希腊罗马神话

ParisandHelenTheFirstGatheringatAulisTheSecondGatheringatAulisNineYearsofWarTheWrathofAchillesTheDeathofAchillesTheMadnessofAjaxTheOraclesofTroyTheWoodenHorsesTheSackofTroyTheReturns2AjaxAjaxAjax(Aias)theGreatisdescribedassecondonlytoAchillesinHomer'sandheistheonlyoneofthegreatheroeswhodoesnotreceiveassistancefromanyofthegods.Thegreat-grandsonofZeus,heis,basically,onhisownandyetmanagestoexcelinawaythatputshimfarabovealltheotherGreeks.AjaxandAchilleswereclosefriends,withAjaxgoingouttofightinAchilles‘stead（代替）whenAchilleswassulking（生气）inhistentoverhisargumentwithAgamemnon（阿伽门农，特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅）.AjaxalsopersonallyrescuedthearmorandbodyofAchillesafterthelatterwaskilledbyParis.Hedidnot,however,faresowellinhiscompetitionwithOdysseusoverthatarmor-atthebehestofAthena（命令，吩咐）,AgamemnonawardedtheprizetoOdysseus.AjaxIncensedattheinjustice,Ajaxwasmadandproceededtoslaughterthesheep,thinkingthattheywereactuallytheGreekleaders.AfterhecametohissensehekilledhimselfwiththeswordgiventohimbyHector(赫克特和帕里斯是为建立特洛伊的和平外交才漂洋过海到了斯巴达)inordertomakeupforhisshame.GreeklegendssaythathelivesonwithAchillesontheislandofLeuke.AjaxwasveneratedontheislandofSalamis(萨拉米斯，塞岛东部法马古斯塔以北，在古代为特洛伊战争中的英雄所建）wherethepeoplebuiltatempleinhishonor.Canyoulistsomecausesofwar?ReligionEconomyTerritoryPoliticsDoyouknowthefollowingpictures?TrojanHorse(Reconstruction)

ParisstealsHelen

Doyouknowthefollowingpictures?SiteofTroyTrojanruins

HomerwasaGreekPoetoftwoepics,TheIliad,thestoryofsiegetheTroy.And

theOdyssey,thetaleofUlysses’wandering.FirstrecorderofancientGreekepicpoemsChangingthepoemsfromacompletelyoraltraditiontoanactualwrittenscript.

TheIliadisjustonepartoftheTroy,whichhasitsrootsinthejudgmentofParis,theprinceofTroy,alongwithhisabductionofHelen,themostbeautifulwomanintheworld.HerhusbandMenelauscallsontheGreektogoonajourneyofwartofighttheTrojans.

TheoriginsoftheWarAppleoftheDiscordHelenofSpartaParisofTroyTheTrojanWarThegodswereatabanquettocelebratetheweddingofKingPeleusandthesea-nymphThetis.AppleofDiscord

TheAppleofDiscordHelenofSpartaZeus

and

LedaParisofTroyParisvisitedMenelausandHelenatSparta,seducedHelen(helpedbytheirresistiblepowerofAphrodite),andcarriedheroffwithhimtoTroy.ParisandHelenTheLoveofHelenandParisByJacques-LouisDavid,FrenchPainterAtthemarriageofPeleus（珀琉斯）andThetis（忒提斯）,Eris（厄里斯）,goddessofDiscord,wasnotinvited.However,sheappeared,andshethrewintotheroomwherethegodsweregatheredanappleonwhichwaswritten“Tothefairest”,i.e.tothemostbeautiful.ThiscausedargumentbetweenthethreegoddessesHera,AthenaandAphrodite.HencetheappleiscalledtheAppleofDiscord.ThesearetheirGreeknames.InLatintheywereJuno,MinervaandVenus.

Inordertoresolvethedisputebetweenthethreegoddesses,thegodZeussentthemtoMountIda,whereParis,sonofKingPriam（普里阿摩斯）ofTroy,amortal,woulddecidewhichgoddesswasthefairest.WhentheyreachedMountIda,HeraofferedParisallofAsia（亚细亚）ifhewouldchooseher;Athenaofferedhimwealth,possessionsandfameinwar;butAphroditeofferedhimthemostbeautifulwomanintheworld,Helen.ParischoseAphrodite.

ItwasaboutHelenthattheplaywrightMarlowe(acontemporaryofShakespeare)wrotethefamouslines:WasthisthefacethatsankathousandshipsAndburnedthetoplesstowersofIlium?

[Ilium=Troy]WesawthisinthepaintingbyRubenscalled‘TheJudgmentofParis’.ApolloandPoseidon,duringatimewhentheywerebeingpunishedbyZeus,wanderedontheearth.WhentheyidledaroundTroy,theyhelpedLaomedon（拉俄墨冬，希腊神话中特洛伊的创建人）tobuildthecity.ButLaomedonatehiswordsofpayingthem.ApolloandPoseidongotangryandsworetodestroythecity.

Whennewlyconstructed,TroywasonceattackedandcapturedbyHercules,Telamon（忒拉蒙，希腊神话中最勇猛的英雄之一）,Peleus.BecauseLaomedonhadnotgivenHerculesapromisedrewardofimmortalhorsesforrescuingLaomedon‘sdaughterHesione（赫西俄涅，特洛伊王拉俄墨冬之女）.TelamonkilledLaomedonandtookHesioneasaconcubine（情妇）.Notes:Peleus珀琉斯(Peleus)：阿耳戈英雄之一，忒提丝的丈夫，阿喀琉斯之父。Notes:Thetis海洋女神，海神涅柔斯(Nereus)和海洋女神多丽斯(Doris)的女儿，是他们的女儿之中最贤慧者。在提坦之战（Titanomachy）时曾召来百臂巨人（Hekatonchires）帮助宙斯反抗提坦(泰坦)神们。Notes:ErisEris:NotoriousGoddessofStrifeandDiscordSheisthesisterofAREStheWarGodandcouldcertainlyteachhimathingortwoaboutconflict.Inoneofhermostfamousexploits,shestoleoneoftheGoldenApplesofImmortality,giventoHERAasaweddingpresentbyGAIA,andturneditintotheSourAppleofDiscord.Notes:ErisWhatcausedtheTrojanWar?ThankstoERISandherapple,itwaschaos,confusionandtopqualitybitching!Miffedatnotbeinginvitedtotheall-starOLYMPUSweddingofKingPeleusofThessaly,andTHETIS,thefuturemotherofACHILLES,ERISsneakedinanyway.There’salwaysabitofbitchinessamongthetopGreekGoddesses,butATHENAandHERAwereswanningaroundquitehappilyuntilERIStossedtheGoldenAppleamongthem,bearingthelabel‘ForTheFairest’.Well,thatupsettheapplecart.Forgetthewedding—thiswasfarmoreimportant.Whowasthefairestofthemall?TheglamorousGoddessesclamoredaroundZEUS,askingwhoitshouldbe.Notes:ErisAshewasalreadymarriedtoinsanelyjealousHERA,hewasn’tgoingtofallforthatone.Insteadhepassedthebuck."Thisquestionmustbedecidedbyamortal,"hesaid.Andthatreallystartedtheapplerolling.AdishyguynamedPariswaschosen.SpeedymessengerboyHERMESwhiskedthemallofftoMountIda.Paris,good-lookingbutcrafty,suggestedtheappleshouldbeshared.HERMESwashavingnoneofit.Flythemallthatwayforabitoffunandhaveitfizzleout?Noway."Lookherechummy,therehastobeafirmchoice,oryou’llgetathunderboltupyourwhatsit.Doyourselfafavor,yougreatmortalidiot.Goforbribes."Notes:ErisSothegorgeouscontestantslinedupintheirOlympicbathingcostumesandParisjudgedthem,onebyone.NoneoftheGoddesseswantedtotraveltheworldandworkforcharity,sohewentforthebriberyoption.ATHENAofferedhimWisdom.HERAofferedhimRoyalPower.ButAPHRODITEofferedhimthemostbeautifulwomaninthewholeworld,thedaughterofZEUSandLEDA,whosenamehappenedtobeHelen.You’vefigureditout,haven’tyou?HechoseAPHRODITE.ATHENAandHERAwerefurious.ButwhatAPHRODITEdidn’ttellhimwasthatHelenwasalreadymarried.TononeotherthantheincrediblybutchGreekrulerMenelaus.AndParis,whowasaTroyboy,wasthereforeobligedtoabducther.This,ofcourse,startedtheTrojanWar,whichlastedfortenlong-sufferingyearsandcausedaseveredrainontheworld’ssupplyofspears.Andallbecauseofasimplepieceoffruit!Notes:ErisMeanwhileERISlaughedlikeadrain."ThatTrojanHorsething—whatacackle!"sheshriekedasshesharedthejokewithhersisters.Who,wehavereasontobelieve,justhappenedtobeNEMESISandtheFATES.NowadaysERISisheldinthehighestesteembyDiscordians,Prankstersandthosewholiketosetthecatamongstthepigeons.Littlewonderthatthesolarsystem’s‘tenthplanet’—discoveredin2005andthecauseofmuchastronomicaldiscordandargument—hasbeennamedafterher.Laomedon拉俄墨冬ThefounderandfirstkingofTroyandfatherofPriam.Priam皮安姆ThefatherofParis,Hector,andCassandraandkingofTroy,whowaskilledwhenhiscityfelltotheGreeks.HiswifewasHecuba.Hector赫克托耳ATrojanprince,thesonofPriamandHecuba,killedbyAchilles.

