语言学题目有问题详解

实用标准文案Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang3. Thefunction ofthesentence “Waterboils at100degreesCentigrade. ”is__________.A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative4. In Chinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplate thehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay “碎碎（岁岁）平安” asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowing property oflanguage enables languageusers toovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness6. Study thefollowing dialogue. Whatfunction doesit play according tothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn ’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal7.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.CompetenceA.PerformanceC.LangueB.D.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality9.__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireour精彩文档实用标准文案firstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）1~5BACCC6~10BACAC11~15FFTFF16~20FFFFF31.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheirusersto精彩文档实用标准文案symbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33. Competence:It isanessential partofperformance. It isthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,andits grammatical rules. Competenceis, inaway,anencyclopedia oflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers tothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.37. Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.精彩文档实用标准文案narrow6.phones7.8.articulation?[m]

A.wide B.closing C.D.centeringAphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.A.minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.D.allophonesWhichbranchofphonetics concernstheproduction ofspeechsounds?A.Acousticphonetics B.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneof theaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofA.[n] B.C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.35.Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）精彩文档实用标准文案VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）(1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricative~5ACDAA6~10DBABB11~15TTTFF16~20TTTFF31.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3Lexicon1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.精彩文档实用标准文案A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation6.__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy9.Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph11.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.精彩文档实用标准文案17.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?37.MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMN（武汉大学，2004）III(1)acronyma.foe(2)freemorphemeb.subconscious(3)derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO(4)inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculation1~5AACBB6~10BCADB11~15FTFTT16~20FTFFF31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.37.(1)c(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)bChapter4Syntax精彩文档实用标准文案Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinear andhierarchical 2. Thesyntactic rules ofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large B.small C.finite D.infiniteThe________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic D.combinationalAsentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammaticalA__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinatorPhrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.A.thecity B.Rome C.city D.thecityRomeThephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.A.endocentric B.exocentric C.subordinate D.coordinate10. Thesentence “Theywerewantedtoremainquiet andnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.A.simple B.coordinate C.compound D.complex精彩文档实用标准文案Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13. Inacomplexsentence, thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus, onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15. Minorlexical categories areopenbecausethesecategories arenotfixed andnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.2.35.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武汉大学，2004）36.Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.3.1~5DCDDD6~10ADDBA11~15TTTTF16~20FTFTT4.31.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents –wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33. Hierarchicalstructure: Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.精彩文档实用标准文案34.Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.more|beautifulflowersmorebeautiful|flowers胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第五章：意义1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A. Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech D.Firth2. “Weshallknowa wordbythe companyitkeeps. ”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualist view B.contexutalismC. the namingtheory D.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.4.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailspresupposes___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.精彩文档实用标准文案A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis6.“Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove7._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A. homonyms B. polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonymsThegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.12. Senseisconcerned with therelationship betweenthelinguistic elementandthenon-linguisticworld ofexperience, whilethereferencedeals withtheinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14. Insemantics, meaningoflanguageisconsidered astheintrinsic andinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.精彩文档实用标准文案Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19. “It ishot.”is ano-place predication becauseit contains noargument.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemantic analysis of asentence, the basic unit is predication, which is theabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.6. 1~5ABDDB 6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT 16~20TFTTT胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第七章：语言、文化和社会1. _______isconcernedwiththe social significanceof languagevariation andlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC. AppliedlinguisticsD.GenerallinguisticsThemostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.A. use ofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentmorphemes__________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A. Regionalvariation B.LanguagevariationC. SocialvariationD.Registervariation_______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone ’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers_________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregional精彩文档实用标准文案boundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.LanguageplanningD.Languagetransfer6._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation7.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafrancaB.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage8.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC.pidginsD.sociolects9.Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;maleB.male;femaleC.old;youngD.young;oldAlinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A. slang B.euphemism C.jargon D.tabooII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12. Thegoalofsociolinguisticsisto explorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13. Fromthesociolinguistic perspective, theterm“speechvariety ”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.精彩文档实用标准文案Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.15.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.17.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.18.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.8. 1~5BCAAC 6~10DACAD11~15FTFFF 16~20TFTFF胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第八章：语言的使用Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A. reference B. speechact C. practical usage D.contextAsentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmatic B.grammatical C.mental D.conceptualIfwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A. constative B.directive C.utterance D.expressiveWhichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50 ’softhe20thecentury B.intheearly1950 ’sC. in the late 1960 ’s D.intheearly21stcentury__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A. A locutionary精彩文档实用标准文案act B.AnillocutionaryactC. A perlocutionaryact D. Aperformativeact7. According toSearle, theillocutionary point oftherepresentative is______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething ’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairsAlltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.A.intheir illocutionary acts B.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforce D.intheireffectbroughtabout__________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrincipleWhenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC. mutualunderstanding D.conversationalimplicaturesII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Pragmaticstreats themeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsic andinherent.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconside