潜水等水位线图的编制与判读

实训二

潜水等水位线图的编制与判读学校：内蒙古工程学校教研室：地质教研室制作人：王宁辉日期：2012年12月《水文地质学基础》潜水位：潜水面上任意一点的海拔高程。m海平面H潜水埋藏深度：从潜水面至地面的铅直距离。m潜水含水层厚度：潜水面至隔水底板的铅直距离。m潜水位、潜水埋藏深度、潜水含水层厚度指的是什么？Th潜水等水位线图的编制实训内容实训目的编图准备用品编图方法和步骤编制潜水等水位线图的意义实训内容根据所给资料，编制潜水等水位线图根据所绘制潜水等水位线图，分析潜水等水位线图的意义实训目的掌握潜水等水位线图的编制方法。初步学会阅读潜水等水位线图。学会运用潜水等水位图分析水文地质条件，解决实际问题。编图必须资料及用品有测绘要求比例尺的地形底图。各井、泉、钻孔、试坑等水文地质点的实际资料（如编号、水文标高、潜水埋深等资料）。其他工具。130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地区地形等高线图比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽观测点号观测点类型地面高程（m）潜水位埋深（m）潜水位高程（m）观测点号观测点类型地面高程（m）潜水位埋深（m）潜水位高程（m）1钻孔135.005.20129.8024试坑121.900.90121.002钻孔127.501.50126.0025试坑121.201.10120.103试坑123.901.00122.9026试坑118.800.20118.604钻孔127.002.20124.8027试坑121.200.70120.505试坑125.201.20124.0028试坑123.801.60122.206钻孔131.104.80126.3029试坑126.402.20124.207钻孔132.304.70127.6030钻孔133.006.20126.808钻孔134.905.50129.4031钻孔134.906.20128.709钻孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010钻孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011试坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012钻孔134.005.00129.0035钻孔129.005.30123.7013钻孔137.006.50130.5036钻孔124.000.30123.7014钻孔135.106.30128.8037钻孔127.601.80125.8015钻孔131.205.00126.2038钻孔127.702.70125.0016试坑121.800.80121.0039钻孔130.303.40126.9017钻孔121.700.80120.9040钻孔132.005.60126.4018钻孔134.706.50128.2041钻孔136.207.20129.0019钻孔131.805.40126.4042钻孔124.301.30123.0020钻孔128.003.20124.8043钻孔123.500.50123.0021试坑121.701.00120.7044钻孔123.000.00123.0022钻孔129.503.50126.0045钻孔123.200.20123.0023钻孔125.801.40124.4046钻孔123.300.30123.00水点资料尺子橡皮铅笔大头钉2枚透明方格坐标纸1小张编图方法和步骤准备地形底图一份，在实际工作中要求比例尺与实际材料图相同，等水位线间距和埋藏深度图的登记划分需要根据编图目的、比例尺、水力梯度而定。1、选择底图130132120122124126128130132134120122124126128130132134136某地区地形等高线图比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽先将全部地下水位观测点进行编号，并用相应的图例定在地形图上。如水井编号#，钻孔编号O，试坑编号□。2、水点定位13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277某地区地形等高线图比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽3、水点资料整理例如将全部地下水位观测点的水位与埋深以如下的形式标定。观测点号观测点类型地面高程（m）潜水位埋深（m）潜水位高程（m）观测点号观测点类型地面高程（m）潜水位埋深（m）潜水位高程（m）1钻孔135.005.20129.8024试坑121.900.90121.002钻孔127.501.50126.0025试坑121.201.10120.103试坑123.901.00122.9026试坑118.800.20118.604钻孔127.002.20124.8027试坑121.200.70120.505试坑125.201.20124.0028试坑123.801.60122.206钻孔131.104.80126.3029试坑126.402.20124.207钻孔132.304.70127.6030钻孔133.006.20126.808钻孔134.905.50129.4031钻孔134.906.20128.709钻孔132.506.20126.3032泉124.000.00124.0010钻孔126.002.00124.0033泉122.500.00122.5011试坑123.501.00122.5034泉126.000.00126.0012钻孔134.005.00129.0035钻孔129.005.30123.7013钻孔137.006.50130.5036钻孔124.000.30123.7014钻孔135.106.30128.8037钻孔127.601.80125.8015钻孔131.205.00126.2038钻孔127.702.70125.0016试坑121.800.80121.0039钻孔130.303.40126.9017钻孔121.700.80120.9040钻孔132.005.60126.4018钻孔134.706.50128.2041钻孔136.207.20129.0019钻孔131.805.40126.4042钻孔124.301.30123.0020钻孔128.003.20124.8043钻孔123.500.50123.0021试坑121.701.00120.7044钻孔123.000.00123.0022钻孔129.503.50126.0045钻孔123.200.20123.0023钻孔125.801.40124.4046钻孔123.300.30123.00水点资料13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地区地形等高线图比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽等水位线等高距是根据编图的目的、比例尺的大小和观测点的多少而定。比例尺大，观测点多，等高距应小一些。比例尺小，观测点少，等高距可大一些。一般等高距为1m、2m、5m、个别为10m。4、确定等水位线等高距13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80某地区地形等高线图比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽此次等高距采用2m根据图上水位点水位值的数值确定所绘制水位线的数值。5、确定等水位线值13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80水点之间的连线应尽量与其穿过的等高线垂直。根据图示数据确定第一条水位线数值126.00m根据相邻观测点的水位标高，用内插法求出各点之间一定间距的水位标高。6、求水位标高内插法【8(129.4)】【35(123.7)】AECDB(123.7)(123.7)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE5.7m4.0cm2.3m1、连接AB两点。2、假设所求点D的位置。3、从A、D两点分别坐垂线。4、从B点作一条水平线，分别与两条垂线相交于CE两点。5、确定各点的水位高程。6、在等高线图上用尺子量出AB两点的实际距离。7、利用三角形相似原理。△BDE∽△BAC8、计算可知BE=1.61cm1.61cm9、根据BE确定D点的位置。(126)A(129.4)(123.7)D(126)B(123.7)(123.7)CE13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.8013013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80确定所求点位置时应从低水位点往高水位点量取距离。用光滑的曲线将相同标高的各点连接起来，并标出地下水流方向，就构成潜水等水位线图。在连线之前首先应该找出全区地下水位大致的变化规律，开始可先勾绘那些资料多、可靠、容易勾绘的线段，然后加密和处理异常点，绘完后要全部检查加工细作。7、连线13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128为画好的等水位线图填写图名、比例尺、图例。8、成图13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128比例尺1：10000128水文站等高线河流沼泽某地区潜水等水位线图39钻孔试坑泉水11128水位线潜水等水位线图编图步骤选择底图水点定位水点资料整理确定等水位线等高距确定等水位线值求水位标高连线成图1、在采用内插法时应尽量垂直等水位线，不能在地表水体两侧找点内插。2、连线时不能穿越地表水体。3、潜水等水位线一般不应与地形等高线大角度相交和正交。注意事项：编制潜水等水位线图的意义1、确定地下水的流向：潜水和地表水一样，均由高向低沿最大倾斜方向流动，即垂直等水位线方向流动。9080100方法：先切，后垂，标箭头90899899969795909194888795949493939392929291912、确定地下水与地表水的互相补给关系。707065656060707065656060707065656060河水与地下水补排关系示意图河水排泄地下水河水补给地下水河水左侧排泄地下水右侧补给地下水方法：根据潜水等水位线确定地下水流向，以此判断补排关系。3、确定潜水面上的水力坡度