Paris帕里斯

TheprinceofTroywhoseabductionofHelenprovokedtheTrojanWarCassandra卡桑德拉

AdaughterofPriam,ShewasendowedwiththegiftofprophecyHelenus(aseer预言家)Menelaus墨涅劳斯ThekingofSparta,husbandofHelen.AndbrotherofAgamemnonAgamemnon阿伽门农ThekingofMycenae（迈锡尼，希腊南部古城）

andleaderoftheGreeksintheTrojanWar.HewaskilledbyhiswifeClytemnestra(克吕泰涅斯特拉).HeofferedhisdaughterIphigenia(依菲琴尼亚)asasacrificetoArtemis．Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯SonofPeleus(珀琉斯)andThetis(忒提斯)HewaskilledbyParis.HeisthegreatestwarriorofGreeks.Odysseus奥德修斯ThekingofIthaca（伊萨卡岛，希腊西部爱奥尼亚海中群岛之一）,aleaderoftheGreeksintheTrojanWar,whoreachedhomeaftertenyearsofwandering.GreekTrojanHeraThetisAthenaPoseidonHephaestusAphroditeApolloArtemisLetoXanthusTheriverGodwhofightsAchillesLetoLeto勒托(Leto)是希腊神话中的暗夜女神，三位夜之女神之一。提坦之女，宙斯的堂、表姐，宙斯第六任妻子，提坦十二神之一的科俄斯(Coeus)与月神女神福柏(Phoebe)的女儿，星夜女神阿斯忒瑞亚(Asteria)的姐姐。双生姐弟阿耳忒弥斯以及阿波罗的母亲。代表着无星无月的夜。ParisandHelenTheFirstGatheringatAulisTheSecondGatheringatAulisNineYearsofWarTheWrathofAchillesTheDeathofAchillesTheMadnessofAjaxTheOraclesofTroyInTheOraclesofTroyAchillesandAjaxaredeadandthehopeoftheGreekshasdiedwiththem,leavingthearmyrestlessfortheirhomesandthreateningrebellion.Thenaseriesoforaclesappears,utterancesfromthegodsthatmustbefulfilledifTroyistobedefeatedandthewarbroughttoanend.Agamemnon,leaderoftheGreeks,knowsthatonlyonemanhasthecourageandintelligencetocompletethetaskssetbytheOlympians:Odysseus,kingofIthacaFromanislandhauntedbyavengefulmadmantoaforsakentombanditsdeadlyguardian,fromthepalaceofahostilekingtothesacredheartofTroyitself,OdysseusandhisfriendEperitusmustfollowthetrailtowardthegreatestdeceptionofalltime.TheTrojanhorseAchilleswasdead,andtheGreekshadbeguntodespai.CalchasnowprophesiedthatTroycouldnotbetakenexceptwiththehelpofHeracles'sbowandarrows.OdysseusandDiomedeswerethereforedeputedtosailforLemnosndfetchthemfromPhiloctetes,theirpresentowner.PhiloctetesstayedinLemnos,sufferingpainfully,untilOdysseustrickedhimintohandingoverthebowandarrows;butDiomedesdeclinedtobeimplicatedinthetheftandadvisedPhiloctetestodemandthereturnofhisproperty.Atthistime,Heraclesintervened,"GowiththemtoTroy,Philoctetes,"hesaid,"andIwillsendanAsclepiadtheretocureyou;forTroymustfallasecondtimetomyarrows.YoushouldbechosenfromamongtheGreeksastheboldestfighterofall.YoushallkillParis,takepartinthesackofTroy,andsendhomethespoils,reservingthenoblestprizeforyourfatherPoeas.Butremember:youcannottakeTroywithoutNeoptolemussonofAchilles,norcanhedosowithoutyou.Philoctetesobeyed,andonhisarrivalattheGreekcampwasbathedwithfreshwaterandputtosleepinApollo'stemple;asheslept,Machaonthesurgeoncutawaythedecayingfleshfromthewound,pouredinwind,andappliedhealingherbsandtheserpentinestone.TheWoodenHorsesTheSackofTroyTheReturnsAchilleswasthesonofthemortalPeleusandtheimmortalThetis.Hewasthemightiest（最强大）oftheGreekswhofoughtintheTrojanWar,andwastheheroofHomer’sIliad.Thetisattemptedunsuccessfullytomakehersonimmortal.Therearetwoversionsofthestory.Intheearlierversion,Thetisanointed（涂油）theinfantwithambrosia（神的食物）andthenplacedhimuponafiretoburnawayhismortalportions;shewasinterruptedbyPeleus,whereuponsheabandonedbothfatherandsoninarage.PeleusplacedthechildinthecareoftheCentaur(半人半马）

