法律英语课件

LessonOne

LegalSystemI.WhystudylegalEnglish?Readinglegalliteratureandtranslatinglegaldocuments;Enlargingvocabularyspecifictolaw;Improvingsuchskillsaslistening,speaking,readingandwritinginrelationtolaw.II.Whatwillbecoveredinthiscourse?LegalsystemJudicialSystemConstitutionAdministrativeLawCriminalLawCivilRightsLawContractLawTortLawPropertyLawCorporationLawInsuranceLawCommercialLawIII.Whatdowemeanby“law”?Ontheonehanditreferstotheestablishedrulesbyauthorityorcustom,regulatingthebehaviorofmembersofacommunity,country,etc.Ontheotherhand,thetermmeansthebodyofsuchrulesingeneral.IV.Whatarethemajorlegalsystemsintheworld?(1)CivilLawSystemTheterm“civillaw”(Continentallaw)andthebasisofthelawitselfarederivedoriginallyfromthelawofancientRome.Civillawisthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld.

TodaymostWesternEuropeancountrieshavecivil-lawsystems,asdocountriesofLatinAmerica,mostAfricancountries,Japan,Thailand,andTurkey.

Thelegalsystemsinmanycivillawcountriesarebasedaroundoneorseveralcodesoflaw,whichsetoutthemainprinciplesthatguidethelaw.ThemostfamousexampleisperhapstheFrenchCivilCode.

(2)CommonLawSystemCommonlawreferstolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedthroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals,ratherthanthroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction.OriginatedinEngland,commonlawsystemhasnowbeenadoptedbycountrieslikeUnitedStates,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,Iceland,India,Pakistan,Malaysia,andSingapore.(3)MuslimLawSystemTheMuslimlegalsystemisanautonomouslegalsystemwhichisactuallyreligiousinnatureandpredominantlybasedontheKoran(古兰经).

V.WhatischaracteristicofAmericanlegalsystem?TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacaselawsystem.CaseLaw:lawbasedondecisionsmadebyjudgesinearliercases.

CommonLaw:Thecommonlawevolvedfromcustomandwasthebodyoflawcreatedandadministeredbytheking’scourts.Whenajudgedecidedanewprobleminacasebeforehim,thatdecisionwouldbefollowedinsubsequentcasesbyjudgesasalegalrule.EquityLaw:Howcouldpeopleobtainjustice,ifnotinthecommonlawcourts?Atfirstkingswouldconsiderthepetitions,butlaterthisworkwasdelegatedtooneoftheCouncilmembers.ThiswastheChancellor,whobecameknownastheKeeperoftheKing’sConscience.TheChancellordidnottrycriminalcases.Hedealtonlywithcivildisputesconcerning,forexample,mattersofpropertyandbreachesofcontract.Hesetouttodojusticeinthesecaseswheretheparties(peopleinvolvedinacase)wereabletoshowthatthecommonlawcourtswerenotableorpreparedtodojustice.ThelawthatwasappliedintheCourtofChancerywasknownasequity.

