第1章动植物检疫的起源与发展-E

ConspectusofanimalandplantquarantineWangYanTelEmail：wangyan_jtu@126.comReferences中国国境卫生检疫杂志（Chinesejournaloffrontierhealthandquarantine,AQSIQ）植物检疫（Plantquarantine,AQSIQ）中国检验检疫（Chinainspectionandquarantine,AQSIQ）中国动物检疫(Chinaanimalhealthinspection,MinistryofAgriculture)检验检疫科学（Inspectionandquarantinescience,AQSIQ）OutlinesBeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineDomesticandinternationallawsEntryandexitquarantineproceduresQuarantinemeasures(handling)SummaryofanimalquarantineandclassificationSummaryofplantquarantineandclassificationModerntechniquesappliedinanimalandplantquarantineChapterI

BeginninganddevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantineBeginningofanimalandplantquarantine.Relatedconcepts.Internationalsituation.DevelopmentinChina.SectionI

Historyofanimalandplantquarantine

Buddingofanimalandplantquarantine.Animalandplantquarantineintheearlyage.

Catastrophicanimalandplantepidemicsinhistorybyarbitrarytransportation.

BeginningofquarantineQuarantine“quarantina”40d。

最早萌芽：14世纪中叶,欧洲流行黑死病(blackdeath)、霍乱(cholera)、黄热病(yellowfever)等疾病，严重威胁者人类的生命安全；

意大利威尼斯为阻止这些传染病传入，1403年建立了世界上第一个检疫机构（lazaretto检查站），另外国船舶及人员在进港前必须滞留、隔离40d，船上人员没有感染上述传染病时，才允许船舶进港、人员上岸。这种早期的检疫方法被称为隔离(Isolation)，而Quarantine就成为隔离40天的专有名词。

Isolationisstillaeffectivemeasureforthepreventionofepidemics.Quarantine逐渐发展成“检疫”的概念。这种始于人类防范疫病的隔离措施给人以启迪，使人们逐步运用到阻止动物疫病、植物危险性有害生物传播方面，遂出现了动物检疫和植物检疫(Animalquarantineandplantquarantine)。动物检疫和植物检疫源于卫生检疫(Healthquarantine)。HistoryofanimalandplantquarantinePlantquarantineintheearlyage：In1660inFrenchLeon,lawswerepromulgatedtoprohibittheintroductionofsmalltillers(KawakamiBarberry).Smalltillersandwheatstemrust

（小麦秆锈病）

Legalmeasureswerefirstappliedinpreventingtheintroductionofpestsfromabroad.

Plantquarantineintheearlyage：LawwerepassedinFrench

forprohibitingtheentryofgrapebranchesfromabroad.(1872)grapephylloxera(葡萄根瘤蚜).Plantquarantineintheearlyage：In1875,theRussiandecreebanningtheimportationofpotatofromtheUnitedstates.In1877,theUnitedKingdomenactedthe“DestructiveInsectsActs".

AnimalquarantineintheearlyageIn1866,theUnitedkingdomdecreedcullingalltherinderpest（牛瘟）infectedcattle.In1869,theUnitedkingdompassed“Lawonthepreventionandcontrolofinfectiousdiseases”topreventrecurrenceofrinderpest

duetotheimportingofcattle.In1871,JapantakelegalmeasurestopreventintroductionofrinderpestfromSiberiaarea.In1886,“Animalepidemicpreventionregulations”wasreleased.In1879,ItalybannedimportsofAmericanmeatproducts.

trichina,cestode（旋毛虫，猪肉绦虫）In1881,Austria,GermanyandFrancealsoissuedabanontheimportofAmericanmeat.CatastrophicplantepidemicdispersedbymanPlantepidemic：In1830s;Europe;Potatolateblight（马铃薯晚疫病）In1817;NorthAmerica;patatobeetle（马铃薯甲虫）In1869;America;gypsymoth（舞毒蛾）Animalepidemic：Malta;Africaswinefever（非洲猪瘟）（1）Potatolateblight(FromPerutoEurope)马铃薯晚疫病