Chiron（很多希腊英雄的老师，如Achilles,Theseus),whoraisedandeducatedtheboy.Inthelaterversion,sheheldtheyoungAchillesbytheheelanddippedhimintheriverStyx;everythingthesacredwaterstouchedbecameinvulnerable（不可侵害的）,buttheheelremaineddryandthereforeunprotected.WhenAchilleswasaboy,theseerCalchas(卡尔克斯,特洛伊战争中希腊军队方面的阿波罗奉祀祭司和随军占卜师）predictedthatthecityofTroycouldnotbetakenwithouthishelp.Thetisknewthat,ifhersonwenttoTroy,hewoulddieanearlydeath,soshesenthimtothecourtofLycomedes,inScyros(斯库罗斯岛的吕科墨得斯);therehewashidden,disguisedasayounggirl.DuringhisstayhehadanaffairwithLycomedes’daughter,Deidameia,andshehadason,Pyrrhus(皮洛斯),byhim.Achilles’disguisewasfinallypenetratedbyOdysseus,whoplacedarmsandarmoramidstadisplayofwomen’sfineryandseizeduponAchilleswhenhewastheonly“maiden”tobefascinatedbytheswordsandshields.AchillesthenwentwillinglywithOdysseustoTroy.AtTroy,Achillesdistinguishedhimselfasanundefeatablewarrior.Amonghisotherexploits,hecapturedtwenty-threetownsinTrojanterritory,includingthetownofLyrnessos,wherehetookthewomanBriseisasawar-prize.LateronAgamemnon,theleaderoftheGreeks,wasforcedbyanoracle（神谕）ofApollotogiveuphisownwar-prize,thewomanChryseis(克律塞伊斯,阿波罗的祭司之女）,andtookBriseisawayfromAchillesascompensationforhisloss.ThisactionsparkedthecentralplotoftheIliad,forAchillesbecameenragedandrefusedtofightfortheGreeksanyfurther.Thewarwentbadly,andtheGreeksofferedhandsomereparations（赔偿）totheirgreatestwarrior;Achillesstillrefusedtofightinperson,butheagreedtoallowhisfriendPatroclus(普特洛克勒斯,希腊战士，在特洛伊战争被杀)tofightinhisplace,wearinghisarmor.ThenextdayPatrocluswaskilledandstripped（剥夺）ofthearmorbytheTrojanheroHector,whomistookhimforAchilles.AchilleswasoverwhelmedwithgriefforhisfriendandrageatHector.HismotherobtainedmagnificentnewarmorforhimfromHephaestus,andhereturnedtothefightingandkilledHector.Hedesecratedthebody,draggingitbehindhischariotbeforethewallsofTroy,andrefusedtoallowittoreceivefuneralrites.WhenPriam,thekingofTroyandHector’sfather,camesecretlyintotheGreekcamptopleadforthebody,Achillesfinallyrelented;inoneofthemostmovingscenesoftheIliad,hereceivedPriamgraciouslyandallowedhimtotakethebodyaway.AfterthedeathofHector,Achilles’dayswerenumbered.Hecontinuedfightingheroically,killingmanyoftheTrojansandtheirallies,includingMemnonandtheAmazonwarriorPenthesilia.FinallyPriam’ssonParis(orAlexander),aidedbyApollo,woundedAchillesintheheelwithanarrow;Achillesdiedofthewound.Afterhisdeath,itwasdecidedtoawardAchilles’divinely-wroughtarmortothebravestoftheGreeks.OdysseusandAjaxcompetedfortheprize,witheachmanmakingaspeechexplainingwhyhedeservedthehonor;Odysseuswon,andAjaxthenwentmadandcommittedsuicide.这个短语来源于古希腊神话。Achilles是古希腊传说中的一位杰出英雄，他在特洛伊战争中身经百战，屡建功勋。据说，Achille出生时也只是一个极其普通的孩子。他的母亲为了锻炼他坚强的意志，造就他一副刀枪不入的钢铁之躯，便倒提着他的身体放到环绕地狱的河--冥河中去浸泡。果然，经过浸泡他的身体变成了一副钢筋铁骨，任何凶恶的敌人也不是他的对手。但是，他的一双脚后跟却因握在母亲的手里，始终没有浸泡到冥河之中。这样，他的脚后跟与普通人的一样，这也就成了这位英雄的致命弱点。后来，在一次战斗中，被他的仇敌射中了这只脚后跟。这位战功赫赫、所向无敌的英胸最终死于自身的这一致命弱点。这个短语还有theheelofAchilles这一变体，均作『致命的弱点』解。Mr.Jonesisahard-workingandintelligentpersonintheoffice,hisAchilles’heelishispride.Healwaysrefusestheother’sadviceonhiswork.

