建筑外文文献及翻译

WORDWORD版本.外文原文StudyonHumanResourceAllocationinMulti-ProjectonthePriorityandtheCostofProjectsLinJingjing,ZhouGuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao University,610031,ChinaAbstract----Thispaperputforwardtheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriority.whichisintroducedintoamulti-objectiveoptimizationmodelforhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironment.Theobjectivesofthemodelweretheminimumcostlossduetothedelayofthetimelimitoftheprojectsandtheminimumdelayoftheprojectwiththehighestpriority.ThenaGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelwasintroduced.Finally,anumericalexamplewasusedtotestifythefeasibilityofthemodelandthealgorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Multi-project’sproject’spriority.INTRODUCTIONMoreandmoreenterprisesarefacingthechallengeofmanagement,whichhasbeenthefocusamongresearcheson projectmanagement.Inmulti-projectenvironment,thesharearecompetitionofresourcessuchascapital,timeandhumanresourcesoftenoccur.Therefore,it’scriticaltoscheduleprojectsinordertosatisfythedifferentresourcedemandsandtoshortenthedurationtimewithresourcesconstrained,asin[1].Formanyenterprises,thehumanresourcesarethemostpreciousasset.Soenterprisesshouldreasonablyandeffectivelyallocateeachresource,especiallythehumanresource,inordertoshortenthetimeandofprojectsandtoincreasethebenefits.Someliteratureshavediscussedtheresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectenvironmentwithresourcesconstrained.Reference[1]designedaniterativealgorithmandproposedamathematicalmodeloftheresource-constrainedmulti-projectscheduling.Basedonworkbreakdownstructure(WBS)andDantzig-Wolfedecompositionmethod,afeasiblemulti-projectplanningmethodwasillustrated,asin[2]References[3,4]discussedtheresource-constrainedprojectschedulingbasedonBranchDelimitationmethod.Reference[5]putforwardtheframeworkofhumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectinLong-term,medium-termandshort-termaswellasresearchanddevelopment(R&D)environment.BasedonGPSSlanguage,simulationmodelofresourcesallocationwasbuilttogettheproject’sdurationtimeandresourcesdistribution,asin[6].Reference[7]solvedengineeringproject’sresourcesoptimizationproblemusingGeneticAlgorithms.Theseliteraturesreasonablyoptimizedresourcesallocationinmulti-project,butallhadthesameprerequisitethattheproject’simportanceisthesametoeachother.Thispaperanalyzetheeffectsofproject’spriorityonhumanresourceallocation,whichistobeintroducedintoamathematicalmodel;finally,aGeneticAlgorithmisusedtosolvethemodel.EFFECTSOFPROJECTSPRIORITYONHUMANRESOUCEALLOCATIONANDAFFECTINGFACTORSOFPROJECT’SPRIORITYResourcesharingisoneofthemaincharacteristicsofmanagement.Theallocationofsharedresourcesrelatestotheefficiencyandrationalityoftheuseofresources.Whenresourceconflictoccurs,theresourcedemandoftheprojectwithhighestpriorityshouldbesatisfiedfirst.Onlyafterthat,cantheprojectswithlowerprioritybeconsidered.Basedontheideaofprojectclassificationmanagement,thispaperclassifiestheaffectingfactorsofproject’spriorityintocategories,astheproject’sbenefits,thecomplexityofprojectmanagementandtechnology,andthestrategicinfluenceontheenterprise’sfuturedevelopment.Thepriorityweightoftheprojectisthefunctionoftheabovethreecategories,asshownin(1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Wherewreferstoproject’spriorityweight;Ireferstothebenefitsoftheproject;creferstothecomplexityoftheproject,includingthetechnologyandmanagement;sreferstotheinfluenceoftheprojectonenterprise.Thebiggerthevaluesofthethreecategories,thehigherthepriorityis.HUMANRESOURCEALLOCATIONMODELINMULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENTProblemDescriptionAccordingtotheconstrainttheory,theenterpriseshouldstrictlydifferentiatethebottleneckresourcesandthenon-bottleneckresourcestosolvetheconstraintproblemofbottleneckresources.Thispaperwillstressonthelimitedcriticalresourcesbeingallocatedtomulti-projectwithdefinitedurationtimesandpriority.Tosimplifytheproblem,wesupposethatthatthreeexistseveralparallelprojectsandasharedresourcesstorehouse,andtheenterprise’soperationonlyinvolvesonekindofcriticalresources.Thesupplyofthecriticalhumanresourceiswhichcannotbeobtainedbyhiringoranyotherwaysduringacertainperiod.whenresourceconflictamongparallelprojectsoccurs,wemayallocatethehumanresourcetomulti-projectaccording to project’s priorities .The allocation ofnon-criticalindependenthumanresourcesisnotconsideredinthispaper,whichsupposesthattheindependentresourcesthateachprojectneedscanbesatisfied.Engineeringprojectsusuallyneedmassivecriticalskilledhumanresourcesinsomecriticalchain,whichcannotbesubstitutedtheotherkindofhumanresources.Whenthecriticalchainsofprojectsatthesametimeduringsomeperiod,thereoccurresourceconflictandcompetition.Thepaperalsosupposesthatthecorrespondingnetworkplanningofvariousprojectshavealreadybeenestablished,andthepeaksofeachproject’sresourcesdemandhavebeenoptimized.Thedelayofthecriticalchainaffectthewholeproject’sdurationtime.ModelHypothesesThefollowinghypotheseshelpustoestablishamathematicalmodel:Thenumberofmutuallyindependentprojectsinvolvedinresourceallocationprobleminmulti-projectisN.projectisindicatedwithQ,whilei=1,2,…N.iThe priority weights of multi-project have beendetermined,whicharerespectivelyw,w…w.1 2 nThetotalnumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesisR,withrstandingforeachperson,whilek=1,2,…,Rk1humanresourcertoprojectQ(4)Δk= k ii 0othersResourcescapturingbyseveralprojectsbeginsontime.tEisitheexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskaftertimet,onthepremisethatthehumanresourcesdemandcanbesatisfied.tAiistherealdurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcetofinishsometaskaftertimet.Accordingtothecontract,ifthedelayoftheprojecthappensthedailycostlossduetothedelayis△cforprojectiI.Accordingtotheproject’simportance,thedelayofaprojectwillnotonlycausethecostloss,butwillalsodamagetheprestigeandstatusoftheenterprise.(whilethecostisdifficulttoquantify,itisn’tconsideredinthisarticletemporarily.)Fromthehypothesis(5),wecanknowthataftertimettime-gapbetweentherealandexpecteddurationtimeofprojectIthatneedsthecriticalresourcestofinishsometaskis△t,(△t=tA-tE ).Forthereexists resourcesi i i icompetition,thetime–gapisnecessarilyapositivenumber.(8)Accordingtohypotheses(6)and(7),thetotalcostlossprojectIisC (C=△t*△C).i i i i(9)Thedurationtimeofactivitiescanbeexpressedbytheworkloadofactivitiesdividedbythequantityofresources,whichcanbeindicatedwithfollowingexpressionof tA=η/R* ,.Intheexpression,ηreferstotheworkloadi i i iofprojectsIduringsomeperiod,whichissupposedtobefixedandpre-determinedbytheprojectmanagersonprojectplanningphase;R*referstothenumberofthecriticalhumanresourcesibeingallocatedtoprojectsIactually,withtheequationRi=Rk1