Feature:Adevastatingfungaldiseasecausingstemandleafdeathandtuberrot。（2）

Gypsymoth(FromEuropetoAmerica)舞毒蛾Feature:Abigpestofforestandfruittrees.Host500kindsofplants.Themaindamageisleaves,theleavescanbeeatenwithinafewweeks.（3）Patatobeetle（America）马铃薯甲虫

Features:Worldfamousdestructivequarantinepests.Thehostplantsaremainlyfromnightshade,andthepotatoisthemostsuitablehost,butalsothetomato,eggplant,pepper,tobaccoandsoon.（4）Africanswinefever非洲猪瘟

Feature:anacuteandhighlycontagiousviraldiseaseofswineanditscharacteristicsisashortcourseofdisease,butthemortalityrateisashighas100%.（5）GardenGoldenrod加拿大一枝黄花In1935,GardenGoldenrodwasfirstintroducedtoChinaasanornamentalplant.However,itdevelopedintoweedasitsstrongabilityofreproduction.Itsplantare3metershighand1.5meters,hasawideecologicaladaptability,andhasaseriousthreattobiodiversity.Section2

RelatedconceptsBasictermsandmeaningsofanimalandplantquarantineAnimalandplantquarantinepurposesandtasksImplementationofanimalandplantquarantine

Basictermsandmeanings1、检验检疫(Inspectionandquarantine):一般是指出入境检验检疫的简称，包含了商品检验(Commodityinspection)、动植物检疫(Animalandplantquarantine)和卫生检疫(Healthquarantine)。（“三检”）2、检验（inspection）:狭义：对商品的品质检验。广义：对商品进行检验、监督管理以及公证鉴定。3、动物(animal):饲养、野生的活动物。"Animals"meantheliveanimals,whetherdomesticatedorwild,suchaslivestock,poultry,beasts,snakes,tortoises,fishes,shrimpsandprawns,crabs,shellfishes,silkwormsandbees.4、动物产品(animalproduction)：是指来源于动物未经加工或者虽经加工，但仍有可能传播疫病的产品"Animalproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromanimals,stillliabletospreadepidemicdiseases,suchasrawhides,hairs,meats,viscerae,fatandgrease,aquaticanimalproducts,dairyproducts,eggs,blood,semens,embryos,bones,hoofsandhorns;5、动物疫病(animaldisease)：是为害或可能为害动物及动物产品的任何传染病和寄生虫病6、植物（plant）：栽培植物、野生植物及其种子、种苗及其他繁殖材料。

"Plants"meancultivatedplants,wildplants,theirseedsandseedlingsandotherpropagatingmaterials.7、植物产品(plantproduction)：是指来源于植物未经加工或者虽经加工，但仍有可能传播病虫害的产品。食用医用加工材料"Plantproducts"meanthenon-processedproductsortheprocessedproducts,fromplants,stillliabletospreaddiseases,insectpestsorharmfulorganisms,suchasgrain,beans,cotton,oils,fibres,tobacco,kernel,driedfruits,freshfruits,vegetables,rawmedicinalherbs,logsandfeedingstuffs8、植物有害生物(plantpest)：泛指为害或可能为害植物及其产品的任何生物。微生物（细菌，病毒，真菌）对植物及植物产品有害的植物、动物（害虫）9、检疫性动物疫病（Quarantineanimaldisease）：是对受其威胁的地区具有潜在经济重要性，但尚未在该地区发生，或虽已发生但分布未广并正在进行官方控制的动物疫病。10、检疫性植物有害生物（Quarantineplantpest）：是对受其威胁的地区具有潜在经济重要性，但尚未在该地区发生，或虽已发生但分布未广并正在进行官方控制的植物有害生物.11、动植物检疫（animalandplantquarantine）:旨在防止检疫性动物疫病和检疫性植物有害生物的传入、传出和(或)扩散，或确保其官方控制的一切活动.Maintasks①Topreventtheintroduction,spreadandproliferation

ofdangerousanimaldiseasesandplantpests；②Toprotectagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandry,fisheryproductionsafety,humanhealthandecologicalenvironment；③

