanical,

electrical,

thermal,

magnetic,

optical,

and

deteriorative

实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质都可以分为六类：机械、电气、热、磁、光学和腐蚀性。3.In

addition

to

structure

and

properties,

two

other

important

components

are

involved

in

the

science

and

engineering

of

materials-

namely“

processing”and“

performance”.除了结构和性能之外，材料科学和工程还涉及另外两个重要的组成部分，即“加工”和“性能”。

4.The

more

familiar

an

engineer

or

scientist

is

with

the

various

characteristics

and

structure-property

relationships,

as

well

as

processing

techniques

of

materials,

the

more

proficient

and

confident

he

or

she

will

be

in

making

judicious

materials

choices

based

on

these

criterla.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种特性和结构性能关系，以及材料的加工技术，就越能熟练和自信地根据这些标准做出明智的材料选择。

5.On

only

rare

occasions

does

a

material

possess

the

maximum

or

ideal

combination

of

properties.

Thus,

it

may

be

necessary

to

trade

one

characteristic

for

another.只有极少数情况下，材料具有最优或理想的性能组合。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。交叉学科interdiscipline介电常数Dielectricconstant固体材料Solidmaterial热容heatcapacity力学性质mechanicalproperty电磁辐射electromagneticradiation材料加工Processingofmaterial弹性系数Elasticitycoefficient1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Materialengineeringmainlysolvesthemanufacturingandapplicationproblemsofmaterials.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Theprocessingofmaterialsnotonlydeterminesthestructureofmaterials,butalsodeterminesthecharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterials4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Themechanicalpropertiesofmaterialsarerelatedtothedeformationcausedbyexternalforcesorloads.UNIT2Compositematerials复合材料nonlocalizedelectron自由电子Advancedmaterials先进材料Nonrenewableresources不可再生资源Semiconductors半导体biomaterials生物材料Smartmaterials智能材料NanoengineeredMaterials纳米工程材料1.固体材料可以很容易的分为三种基本范畴，金属、陶瓷、高分子聚合物，这一分类是基于原子的结构及化学的基本组成。Solidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasiccategories:metals,ceramicsandpolymers.,aschemebasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomicstructure.2.金属由一种或多种金属构成（比如铁、铝、铜、钛、金和镍），以及少数的非金属成分（比如碳、氢、氧）。Metalsarecomposedofoneormoremetallicelements(suchasiron,aluminum,copper,titanium,gold,andnickel),andoftenalsononmetallicelements(forexample,carbon,nitrogen,andoxygen)inrelativelysmallamounts.3.聚合物包括了我们所手指的塑料和橡胶，它们中的绝大部分是由碳氢和其他非金属成分等构成（氧氮硅）Polymers

include

the

familiar

plastic

and

rubber

materials.

Many

of

them

are

organiccompounds

that

are

chemically

based

on

carbon,

hydrogen,

and

other

nonmetallic

elements(viz.

O,

N,

and

Si

）4.复合材料是由两种以上的金属、陶瓷、聚合物所构成A

composite

is

composed

of

two,(or

more)

individual

materials

that

come

from

metals,

ceramics,

and

polymers.5.核能带来了希望，但是很多需要解决的问题需要将材料考虑进去，比如燃料、包覆结构以及处理辐射污染Nuclear

energy

holds

some

promise,

but

the

solutions

to

the

many

problems

that

remain

necessarily

involve

materials,

such

as

fuels,

containment

structures,

and

facilities

for

the

disposal

of

radioactive

waste.6.和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。It

is

becoming

increasingly

important

to

consider

the"cradle-to-grave"life

cycle

of

materials

relative

to

the

overall

manufacturing

process.先进材料advancedmaterial陶瓷材料ceramicmaterial高性能材料highperformancematerial粘土矿物clayminerals合金metalalloys太阳能电池Solarcell玻璃纤维glassfiber氢燃料电池hydrogenfuelcell1、金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons,manypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.2、金属材料由一种或多种金属元素构成，且通常含有极少量的非金属元素Metallicmaterialarecomposedofoneormoremetallicelement，andoftenalsononmetalicelementinasmallamount.3、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Manyofpolymersareorganiccompounds,andtheyhaveverylargemolecularstructures.4、复合材料是由两种或两种以上的不同材料所构成A

composite

is

composed

of

two(or

more)