普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。VI.Glossarypubliclaw公法privatelaw私法commonlaw普通法civillaw罗马法,大陆法;民法caselaw判例法statutorylaw制定法equitylaw衡平法ProvisionsofOxford牛津条例writ令状writuponthecase本案令状courtofchancery衡平法院injunction强制令bindinginterpretation具有约束力的法律解释civilsuit民事诉讼action法律诉讼,诉讼行为VII.In-classActivitiesTask1:Workinpairstodiscusstheroleoflawinsociety(5minutes)Task2:WorkingroupstodiscusstheAmericanlegalsystem.(10minutes)VIII.HomeworkTopicsfororalpresentation:1.Americanhistory2.Developmentofcommonlaw3.EmergenceofequitylawLesson2LegalProfessionBackgroundLawyerJudgeProsecutorLawteacherLegalProfessionHarlanFiskeStone:SuccessfulNewYorklawyer;ProfessoroftheColumbiaSchooloflaw;AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates;ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates律师教授院长司法部长首席大法官HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946Howdoyouunderstandthefollowingpointsaboutlawyers?(a)Lawyersmustbecultured.(b)Lawyersmustbekeenlyawareoftheworldinwhichtheylive,whatisrightaboutitandwhatiswrong.(c)Theymustbecompassionateandsensitivetohumanproblemsandweaknesses.(d)Lawyersmustbecourageousandwillingtorepresentunpopularcases.I.LegalprofessioninUKInEnglandthelegalprofessionisdividedintotwotypesoflawyers,calledsolicitors(事务律师)andbarristers（出庭律师）.barristersolicitorTheybotharequalifiedlawyers,buttheyhaveadifferenttraining:theytakedifferentexaminationstoqualify,andoncetheyhavequalifiedtheyusuallydodifferenttypesoflegalwork.Solicitorshavedirectcontactwiththeirclients.Inmostcases,barristersdonot.Inalmostallcases,aclientwhoneedstheservicesofabarristermustgofirsttoasolicitor,whowilltheninstruct,orbriefthebarrister.Manysolicitorsdealwitharangeoflegalwork,suchas:litigation,commercial,conveyancing,employment,family,immigration,licensing,probate,etc.

Bycontrast,barristersaremainlylitigatorsorcourtroomlawyerswhoactuallyconductcasesincourt.Theyhaverightstoappearinanycourtintheland,andsobarristersarethoselawyerswhoappearinthemoredifficultcasesintheCrownCourt,theHighCourtandthevariouscourts.II.LegalprofessioninUSAInAmericathereisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.Thelawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师TheBarAssociation:Aprofessionalbodyoflawyers.Somebarassociationsareresponsiblefortheregulationofthelegalprofessionintheirjurisdiction;othersareprofessionalorganizationsdedicatedtoservingtheirmembers;inmanycases,theyareboth.IntheUS,admissiontothebarispermissiongrantedbyaparticularcourtsystemtoalawyertopracticelawinthatsystem.Somestatesrequirebarassociationmembershipforallattorneys,whileothersdonot.美国律师协会Requirementsforadmission:(a)Educationinlaw(b)Writtenexamination(c)Inquiryintotheapplicant’scharacterNoapprenticeshipisrequired.Regulationsforthelawyer’spractice:Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourt,butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.III.Lawyer’sPractice(a)Lawyersinprivatepracticeworkingassinglepractitioners(9/15)workinginlawfirms(6/15)partnersassociates

(b)HousecounselLawyersemployedby:industrialcorporationsinsurancecompaniesbanksHousecounselremainmembersofthebarandareentitledtoappearincourt,thoughanoutsidelawyerisoftenretainedforlitigation.(c)LawyersingovernmentWhydolawgraduatesenterpublicservice?Salariessufficientlyattractive;SeekingtrainingexperienceWhydosomelawyersgiveupworkwiththegovernment?Limitationsonthetopsalaries.Thoughtheparticipationoflawyersinthegovernmenthasdeclinedrecently,fortwocenturieslawyershavemadeuproughlyhalfoftheCongressoftheUnitedStatesandofthestategovernors.ChiefJusticeStoneHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946“Notraditionofourprofessionismorecherishedbylawyersthanthatofitsleadershipinpublicaffairs.”在我们的职业传统中，没有一个像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。IV.GlossarytheBar律师业，司法界barrister诉讼律师,大律师,出庭律师solicitor非诉律师,诉状律师,事务律师advocacy出廷辩护，代理诉讼singlepractitioner单独开业者housecounsel专职法律顾问publicprosecutors公诉人，检察官attorney律师；检察官AttorneyGeneral司法部长；检察总长ChiefJustice首席大法官litigation诉讼litigant诉讼当事人V.In-classactivitiesTask1.Whatqualitiesshouldlawyerspossess?Task2:Doyouwanttobealawyer?Pleasegivethereasonsforyourpoints.LessonThreeLegalEducationBackgroundIntheUnitedStates,lawisagraduatedegree,whichstudentsembarkupononlyaftercompletinganundergraduatedegreeinsomeotherfield(usuallyabachelor’sdegree),andisconsideredtobeagraduateorprofessionalschoolprogram.