Topromotethedevelopmentofinternationalanddomesticeconomicandtrade.主管进出境动植物检疫机关：国家质量监督检验检疫总局GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(AQSIQ)主管国内动植物检疫的机关：农业部和国家林业局

MinistryofAgricultureofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.(MOA)StateForestryAdministrationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Implementationrange小明可以携带哪些东西回国？宠物狗、衣物、塑料玩具、水果、熟香肠、鳄鱼皮包、新鲜黄鱼、iphone6plus、奶粉OK！ImplementationRangeAnimalandanimalproducts动物：通过贸易、科技合作、赠送、援助等方式进出境的动物旅客携带的进境动物邮寄进境的动物过境动物动物产品：通过贸易、科技合作、赠送、援助等方式进出境的动物产品旅客携带进境的动物产品邮寄进境的动物产品Plantsandplantproducts植物：通过贸易、科技合作、赠送、援助等方式进出境的植物旅客携带的进境植物邮寄进境的植物：种子及繁殖材料植物产品：通过贸易、科技合作、赠送、援助等方式进出境的植物产品旅客携带进境的植物产品邮寄进境的植物产品Loadingcontainers,packages,andbeddingmaterials装载容器：多次使用、易受病虫害污染并用于装载进出境货物的容器包装物和铺垫材料包括：装载进出境动植物、动植物产品和其他检疫物的装载容器、包装物、铺垫材料装载过境动物的装载容器装载过境植物、动植物产品和其他检疫物的包装物、装载容器Transporttools①来自动植物疫区的运输工具②进境的废旧船舶③装载出境动植物及产品和其他检疫物的运输工具④装载过境动物的运输工具Otherquarantineobjects：动物疫苗、血清、诊断液Section3

InternationalsituationMaintypesofanimalandplantquarantineBasicpropertiesofanimalandplantquarantineDevelopmentofanimalandplantquarantine

MaintypesEnvironmentaladvantage:mainlyreferstotheislandandthepeninsulacountries,suchasAustralia,NewZealand,JapanandSouthKorea,etc.-extremelystrictinimportanimalandplantquarantine-relativelyrelaxed

exitquarantine.Developedcontinentalcountries:thegeographicallocationoftheadjacenteconomicdevelopedcountries,suchasthe

UnitedStatesandCanadaRelaxedquarantinebetween

thesecountriesVerystrictquarantinetoother

countries,Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.EconomicCommunitycontinentalcountries：Adjacentgeographicallocationandconstitutesaeconomiccommunity,suchasthememberstateoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunityThemembersimplementedcommonanimalandplantquarantineprinciplesandmeasures.Relaxedquarantinebetween

thecommunity.Verystrictimportquarantinetoother

countries.Relativelyrelaxedexitquarantine.Developingcontinentalcountries:theeconomyisnotyetdevelopedcountries,suchas:China,India,ChileTheimportquarantineistopreventthespreadofanimaldiseasesandplantpests.Theexitquarantineisrelativelystrictduetotheimportcountrygenerallyputforwardhigherquarantinerequirements.IndustrialandCommercialCity:acountryorregion,whichisbasedontheworkandbusiness.SuchasSingaporeandHongkong.Inimportquarantine,strictquarantinerequirementtowardsanimalandanimalproductsandmorerelaxedinplantproductsquarantine.

Relaxedquarantineinexitproducts.