【中】在公司琼斯先生勤奋而且聪敏，但他的致命弱点就是骄傲自大。他从不接受别人提出的有关工作上的建议。

OdysseusasequeltoHomer’sIliadmainlyconcernstheeventsthatbefalltheGreekheroOdysseusinhislongjourneysafterthefallofTroyandwhenheatlastreturnstohisnativelandofIthaca伊萨卡岛（希腊西部爱奥尼亚海中群岛之一，为希腊神话中Ulysseus的故乡）

Odysseus:KingofIthacaprotectedbyAthenaoneofHelen’ssuitors(请愿者）★Toavoidwarbetweenthesuitors,hemadethemallsweartorespectHelen’sdecision,andtoprotectwhoevershechose.Penelope:珀涅罗珀thewifeofOdysseusthemotherofTelemachus忒勒马科斯★APenelope’sWeb/TheWebofPenelope

Penelope:achastewomanwithapenelopefaith:坚贞不渝APenelope’sWeb:thetacticsofdelayingsth.onpurpose；thetaskthatcanneverbefinished故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作MrJonesmadealongspeechatthemeeting.EveryoneelsethoughtitaPenelope’sweb.MyworkissomethinglikethePenelope’sweb,neverdone,buteverinhand.

1.TheBeginningofOdysseus’VoyageBackHomeAftertheTrojanwar,Odysseus,startedhisvoyagebackhome.Thrace：色雷斯TheThraciansweretheenemyoftheGreeksduringthewar.Inthisfighthelostseventy-twomen,andtheresthurriedonboardtheirshipsandsailedaway.