Theundergraduatedegreecanbeinanyfield,thoughmostAmericanlawyersholdbachelor’sdegreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;legalstudiesasanundergraduatestudyisavailableatafewinstitutions.LawSchoolsIntheUnitedStatesandcountriesfollowingtheAmericanmodel,lawschoolsaregraduate/professionalschoolswhereabachelor’sdegreeisaprerequisiteforadmission.Mostlawschoolsarepartofuniversitiesbutafewareindependentinstitutions.Atpresentthereareabout203lawschoolsintheUnitedStates,amongthem178accreditedbyAmericanBarAssociation(ABA）.ABALawschoolsmaybepublic-supportedorprivate-owned.Publiclawschoolsaremainlyfinancedbystategovernment.MajorprivatelawschoolsHarvardUniversityLawSchool（哈佛大学法学院）YaleLawSchool（耶鲁大学法学院）ColumbiaUniversityLawSchool（哥伦比亚大学法学院）UniversityofChicagoLawSchool（芝加哥大学法学院）StanfordUniversityLawSchool（斯坦福大学法学院）

Lawdegrees:

JurisDoctor(JD)——法律博士MasterofLaws(LLM)——法学硕士DoctorofJuridicalScience(SJD)——法学博士Admissiontolawschool美国法学院入学联考——LSAT（LawSchoolAdmissionTest）为赴美读J.D.而设置的一种考试,它由位于美国宾西法尼亚州的法学院入学考试委员会(LSAC)主办,现已获得全美国及加拿大各大学法学院的认可。LSAT考试每年举办4次，分别在2月、6月、10月及12月。LSAT考试满分为180分，最低分为120分，其计算方法是根据选择的正确的答案的数目来确定。选对25个左右，分数大概为130分；选对39个左右，分数大概为140分；选对55个，分数大概为150分；选对72个，分数为160；选对87个，分数为170分；选对98个以上，分数为满分180分。一般好的学校要求的成绩都在160分以上。考试成绩一般在考后5周左右由主办机构寄出。LSAT成绩在5年内有效。WelcometoHarvardLawSchoolWatchthefollowingmovieclip:

FirstClassatHarvardTeachingmethodsTheCaseMethod/theSocraticMethodThecasemethodisbasedontheprinciplethatratherthanstudyinghighlyabstractsummariesoflegalrulesthebestwaytolearnAmericanlawistoreadtheactualjudicialopinionswhichbecomethelawundertheruleofstaredecisis(duetoitsAnglo-Americancommonlaworigin).

Towardsthisend,Americanlawprofessorstraditionallycollectthebestcasesconcerningaparticularareaofthelawinspecialtextbookscalledcasebook.Traditionally,thecasebookmethodiscoupledwiththeSocraticMethodinAmericanlawschools.Foragivenclass,aprofessorwillassignseveralcasesfromthecasebooktoread,andmayalsorequirestudentstobefamiliarwithanynotesfollowingthosecases.

Inclass,theprofessorwillaskstudentsquestionsabouttheassignedcasestodeterminewhethertheyidentifiedandunderstoodthecorrectrulefromthecase,ifthereisone—incertainheavilycontestedareasoflaw,therewillnotbeanyonecorrectrule.InitialClassAnalysisMovieclip3:

SkillsandvaluesAnalyticandproblem-solvingskillsCriticalReadingabilitiesWritingskillsOralcommunicationandlisteningabilitiesGeneralresearchskillsTaskorganizationandmanagementskillsThevaluesofservingothersandpromotingjusticeKnowledgeUnderstandingthetextWhatwasthenumberoflawschoolsaccreditedbyABAintheUnitedStatesin1983?Whatistheonlywaytoprepareformembershipinthelegalprofession?Whatarethefunctionsoflawschool?WhatarethecriticismsaboutlegaleducationinAmerica?