I。注：计算实际距离时

要带上比例尺。例：此潜水等水位线图的比例尺为1：500，求AB两点间的

水力坡度。9089989996979590919488879594949393939292929191BA地形等高线与潜水等水位线标高相等且相交的地点，为泉水出露点，或是与潜水有联系的湖、沼等地表水体。4、确定泉水出露位置和沼泽化范围13013212012212412612813013213412012212412612813013213413663837122829303123222425264140191820342115141617111232338355310442434445364639913277129.805.20126.001.50129.405.50124.000.00122.901.00124.802.20124.001.20124.002.00122.500.00123.705.30126.306.20122.501.00123.001.30123.000.50123.000.00123.000.20123.700.30123.000.30120.900.80126.304.80125.002.70125.801.80127.604.70129.005.00126.903.40124.202.20126.806.20128.706.20122.201.60120.500.70118.600.20120.101.10121.000.90124.401.40126.003.50126.205.00130.506.50128.806.30129.007.20126.405.60126.405.40128.206.50126.000.00124.803.20120.701.00121.000.80126130124122120120122124126128128

潜水的埋藏深度是指地面到潜水面的垂直距离。因为等高线的数值代表该线上各点对应的地面海拔高度，等潜水位线的数值代表该线上各点对应的地下潜水面的海拔高度。5、确定潜水的埋藏深度潜水面海平面HThH----潜水位T----潜水的埋藏深度h----潜水含水层厚度潜水的埋藏深度（T）=潜水位（H）—潜水含水层厚度（h）

潜水是一种具有自由水面的重力水，其自由水面称潜水面，所以潜水的流速取决于潜水面坡度的陡缓。在同一幅等潜水位线图中，等潜水位线越密集的地方，潜水面坡度越陡，潜水流速越快；等潜水位线越稀疏的地方，潜水面坡度越缓，潜水流速越慢。6、确定潜水的流速潜水位线密集，潜水面坡度越陡，潜水流速越快。潜水位线稀疏，潜水面坡度越缓，潜水流速越慢。

水井位置应选在地下水埋藏较浅的地点水井位置应选在潜水汇集区。水井位置应选在潜水汇水面积较大的