2.TheLotus-EatersTendayslater,theyreachedthelandoftheLotus-eaters.Whoevertastedthatfruitwouldforgettheirfriendsandfamilies,losealldesiretoreturntotheirnativelands,anddreamhappydreamsalldaylong.Thethreemenatethelotus,Odysseusboundtheirhandsandfeet,andthrewthemonboard,andsailedaway.波吕斐摩斯thecoastofthelandoftheCyclopes库克洛佩斯Themostwell-knownoftheCyclopeswastheshepherdPolyphemus,sonofPoseidon.Theyfoundalargecavebytheseaandenteredit,notknowingthattheownerofthecavewasPolyphemus.IntheeveningOdysseusgavePolyphemussomestrongwine3.One-EyedGiantPolyphemusOdysseushadtoldthegiantthathisnamewasNobody.TheblindPolyphemusprayedtohisfather,theseagodPoseidon,topunishOdysseus.Asaresult,Odysseussufferedmanyhardshipsanddelaysbeforereachinghishome.Aelous埃俄罗斯thekeeperofthewindsAeoluslivedonafloatingisland,andkeptthewindsconfinedinacaveontheislandandreleasedthemwheneverhewished.apartinggift:aleatherbagcontainingthewindsthatcouldpreventOdysseusfromsailinghomeOdysseus’sailorsopenedthebag.ThewindsescapedfromthebagandblewOdysseus’shipsbacktoseaagain.4.Aelous莱斯特里戈尼安（《奥德赛》中杀死奥德修斯众多伙伴的吃人巨人）[Odysseus’shipsweredrivenbyunfavorablewindsforseveraldaysuntilthesailorssawlandagain.ThislandbelongedtotheLaestrygonians,aman-eatingpeople.threementospyOneofthemwasseizedbyagiant5.TheLaestrygoniansTheothertwofledtotheshipsbuttheLaestrygoniansfollowedTheLaestrygoniansthrewdownhugestonesattheshipsAlltheshipswiththeircrewsweredestroyed,exceptOdysseus’ownship.abeautifulgoddess,wholivedonanislandintheMediterraneanSeaShehadthemagicpowertoturnmenintobeasts.WhenOdysseuslandedonherisland,Circeinvitedhismentoadinnerinherpalace.Eurylochushidhimselfandwatched.Circetouchedthemwithherwand（杖）,theywereallchangedintopigsandthenCircedrovethemintopigsties.6.CirceEurylochushurriedbacktotellOdysseuswhathadhappened.HermesgaveOdysseusamagicherbthatcouldprotecthimformCirce’spower.OdysseussuccessfullybroughtCirceundercontrol.ShetoldOdysseushowtofindthespiritoftheThebanseerTeiresiasintheUnderworldinordertolearnformhimhowtoreturnhomesafely.忒瑞西阿斯ablindseer,orprophet,fromThebes底比斯hewasstruckblindbythegoddessAthenabecausehehadseenherbathing.Tomakehimfeelbetter,Athenagavehimthegiftofprophecy.FollowingthedirectionofCirce,OdysseusmetTeiresiasintheUnderworld.7.TeiresiasHewarnedhimthatheandhismennottokillandeatthesacredcattleofthegodofthesunintheislandofThrinaciaThenOdysseusmetandtalkedtothesoulsofmanydeadpeople,includingthoseofhismotherandGreekheroesAgamemnon,Achilles,etc.