existing.DuetotheresourcecompetitionthekiresourcedemandsofprojectswithhigherPrioritiesmaybeguarantee,whilethoseprojectswithprioritiesmaynotbefullyguaranteed.Inthissituation,thedecreaseoftheresourcesupplywillleadtotheincreasethedurationtimeofactivitiesandtheproject,whiletheworkloadisfixed.OptimizationModelBasedontheabovehypotheses,theresourceallocationmodelinmulti-projectenvironmentcanbeestablished.Here,theoptimizationmodelis:F=minZ=minN i i

Cii=minNi1

i1N

i1tci i i

(2)=minN

N

i tE ci R i ii1

i1

kii1 F =minZ=mint2 2

=min i tE (3)R ikikii1Wherewj=max(wi),(i,jN) (4)Subject to:0N

=R (5)kii1 kThemodelisamulti-objectiveone.Thetwoobjectivefunctionsarerespectivelytominimizethetotalcostloss,whichisconformtotheeconomictarget,andtoshortenthetimeoftheprojectwithhighestpriority.Thefirstobjectivefunction can only optimize the apparent economiccost;thereforethesecondobjectivefunctionwillhelptomakeupthislimitation.Fortheprojectwithhighestpriority,timedelaywilldamagenotonlytheeconomicbenefits,butalsothestrategyandtheprestigeoftheenterprise.Thereforeweshouldguaranteethatthemostimportantprojectbefinishedontimeoraheadofschedule.SOLUTIONTOTHEMULTI-OBJECTIVEMODELUSINGGENETICALGORITHMThe multi-objective optimization problem is quitecommon.Generally,eachobjectiveshouldbeoptimizedinordertogetthecomprehensiveobjectiveoptimized.Thereforetheweightofeachsub-objectiveshouldbeconsidered.Reference[8]proposedanimprovedantcolonyalgorithmtosolvethisproblem.Supposedthattheweightsofthetwooptimizingobjectivesareα andβ,whereα+β=1.ThenthecomprehensivegoalisF* ,whereF*=αF1+βF2.ThePrincipleofGeneticAlgorithmGeneticAlgorithmrootsfromtheconceptsofnaturalselectionandgenetics.It’sarandomsearchtechniqueforglobaloptimizationinacomplexsearchspace.Becauseoftheparallelnatureandlessrestrictions,ithasthekeyfeaturesofgreatcurrency,fastconvergenceandeasycalculation.Meanwhile,itssearchscopenotlimited,soit’saneffectivemethodtosolvetheresourcebalancingproblem,asin[9].ThemainstepsofGAinthispaperareasfollow:EncodingAnintegerstringisshort,directandefficient.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofthemodel,thehumanresourcecanbeassignedtobeacodeobject.Thestringlengthequalstothetotalnumberofhumanresourcesallocated.ChoosingthefitnessfunctionThispaperchoosetheobjectivefunctionasthefoundationoffitnessfunction.Toratethevaluesoftheobjectivenfunction,thefitnessofthen-thindividualis1/ 。nGeneticoperationIt’sthecoreofGA.Thisprocessincludesthreebasicoperators:selectionoperator,crossoveroperator,andmutationoperation.Selectionoperationistoselectthegoodindividualsamongthegroup.Theprobabilityofastringtobeselectedaparentisproportionaltoitsfitness.Thehigherthestring’sfitnessis,thegreatertheprobabilityofstringtobeselectedasaparentwillbe.CrossoveroperatorTheso-calledcrossoveristhatthepatenchromosomesexchangesomegenes