PartOneCurriculumand

theCasemethodCurriculumTraditionalFirst-yearprogram:contract,torts,property,criminallaw,civilprocedure.Second&Thirdyear:NewDealprogram,administrativestructure.Peripheralsubject:legalphilosophy,legalhistory,legalprocess,clinicaleducation.Newareasoflaw:environmentallaw,housingandurbandevelopment,women’srights,healthintheworkplace,welfarerights,consumerprotection.Interdisciplinarycontexts:history,psychology,sociology,medicine,economics.TheCaseMethod:Teachingstudentshowtostate,analyze,evaluate,andcompareconcretefactsituations.Criticisms:Havinganadverseimpactonthestudentsandthequalityoffuturelawyering.Alienation

异化Hostility

不友善Anxiety

焦虑Aggression

攻击性PartTwoLawSchoolHierarchyDuncanKennedy:Lawschoolsas“intenselypoliticalplaces”;Characterizedbya“tradeschoolmentality,theendlessattentiontotreesattheexpenseofforests.”Functioningas“ideologicaltrainingforwillingnessserviceinthehierarchiesofthecorporatewelfarestate.”

Hierarchywithinlawschools:Studentslearnaparticularstyleofcondescensiontowardsperceivedinferioranddeferencetowardsperceivedsuperiors.Lawfaculties:white,male,middle-class.Lawstudentsadapttothishierarchy.Legalhierarchyispartlycausedbylegaleducation.

Hierarchyamonglawschools:Thetopdozenorsoelitelawschoolsoccupyapositionofpowerandprestige.“Oldboynetworks”:connectingthelawschoolsandtherestofthelegalprofession.ThetypicalFrankfurterrecruit:agraduateofHarvardlawschool,politicallyliberal,usuallyrankedhighinhisclass,andeitheranobviousproductofuppergentilecultureoranobviousproductofaradicallydifferentculturewhoare“comfortable”intheupperclassgentileworld.FelixFrankfurter

费利克斯·弗兰克福特TenureatHarvardandlatersittingintheSupremeCourtGlossaryJurisDoctor(JD)法律博士MasterofLaws(LLM)法学硕士DoctorofJuridicalScience(SJD)法学博士curriculum课程requiredcourse必修课electivecourse选修课thecasemethod案例教学法theSocraticmethod苏格拉底式教学法oldboynetworks老哥们关系网themodernregulatorynation现代规制国家ActivitiesWorkingroupstoanswerthefollowingquestions:Doyouwanttogetintoalawschool?Ifyes,wouldyouplantostudylawinAmerica?What’syouropinionofthelawschoolhierarchyinAmerica?HaveyouevernoticedsimilarhierarchywithinandamongChinesecolleges?

Lesson5Constitution

I.BackgroundTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaisthefoundationofalllawandgovernmentintheUnitedStates.

TheUnitedStatesConstitutiondescribesthreemainbranchesofgovernment:ThebicamerallegislativebranchiscomposedofaHouseofRepresentativesandaSenateknowncollectivelyastheCongress.Article1Section8oftheUnitedStatesConstitutionplacesthepowerofthegovernmentintheCongresswhichmakesallthelaws.

THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA.docArticlesIIandIIIaddressthepowersdelegatedtothePresidentandtotheJudiciarysothattheymayexecutethelawspassedbytheCongress.AnexecutivebranchledbythePresident,preserves,protectsanddefendstheConstitutionandexecutestheinstructionsoftheCongresswiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.Thepresidentalsohascertainuniquepowersreservedtohimalonesuchasthepowertopardon,andsharedpowerssuchasappointmentsandtreatiesmadewiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.AJudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourtreviewsthelawstheCongresshasmadefortheirconstitutionality.II.JudicialReviewJudicialReviewisapowerthatstateandfederalcourtsexerciseincasesinwhichtheoutcomedependsonthemeaningofconstitutionallanguage.Judicialreviewisimportantbecauseitstrikesthebalanceofpowerbetweenthethreebranchesofthefederalgovernment,betweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates,andbetweengovernmentandindividuals.Marburyv.Madison

(1803)wasthefirstcaseinwhichtheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtasserteditsrighttoreviewandoverturnactsofcoequalbranchesofgovernmentforviolatingthefederalConstitution.此案发生于1801年。起因是当时的美国总统亚当斯在其任期的最后一天午夜，突击任命了42位治安法官，但其中16人的任命状未能及时送达；继任的总统杰弗逊让国务卿麦迪逊将这16份委任状统统扔掉。其中，一位因此而没能当上法官的人叫做马伯里，由此提起了对麦迪逊的诉讼。审理该案的法官马歇尔，运用高超的法律技巧和智慧，判决该案中所援引的《1789年司法条例》第13款因违宪而被无效，从而解决了此案，并从此确立了美国最高法院有权解释宪法、裁定政府行为和国会立法行为是否违宪的制度，对美国的政治制度产生了重大而深远的影响。InUnitedStatesv.Eichman

(1990)theSupremeCourtheldthatafederallawthatprohibitedburninganAmericanflagdeprivedonewhodidsoofthefreedomofexpressionguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment.ThedefendantinUnitedStatesvs.Eichman,ShawnEichman,hadburnedanAmericanflagonthestepsoftheUnitedStatesCapitoltoprotestAmericanforeignanddomesticpolicy.MarkHaggerty,inthejointlydecidedcase,hadburnedaflaginSeattle,Washington.Ina5-4decision(withvotinglinesidenticaltotheresultinTexasvs.Johnson),theCourtreaffirmedJohnsonandstruckdownthelawagainstflagburning.III.ImpeachmentThesolepowerofremovalofofficersofthegovernmentcalledforintheUnitedStatesConstitutionisimpeachment.“ThePresident,VicePresident,andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.”ImpeachmentofUSPresidents:

OnlytwopresidentsinU.S.historyhavebeenimpeachedbytheHouseofRepresentatives:AndrewJohnsonandBillClinton.

AndrewJohnsonEarlyin1868,PresidentJohnsonattemptedtofirehisSecretaryofWar,EdwinStanton,withoutSenateapproval.OnFebruary24,1868,theHouseofRepresentativesvotedtoimpeachPresidentJohnson.Johnson'strialbeganintheSenateonMarch30.Afterthetrial,whichlastedoveramonth,theSenatefailedbyonevotetoconvictJohnsonandremovehimfromthepresidency.BillClintonBillClinton,wasimpeachedbytheHouseofRepresentativesonDecember19,1998,andacquittedbytheSenateonFebruary12,1999.

Thecharges,perjury,obstructionofjustice,andmalfeasanceinoffice,arosefromtheMonicaLewinskyscandalandthePaulaJoneslawsuit.ItwasonlythesecondimpeachmentofaPresidentinAmericanhistory,followingtheimpeachmentofAndrewJohnsonin1868.IV.TheAmendmenttotheConstitution1.Theneedfortheamendment2.ThecomplexproceduresformakingtheamendmentTheConstitutionoftheUnitedStateshasbeenamendedtoincludealonglistofrightsknowncollectivelyastheBillofRightsandalsoreservesnumerousrightsfortheindividualstates,citizens.TheAmendments.docV.Glossarydoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy宪法至上原则malfeasance渎职行为judicialinterpretation司法解释judicialreview司法审查constitutionality合宪性impeachment弹劾associatejustice陪审大法官VI.Discussion1.WhatdoyouthinkabouttheseparationofpowersintheUnitedStates?2.Howmuchdoyouknowabouttheprocessofimpeachment?3.What’syourviewontheU.S.citizens’righttobeararms?