塞壬seanymphswholivedonanislandintheMediterraneanSea.Inarttheyaresometimesdescribedashavingthebodiesofbirdsandtheheadsofwomen.TheSirenssangsweetsongstoluresailorstodeathontheirisland’srockyshores.8.TheSirensWhenhisshipwasabouttopasstheirisland,OdysseusstoppedtheearsofhismenwithwaxsothattheycouldnotheartheSirens.Butsincehewantedtoheartheirsongsandyetpasstheirislandinsafety,heorderedthesailorstotiehimtightlytothemast,andnottosethimfreenomatterhowmuchhemightbegthemtodoso.Inthiswaytheirshipsuccessfullypassedtheisland.astreamthatsuckedinandspatouttheseathreetimesaday卡律布狄斯漩涡10.Scyllaafemalemonsterwithsixheadsonsnakenecks,twelvefeet,threerowsofteethandbarkedlikeapuppy.9.CharybdisThisstopwasThrinacia(Sicily)whichOdysseus,rememberingTiresiasprophesy,wantedtosailpast.Themenrefusedthough,andaftermakingthemsweartheywouldnottouchHelios’herd,theywentashore.Thebadweatherkeptthemthereforamonth,andthemenstarved.Odysseuswenttopraytothegodsforhelp,andthecrewnowtooktheopportunitytokillandeatsomeoftheoxen.11.Sun-god’sherdOnhisreturnOdysseussawthesmokefromthecookingandterribleomensappeared:theskinsoftheanimalscrawledaroundandthemeatroamed.theshipsailedoff,onlytobesurprisedbyaterriblestormandbeingcaughtbyCharybdis.Theshipsunkandthecrewdrowned.Odysseusmanagedtosavehimselfbyclutchingontosomewood.Driftingaroundforninedays,OdysseusreachedtheislandOgygia,wherethenymphCalypsolived.Calypsotookcareofhim,caressedhim,andpromisedtomakehimimmortalifhemarriedher.Theherodidnotrespondtothis,andsatcryingbytheshore.WhenPoseidonwasaway,AthenatooktheopportunitytobegZeustohelpOdysseus.ThegodthensentHermestoCalypsowithamessagetoletOdysseusgo.12.Calypso（荷马<奥德赛>中的）海中女神（截留Odysseus在其岛上居留7年）KingAlcinoossenthimbacktoIthaca.Theherofellasleepontheship.Odysseuscriedwhenhewokeup,becausehedidnotrecognizethesurroundings.Eumaeus欧迈俄斯Penelopenowputthesuitorsthroughafinaltest.Shewouldmarrywhoevercouldshootanarrowthroughtheholesoftwelveaxesinarow.ComingHomeHelenofSpartaOdysseusOdysseusSonofPeleusandThetisBravest,mostformidableAchillesAchillesslaysHectorAchillesAchilleswasshotbyParisinhisvulnerableheel.(hencetheproverbial‘Achilles’heel’)AchillesshotbyParisontheheelTheTrojansdraggedtheWoodenHorseinsidethecity.TrojanHorseTroywastaken,sacked,andburned.TheTrojanWarMenelausfoundHelen,butcouldnotbringhimselftokillher;heforgaveherandtookherbackasthevictoriousGreekssailedforhome.TheTrojanWarsiegesurroundingofatown,fortress,etcbyarmedforcesinordertocaptureitorforceittosurenderAfter50daysofsiege,theenemysurrenderedbecausetherewasnofoodandwaterinthecity.战争概述故事详细地描述了特洛伊战争的情况。特洛伊战争是以争夺世上最漂亮的女人海伦为中心，讲述以阿伽门农及阿喀琉斯为首的希腊联合远征军进攻以帕里斯及赫克托耳为首的特洛伊军的十年攻城战的经过和结果。现代考古和历史研究证实特洛伊和特洛伊战争的确存在。但并非荷马史诗所描述的复仇战争，而是希腊为争夺特洛伊的重要地理位置和贸易权益联合赫梯发动的一场侵略战争。荷马史诗古希腊流传下来最早的完整的文学作品是两部史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。相传这两部史诗是在公元前9世纪至公元前8世纪之间由一位名叫荷马的盲行吟诗人根据民间口头流传的短歌编成的，因而被称为“荷马史诗”。《伊利亚特》伊利亚特（Iliad，一译《伊利昂纪》）古希腊人将特洛伊（Troy）称为“伊利昂”（Ilium），而Iliad意为“Ilium之歌”。24卷，15693行十年战争，只选最后一年中最后的51天，在这51天中又有详有略。重点仅是其中的10天（木马屠城）（一）战争的时代背景与起因Troywasacity,locatedinnorthwest

Anatolia

inwhichisnow

Turkey特洛伊（即伊利昂）坐落在小亚细亚西北部，国王普里阿摩斯之子帕里斯曾出游远洋，抵斯巴达。其后，帕里斯将墨涅拉俄斯之妻海伦带出斯巴达，返回特洛伊。希腊（包括它的“殖民地”）各地的王者和首领们于是风聚云集，意欲进兵特洛伊，夺回海伦。迈锡尼国王阿伽门农统领希腊军进军特洛伊。origin：Appleofdiscord

（典故一）：一个苹果引发的血案传说希腊英雄珀琉斯和海洋女神忒提斯举行婚礼，邀请了奥林匹斯山上的诸神，唯独漏掉了不和女神厄里斯。这位女神恼羞成怒，决定在这次喜筵上制造不和。于是她不请自来，悄悄地在筵席上放了一个金苹果，上面刻着“送给最美的女神”。天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、美神阿佛洛狄忒都自以为最美，应该得到金苹果。JudgmentofParis（典故二）她们争持不下，闹到宙斯那里，但宙斯不愿偏袒任何一方，就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯评判。三位女神为了获得金苹果，私自许给帕里斯许多好处：赫拉许给他广袤的国土和富饶的财富；雅典娜许给他文武全才和胜利的荣誉；阿佛洛狄忒许给他得到世上最美貌的女子。帕里斯在权力、荣誉与美女之间选择了后者，把金苹果判给了阿佛洛狄忒。形容：不爱江山爱美人HelenofTroy（典故三）帕里斯把金苹果判给了阿佛洛狄忒，由此引起赫拉和雅典娜对帕里斯不满。