toyieldtwooffspringstringsinrule.Wecanuseuniformcrossover,thatthetwochromosomesexchangethegenesonthesamepositionswiththesamecrossoverprobabilitytoyieldtwonewindividuals.MutationoperatorMutationaddstothediversityofapopulationandtherebyincreasesthelikelihoodthatthealgorithmwillindividualswithbetterfitnessvalues.ThemutationoperatordeterminesthesearchabilityofGA,maintainthediversityofapopulation,andavoidtheprematurity.Thereareseveralmutationisquiteeasy.StandardfortheterminalofGAWithouthumancontrol,theevolutionprocessofthealgorithmwillneverend.Thepopulationsizeaffectsfinalresultandtheoperationspeed.Ifthesizeisgreater,thediversityofthepopulationcanbeadded,andthebestresultcanbeobtainedeasier.However,theefficiencyisreduced.Recently,inmostGAprogress,thebiggestevolvementalgebraisdeterminedbytocontrolthecoursethealgorithm.NUMERICALEXAMPLEWeuseanumericalexampletoillustratetheeffectivenessofGeneticAlgorithm.Assumethat therearethreeprojectsthesamenetwork,andthepriorityweightshavebeenputforward.Thereisonlyonecriticalpathineachproject.datawehaveknownareshowninTable1.ProjePriorityProjePrioritytECostloss(humanWorkloadctweightwyuan/day)(person*day)10.421010010020.3181508030.271280120ThestepsofGeneticAlgorithmtosolvethemodelareasfollow:Step1: Anintegerstringisadopted.Encodewith[0,1,2]forarethreeprojects.Thelengthofthechromosomeis16,thetotalnumberofhumanresourcetobeallocated.Step2:Theinitialpopulationsizeis50.Step3:Doinggeneticoperation.AdoptRouletteWheelandElitisttactictodeterminedselectionoperator.Theoffspringcanbebyuniformcross-over.Themutationoperatorcanbedeterminedbyuniformmutation.Weassumethatthemutationprobabilityequalto0.001.Step4:Adoptthemaximumpopulationsizeis100whenterminated.Afterthecomputersimulation,wecanobtainthePare-toresultswithdifferentimportanceweightsofthetwoobjectivefunctions,asinTable2:Table2TheSolutionResultoftheModelR*1R*2R*3F1(HundredYuan)F2(Day)α=1,β=0655911.22.8α=0.7,β=0.3754940.81.8α=0.4,β=0.68441051.81.05α=0.1,β=0.910331472.80Fromtable2wecanlearnthat,andβchange,theresultdifferent.HoweverwecanobtainaseriesofParetoresults.CONCLUSIONHumanresourceallocationinmulti-projectenvironmentiscomplicatedproblem.Thispaperanalyzestheimportanceofproject’spriorityinresourceallocationandestablishesahumanresourceallocationmodelbasedonpriorityandcostofprojects.Finally,geneticAlgorithmisadoptedtosolvethemodel.Duringtheconstructionprocessoftheallocationmodel,wehaveforwardsomehypothesesinordertosimplifytheproblem.However,whentheenterprisespracticallyallocatetheresources,heywillfacemorecomplexity,whichisthefocusofourfuturestudy.中文翻译：在项目优先权和成本的基础上对多项目中人力资源配置的研究林晶晶，周中国西南交通大学经济和管理学院，610031摘要---本文提出项目优先次序的影响因素，为多项目环境配置人力资源引后，用一个数值例子证明该模型和算法的可行性。关键字---遗传算法;人力资源配置;多项目、项目的优先权;1、引言越来越多的企业面临的挑战是多项目管理，这已经成为项目管理研究的焦尤其是人力资源，用以缩短时间减少项目的成本和增加效益。迭代算法，并提出了资源约束的多项目调度的数学模型。基于工作分解结构（wbs）dantzig-wolf期的多项目及研究和开发（R＆D）gpss解这一模型。项目优先权对人的资源分配的作用和影响项目优先权的因素在此之后，较低优先权的项目才予以考虑。基于项目分类管理的思想，本文将归类项目的优先次序的影响因素分为三发展。优先权的重量级取决于该项目上述三大类因素。公式为：W=f(I,c,s…)(1)wics、在多项目环境下的人力资源分配模型。、问题描述项目都有明确的期限和时代优先权。人力资源的配置问题，这是假定这些独立的资源可以满足每个项目的需求。环节的延误将会影响整个项目的持续时间。模