LessonSix

AdministrativeLaw

BackgroundWhatisadministrativelaw?

——thebodyoflawthatdealswiththedutiesandoperationsofadministrativeagencies.TheseagenciesincludetheSocialSecurityAdministration,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theFederalAviationAgency,andmanymore.Administrativelawexpandedgreatlyduringthetwentiethcentury,aslegislativebodiesworldwidecreatedmoregovernmentagenciestoregulatetheincreasinglycomplexsocial,economicandpoliticalspheresofhumaninteraction.

Administrativelawisbrokenintoseveralinterrelatedparts.Theyare:administrativerules,regulationsandproceduresforgovernmentagenciesandbodies;thescopeofagencyauthority,inparticularindividualprivacy;andenforcementpowersofagencies.Administrativelaw

intheUnitedStates

IntheunitedStates,manygovernmentagenciesareorganizedundertheexecutivebranchofgovernment,althoughafewarepartofthejudicialorlegislativebranches.Inthefederalgovernment,theexecutivebranch,ledbythepresident,controlsthefederalexecutivedepartments,whichareledbysecretarieswhoaremembersoftheU.S.Cabinet.ThemanyimportantindependentagenciesoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentcreatedbystatutesenactedbyCongressexistoutsideofthefederalexecutivedepartmentsbutarestillpartoftheexecutivebranch.TheactionsofexecutiveagenciesandindependentagenciesarethemainfocusofAmericanadministrativelaw.Inresponsetotherapidcreationofnewindependentagenciesintheearlytwentiethcentury(seediscussionbelow),CongressenactedtheAdministrativeProcedureAct(APA)in1946.TheText:PartOneAgencyAction&AdministrativeLawParagraph1:Inwhatwayisthescopeoftheapplicationofadministrativelawdefined?Threeconcerns:Theproceduresemployedby“agencies”ineffecting“agencyaction”;Judicialreviewofthoseactions;Specialproceduresrelatingtothehandlingandreleaseofinformationinthegovernment’spossessionWhatisanadministrativeagency?“Agency”includeseveryadministrativeunitexercisingpublicauthority.…行使公共权力的行政单位.

Whatisagencyaction?Administrativeprocedurelegislation

——relativelyformalproceduresofadjudication,rulemaking正式判决、规章制定Federalagencyaction

grant,denial,orfailuretoact…批准、不批准、或不作为ModelStateAdministrativeProcedureAct(标准州行政程序法)…performanceof,orfailuretoperform,any…duty,function,oractivity,discretionaryorotherwise.履行或不履行任何一种职责、职能或行为,无论其是否属于自由裁量权Exceptions传统的刑事诉讼、传统的民事诉讼、严格意义上的政治行为CriminallawproceedingsCivillitigationPoliticalactsParagraph2Howdidtheconceptofadministrativelawdevelop?…aspublicadministrationgrew.AdministrativelawGrab-bagforallgovernmentactionsaffectingprivatepersons……___thoseofthecriminallawortheordinarycivillawasadministeredbycourts……CanbeconnectedwithpublicadministrationParagraph3Thecentraltasksofadministrativelaw:

Assuringthecontrolaswellastheeffectivenessofgovernment确保对政府的控制，并保证政府的工作效率。Paradigmaticprocedures(标准程序)Paradigmaticrelationshipwithoverseers与监督机构之间的标准关系标准关系…cananddovary….并非一成不变PartTwoParadigmsandModelsFormaladjudication正式裁决Informaladjudication非正式裁决Formalrulemaking正式规章制定Informalrulemaking非正式规章制定Interpretation解释Inspection监督FormaladjudicationResembleaciviltrialConductbeforeanadministrativelawjudgeoragencyAstrictseparationoffunctionswithinanagencyTheresultsofformaladjudicationaregenerallyreviewedbycourtsHearing——听证会InformaladjudicationThetakingdecisionsbybureaucraticroutine通过政治程序作出非正式裁决judicialreviewisrelativelypermissiveFormalrulemakingTodetermineastatute-likenormforfutureapplication确定准法律规范的程序Nostrictseparation(differsfromformaladjudication)HearingJudicialreviewInformalrulemakingTheordinaryprocedureforgeneratingstatute-likenorms.……initiatedbyanoticeoftheproposedactionWrittencommentsOralhearingsInformalrulemakingTheagencyexplainitsbasisandpurposeDecisionistakenbureaucraticallyJudicialreviewFullforceofstatutorylawInterpretationGeneratingandannouncingagencyinterpretationsofapplicablenormsGeneratedinternallyorinresponsetoarequestNoprocedureisrequiredDonotformallybindpersonsoutsidetheagencyBeregardedaspersuasivebythecourtsInspectionDirectphysicalviewbyaqualifiedgovernmentofficialAsubstituteforadjudicationproceduresDeterminetheexistenceornotofconditionswarrantingformaladministrativeactionGlossaryadministrativelaw行政法agencyaction行政行为adjudication裁定；裁决sub-constitutional准宪法性；亚宪法性statutorylaw制定法Formaladjudication正式裁决Informaladjudication非正式裁决Formalrulemaking正式规章制定Informalrulemaking非正式规章制定LessonSevenCriminalLawBackgroundModelPenalCode(标准刑法典）ModelPenalCodewascreatedbyagroupoflawprofessors,judges,andlawyerstoofferacomprehensiverevisionofthecriminallaw.TheModelPenalCodeisnotlawandhasnobindingeffect.Ithas,however,beenthemodelformanystatecriminalcodesandhasbeenveryinfluentialonstateandlocallegislators.ThreeIssuesaboutCriminalLawCrime—felony;misdemeanorPunishment–guidelinesforsentencingCriminalliabilityTEXTHomicide

Notallhomicidesarecriminal.Justifiablehomicide

——正当杀人Excusablehomicide

——可宽恕的杀人JustifiablehomicideSelf-defense正当防卫Policeofficer……topreventthecommissionofaforciblefelony……预防暴力性重罪Topreventadangerousfelonescaping防止危险的重罪犯逃跑ExcusablehomicideApersonaccidentallyandwithoutgrossnegligencecausesthedeathofanotherindividual.没有严重过失Criminalhomicide——有罪杀人Akillingamountstoacriminalhomicidewhenitisdonewithoutlawfuljustificationorexcuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人

谋杀非恶意杀人

非预谋杀人TheelementsofthecrimesofmurderCourtsdecisionsLegislaturesSeparatestatuteCriminalcodeCommonlawbyPart1.MurderKillingahumanbeingwith“malice”

恶意、预谋杀人CaliforniaPenalCodeSECTION187-199：Murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing,orafetus,withmaliceaforethought.MaliceExpressmalice——明示恶意Impliedmalice——暗示恶意Adeliberateintentiontotakeawaythelifeofafellowcreature

故意剥夺他人生命Noconsiderableprovocation

没有出现相当程度的挑衅

Anabandonedandmalignantheart

冷酷邪恶的心Expressmalicevs.Impliedmalice

FirearifleatamovingpassengertrainPushanotheroffthesideofamountainPenaltyformurderDeath死刑Prisontermsextendingto“life”终身监禁Prisontoaspecialnumberofyears一定年限的监禁(a)Felony–murder重罪恶意谋杀Felony–murder：amurderthatoccurswhiletheaccusedisintheactofcommittinganotherfelony,suchasarmedrobbery.Felonymurdercarriesaheaviersentencethanplainmurder.Co-felonsguiltyofmurder

重罪共犯谋杀Inthecourseofanexchangeofshotsbetweenrobbersandthepolice,apoliceofficerisaccidentallykilledbyanotherofficer.在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。MaliceMalicemayalsobea