Basicproperties法制性(Legality)----是动植物检疫工作开展的依据预防性(preventability)----是动植物检疫的核心问题

预警机制：预警名单(Alertlist)国际性(internationalism)保障国际合作与交流的健康发展形成一些国际组织，制定、实施国际公约、标准综合性(comprehensiveness)---是综合的管理体系管理对象的错综复杂管理手段的多样

Developmentofanimal

andplantquarantine1)Morestringentenforcementoflaw.2)Expandedquarantinescope.

importtransporttools（i.efoodstorage,rubbish）3)Timelyadjustmentofquarantinepolicy.4)improved

technologyinanimalandplantquarantine.5）Comprehensivestrengtheningpropaganda

ofanimalandplantquarantine.

Section4

Developmentofanimaland

plantquarantineinChinaBreedingandestablishmentofanimalandplantquarantine(1903一1948)Earliestanimalquarantine：Theearliestanimalquarantineappearedin1903,theMiddleEastRailwayAdministrationestablishedarailwayveterinaryquarantinedepartment。AnimalquarantineagencyofficialChinesefirstappearedin1927,Tianjinestablished“Theministryofagricultureandworksleatherexportmeatinspection"。EarliestplantquarantinePlantquarantinewasfirstappearedin1916,whenMr.ZouBingwen,theauthorofthe"plantpathology,"referredtheimportanceofplantquarantine。Theearliestplantquarantineagenciesappearedin1928,whenShanghai,Guangzhou,Tianjinandotherplacessetuptheagriculturalproductsinspectioninstitute“.Theseagencies

published"Regulationsontheinspectionofagriculturalproducts",followedbytheimplementationofthe"Regulationsontheimplementationoftheagriculturalproductinspection,""inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"and"theprovisionalmeasuresfordiseasesandinsectpests","inspectionofagriculturalproducts,"andsoon.。AnimalandplantquarantinebeforeandaftertheAntiJapaneseWar(1929-1948)1)In1929,Shanghai,Qingdao,Tianjinandotherplacessetupcommodityinspectionbureau-unifiedmanagementofimportandexportcommodityinspectionandanimalandplantquarantine,inwhich,ZouBingwenwasthefirstdirector.In1935,ShanghaiCommodityInspectionBureauofagriculturalproductsinspectiondepartmentoftheplantexpandedintothe"plantpestinspectiondepartment",whichisChina'splantquarantineinthedevelopmentoftheearliestprofessionalunits.2)Duringthesecondworldwar,theanimalandplantquarantineisbasicallyatastandstill,whenmanydiseasesandpestswereintroducedduringthisperiod.SuchastheBruchusrufimanus,sweetpotatoblight.Pioneeringandenterprisingofanimalandplantquarantine(1949—1979）AnimalandPlantQuarantine(1949-1963)attheinitialstageofthefoundingofthePRC,thetheplantquarantineandanimalquarantineworkproperlycarriedout.InOctober1949,theforeigntradedepartmentofthecentraltradeministrysetupthecommodityinspectiondepartment.OtherCommodityInspectionBureauwassetupinsuccession.In1952,theCommodityInspectionBureauwassetup,subordinatedanimalproductsinspectionandinspectionofagriculturalproducts,respectively,responsibleforanimalquarantineandplantquarantineIn1954,thegovernmentannouncedthe"ProvisionalRegulationsontheexportofgoodsinspection",broughtimportandexportcommoditiesintoftheStateAdministrationintheformofnationallawsandregulations.Atthesametime,thedomesticanimalandplantquarantinewassupervisedbytheMinistryofagriculture.TheanimalandPlantQuarantine(1964-1979)beforeandafterthe"CulturalRevolution"hasbeengreatlyimpactedanddestroyed.Ontheonehand,theanimalandplantquarantineinstitutionshavechanged,ontheotherhand,mostofthequarantineworkerssticktotheirposts,sothatChina'sforeigntradehasnotbeenaffected.Reformandinnovationofanimalandplantquarantine(1980

tonow）

In1980,theportanimalandplantquarantineworkrestoredtheunifiedleadershipoftheMinistryofagriculture.

In1981,"thepeople'sRepublicofChi