individual

materials

.Acompositeiscomposedwithtwoormoredifferentmaterial.UNIT3Nakedeye裸眼Transitionelements过渡元素Mechanicalproperty机械性能Atomicnumber原子序数Elementarychemistry基础化学Positivelychargedprotons正电质子1.Metalsbehavedifferentlythanceramics,andceramicsbehavedifferentlythanpolymers.金属的性能和陶瓷的性能不同，而陶瓷的性能与聚合物的性能也不同。2Theatomicstructureprimarilyaffectsthechemical,physical,thermal,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties.Themicrostructureandmacrostructurecanalsoaffectthesepropertiesbuttheygenerallyhavealargereffectonmechanicalpropertiesandontherateofchemicalreaction.原子的结构主要影响化学、物理、热学、电学、磁学以及光学性质，宏观结构和微观结构也能影响到这些性质，但通常主要是机械性质和化学反应速率有较大影响。3.Thestrengthofmetalssuggeststhattheseatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.金属的强度表明了原子之间有很强的结合键。金属的强度表明这些原子是通过强键结合在一起的。4.Anelement'satomicnumberindicatesthenumberofpositivelychargedprotonsinthenucleus.Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.元素的原子序数显示了在原子核中带正电的质子的数目、原子的原子量显示了在原子核中质子和中子的数目。微观结构microstructure宏观结构macrostructure化学反应chemicalreaction原子量Atomicmagnitude电荷平衡balancedelectricalcharge带正电子的原子核positivelycharge1．从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种原子组成的。Thesesame100atomsformthousandsofdifferentsubstancesrangingfromtheairwebreathetothemetalwithdifferentcharacteristic.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。Thefactsuggeststhatmetalatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。Microstructure,whichincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butusingamicroscope.Macrostructureincludesfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.UNIT4Phasetransitiontemperatures相转变温度specificgravity比重Thermalconductivity热导性Themeltingpoint熔点Theaccelerationofgravity重力加速度magneticpermeability磁导率1.An

object

will

float

in

water

if

its

density

is

less

than

the

density

of

water

and

sink

if

its

density

is

greater

that

that

of

water.

Similarly,

an

object

with

specific

gravity

less

than

1

will

float

and

those

with

a

specific

gravity

greater

than

one

will

sink.

如果物体的密度小于水的密度，它就会漂浮在水中；如果物体的密度大于水的密度，它就会下沉。同样，比重小于1的物体会漂浮，比重大于1的物体会下沉.

2.materals

that

cause

the

lines

of

flux

to

move

farther

apart,

resulting

in

a

decrease

im

magnetic

flux

density

compared

with

a

vacuum,

are

called

diamagneti.

Materials

that

concentrate

magnetic

flux

by

a

factor

of

more

than

one

but

less

than

or

equal

to

ten

are

called

paramagnetic;

materials

that

concentrate

the

flux

by

a

factor

of

more

than

ten

are

called

ferromagnetic.

与真空相比，能使磁通线移动得更远，导致磁通量下降的物质叫做抗磁性物质。由于相互吸引的作用而使磁通量多于1而小于10称之为顺磁性，由于相互吸引的作用而使磁通量多于10称之为铁磁性。3.Certain

ferromagnetic

materials,

especially

powdered

or

laminated

iron,

steel,

ornickel

alloys,

have

μr

that

can

range

up

to

about

1,

000,000.Diamagnetic

materials

have

μr

less

than

one,

but

no

known

substance

has

relative

permeability

much

less

than

on.对于铁磁性物质，尤其是粉末状或者薄片装的铁、钢、镍合金，μr可以上升到1000000以上，反磁性材料μr少于1；而有些未知的物质相对磁透率少于1

4.When

a

paramagnetic

or

ferromagnetic

core

is

inserted

into

a

coil,

the

inductance

is

multiplied

by

μr

compared

with

the

inductance

of

the

same

coil

with

an

air

core.当顺磁性或铁磁性物质嵌入到线圈的内核中，与嵌入空气的线圈相比，其电感系数是其μr倍密度density沸点boilingpoint热导率thermalconductivity玻璃转变温度glasstransitiontemperature、线性热膨胀系数linearcoefficientofthermalexpansion单位体积质量massperunitofvolume磁感应magneticinductance有色金属Non-ferrousmetal1.化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质Propertiesthatdescribehowasubstancechangesintoacompletelydifferentsubstancearecalledchemicalproperties.2.相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体Phaseisaphysicalpropertiesofmatterandmattercanexistfourphases：

solid、liquid、gasandplasma.3.当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，形成了一种柔软和柔顺性的材料Whenthetemperaturebelowthemeltingpoint，theystarttolosetheircrystallinestructurehoweverthemodulusstillremainlinkedinchains，whichresultinasoftandpliablematerial.4.在工程应用上，渗透率常用相对值而不是绝对值表示Inengineeringapplications，permeabilityisoftenexpressedinrelative,ratherthaninabsolute,terms.UNIT5TheServicelife使用寿命Thelongitudinaldirection纵向Thetransversedirection横向Dynamicorcyclicloading动态或循环型负载Theinitiallengthofthematerial材料的起始长度Elasticdeformation弹性形变Plasticdeformation塑形形变Localizeddeformation局部变形1.Themechanicalpropertiesofmetalsdeterminetherangeofusefulnessofamaterialandestablishtheservicelifethatcanbeexpected.金属的机械性能决定了其适用范围以及其预期的使用寿命2.Therefore,

multiple

tests

are

commonly

conducted

to

determine

mechanical

properties

and

values

reported

can

be

an

average

value

or

calculated

statistical

minimum

value。因此，为了确定力学性质，一半需要做大量的试验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值

3.The

way

a

material

is

loaded

greatly

affects

its

mechanical

properties

and

largely

determines

how.

or

if,

a

component

will

fail;

and

whether

It

will

show

warning

signs

beforefailure

actually

occurs.材料负载的施加防止极大的影响了材料的机械性能，而且很大程度上决定了复合材料如何以及是否会被破坏，且在材料破坏的现象发生之前会有警示现象的发生。

4.However,

a

bar

loaded

in

bending

will

have

a

stress

distribution

that

changes

with

distance

perpendicular

to

the

normal

ax