后来，帕里斯到斯巴达作客，在阿佛洛狄忒帮助下拐走了国王的妻子海伦和大批财富。由于是Helen导致特洛伊城的沦陷，“HelenofTroy”就成了“红颜祸水，倾国尤物”的代名词Helen,oneofthedaughtersofTyndareus（廷达柔斯）,KingofSparta.HermotherwasLeda（勒达）.Helenhadscoresofsuitors,andherfatherwasunwillingtochooseone,forfeartheotherswouldretaliateviolently.Odysseus（奥德修斯）,proposedaplantosolvethedilemma.HelenchoseMenelaus（墨涅拉奥斯）.海伦与帕里斯海伦与帕里斯（剧照）千古惊艳名句

——马洛：《浮士德博士的悲剧》

WasthisfacethatlaunchedathousandshipsAndburntthetoplessTowersofIlium?（这岂非当年激千帆竞渡

焚云霄古城的绝世红颜么？）抢夺妇女的实质

古代抢夺妇女是父权制社会掠夺财富的一种表现。妇女被物化，被当做男人的财产和性奴隶。

妇女被抢，侵占了被抢妇女丈夫的私有财产，私有财产是神圣不可侵犯的。其实质是：征服其他地域。

当墨涅拉俄斯知道此事后，非常愤怒，于是去找他的哥哥迈锡尼国王阿伽门农求助，希腊各城邦推举阿伽门农为首领，调集了10万大军，驾着1000多条战船，渡海攻打特洛伊。战争进行了10年。（二）战争的过程Trojanalliance帕里斯赫克托阿佛洛狄忒阿波罗阿瑞斯Greekalliance阿伽门侬墨涅拉俄斯阿喀琉斯（主人公）奥德修斯赫克托耳赫拉雅典娜忒提斯Twoalliancewasformed.AphroditeandApollosupportedTroywhileAthenaandHerasupportedSparta.

Thewarbrokeout.古代英勇战士的理想形象,带有神话色彩。他是神与人之子,是一个非常骁勇又重视个人荣誉的将领。阿喀琉斯他英勇善战，每次上阵都使敌人望风披靡。他珍爱友谊，一听到好友阵亡的噩耗，悲痛欲绝，愤而奔向战场为友复仇。他对老人也有同情之心，允诺白发苍苍的特洛伊老王归还赫克托尔尸体的请求。他与阿伽门农的争吵是出于正义。他自然而又自觉地遵从部落集体利益,体现了英雄主义和集体主义精神——部落英雄的特色。

阿喀琉斯可是他又傲慢任性，为了一个女俘而和统帅闹翻，退出战斗，造成联军的惨败。这显示了在氏族英雄身上开始萌芽的个人意识，是有害于氏族集体利益的。他暴躁凶狠，为了泄愤，竟将赫克托尔的尸体拴上战车绕城三圈。Achilles’heel（典故四）

阿喀琉斯之踵——致命的弱点Theuseof“Achilles’heel”asanexpressionusedfor“areaofweakness.

忒提斯为使阿客琉斯永生，手提着他的双脚，在斯梯克斯河水中擦洗，凡用水洗过的地方都刀枪不人，只有手提的脚后跟没有着水，因而成了致命之处。西语中“阿客琉斯之踵”，意为“致命的弱点”，即源于此。忒提斯走后，佩琉斯把阿客琉斯交给马人客戎哺育。客戎用狮子和野猪的内脏喂养他，教他医术和美术，老人福尼克斯教他演讲术和战术。阿客琉斯六岁时就杀死了野猪和狮子，能够追上飞跑的梅花鹿，因此被称为“捷足的阿客琉斯”。他的挚友帕特罗克洛斯同他一起学习。

他的母亲忒提斯预言，他或者是做一个庸人而长寿，或者是做一个英雄而早死，阿客琉斯选择了后者。忒提斯为此事一直忧喜交集。在阿客琉斯九岁时，希腊的预言者就预见到特洛亚战争，而且知道没有阿客琉斯参加就不能攻下特洛亚城。他的母亲则不愿让他参加。因为她知道阿客琉斯在这次战争中虽然能赢得不朽的名声，但却要在战争中牺牲。

在特洛亚战争过程中，阿客琉斯在雅典娜和赫