英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷试题长难句)

英语长难句构造解析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句)英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其余各样句式都是由这五种基本句式变换而来。五种基本句式以下：1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语主语＋系动词＋表语主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语其他还有特别句式如therebe-,重申句，倒装句等。可是在真切的语言环境中，句子构造远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各样复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异样复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现构造复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。其他，新高考将包含两个写作题：读后续写(纲领写作)和应用文写作。在评分标准中把“全力使用较复杂语法构造”视为能否得高分的标准之一。所以，学会解析长难句显得分外重要。一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是由于句子各部分红分和构造复杂，详细说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各样从句等。下边分类解析：一、复杂主语包含以下情况：含有连词如and,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...but(also),aswellas；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充任主语；同位语构造做主语等。如：Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.(2019”高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(aswellas连结thosewho...与thoseleastliked...做主语)1Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagony(难过)ofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.(动词不定式todo构造做主语)Connectingtothecommunity（社区）asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.(2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(-ing形式做主语)Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.(2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(-ing形式做主语)Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes(2019.高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B)(主语从句充任主语)Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusiness...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D)(同位语构造做主语)二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分开Mr.Robbins,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,isleavingLondonforParis.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016全国丙卷语法填空)FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeenpublished.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,“theproportion(比率)whosaythey‘never’or‘hardlyever’rehasdforgonefunfrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.(2018”全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)Thewomansittingatthedesk,seeingmymadness,sympatheticallyjumpedup.(2016全国甲卷完形填空)三、复杂表语包含非谓语动词、表语从句等。2One(reason)wasthatIwasamazedatthefactthatasickpersoncouldfeelmuchbetterafterseeingadoctor.(2019高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers(2018.全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)(表语从句中还含有while并列句)四、复杂宾语包含非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate--sharing,kindness,openness--carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.(2019全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有定语从句)Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句)Inordertopasstheclass,amongothercriteria,wehadtowriteapaperonhowweplantoapply②whatwewouldlearninclasstoourfutureprofessionsand,eventually,toourlives.(2018全国卷Ⅱ完形填空)(①是介词on所带的宾语从句，②是动词apply所带的宾语从句)Axaniwroteinhispost①thatheisnotlookingforanythinginreturnandthatthewomanwhousestheextraticketcanchoosetoeithertravelwithhimortaketheticketandtravelonherown.(2017全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)(wrote带有2个由that指引的宾语从句，第②个宾语从句含有who指引的定语从句)五、复杂定语包含非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。It’ansamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.(2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略了that/which的定语从句)3TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C)(who指引定语从句)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空)(when指引的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语)ThursdayseesusmaketheshortjourneytoPariswherewewillvisitDisneylandParispark，stayinguntillatetoseetheparadeandthefireworks(2018.全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)(where指引定语从句)Readersalsotendedtosharearticles①thatwereexcitingorfunny,or②thatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticles③thatleftthemmerelysad(.2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D)(含有三个that指引的定语从句)Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenters(木工)withcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.(含有两个with介词短语做定语和which指引的定语从句)Now,usingteethandbonepiecestakenfromthebaby’sgrave,scientistshavecomparedtheDNAfromtheUnknownChildwiththosecollectedfrommembersoffivefamilieswholostrelativesontheTitanicandneverrecoveredthebodies(.含有两个-ed形式做定语和who指引的定语从句)六、复杂同位语(同位语从句)Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that指引同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有although指引的状语从句)4Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback---hewithhisNewman’sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that指引同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有if指引的状语从句)七、复杂状语包含介词短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。Withthecollegeentranceexaminationaroundthecorner,allthestudentsareoccupiedwiththeirrevision.(with介词短语做状语)BytranslatingtherichandhumouroustextofLove’sLabour’sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL(英式手语),DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretationofShakespeare’scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience(2017.全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A)(两个by介词短语做状语)Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat(2018全“国ice卷Ⅱcream”.阅读B)(-ed形式做状语)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.(2017全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D)(动词不定式todo做状语)DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepened②whenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where——luckilyforme——Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B)(as和when指引状语从句)Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B)(when指引状语从句中，含有-ing形式做状语)Giventhatmanypeople'smoods(情绪)areregulatedbythechemicalactionofchocolate,itwasprobablyonlyamatteroftimebeforesomebodymadethechocolate5consider④Therefore,①shopsimilartoadrugstoreofChinesemedicine.(2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C)(-ed形式做状语,before指引状语从句)Inasecondstudypresentedatthemeeting,scientistsfromtheUKandDenmarkshowedthatevenafewdaysofhightemperaturescanseverelyreduceproductionofcrops,suchaswheat,soyabeans,riceandgroundnuts(花生),ifitoccurswhentheplantsareflowering.(福建卷)(if和when指引状语从句)Accordingtothestudy,ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog,andiftheyareintroducedwhenstillyoung(lessthan6monthsforcats,ayearfordogs),itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.（2011广东卷B）(两个if指引并列状语从句)八、多个从句且从句套从句Helikes①thathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasis③ifhewantstohavealittleinteraction（沟通）.((2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C)(①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是状语从句)Forthiscourierjob,you’reconsciouslyaware①thatinthatboxyou’vegotsomething②thatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody(’2016slife全.国乙卷阅读理解C)(①是宾语从句，②是定语从句)whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,②whatmaybeimplied(示意)is③thatthepersonwantsthelistenertowhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解(①是状语从句，②是主语从句，③是表语从句，④是宾语从句)Ifsomeoneknocksanditsnotan’importantmatter,excuseyourselfandletthepersonknow②you’rebusysotheycangetthehint暗(示）③that④whenthedoorisclosed,you’renottobedisturbed(2017.全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)(①是状语从句，②是宾语从句，③是同位语从句，④是状语语从句)Butyoucan’betsuccessful①whentheres’alackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanaction③wherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五)(①是状语从句，②是定语从句，③是定语从句)Cursingmymisfortune,Iwaswondering①whereIwasgoingtospendthenightwhenIrealizedthatthevillagers②whohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonorofreceivingmeasaguestintheirhouse(2007.高考广6东卷)(①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是宾语从句)Studiesshow①thatsocialsciencemajorsaremostsuitedforchange,②whichistheleadingfeatureofthekindofhighspeed,highpressure,high-techworld③wenowlivein.(①是宾语从句，②是定语从句，③是定语从句)Itisimportant①becauseitshows②thatregularphysicalexerciseenablesustomakebetteruseoftheoxygen③webreatheinand④thatthistraining,infact,reducestheamountofwork⑤ourheartsdo.(辽宁卷)(①是状语从句，②是宾语从句，③是定语从句，④是并列宾语从句，⑤是定语从句)九、复杂并列句(包含从句)Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)Wewent10-1andIwasnamedmostvaluableplayer,butIoftenhadcrazydreamsinwhichIwastoblameforMiller’accidents.(2016全国丙卷完形填空)Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(难为情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces——andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood..(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B)Whentheweatherisfairandsettled,theyareclothedinblueandpurple,andprinttheirbeautifulshapesonthecleareveningsky,butsometimeswhenitiscloudless,graysteamgathersaroundthetopofthemountainswhich,inthelastraysofthesettingsun,willshineandlightuplikeacrownofglory.(20