专业英语-2014级构词法句子

★

Result

showedthat

both

oils

contain

alkane,

alcohol,

ester,

ketone,

acid,

phenolandalkene,['estə]酯['fiːnɒl]石碳酸;苯酚andthe

maincomponents主要成分are

tricosane,pentacosane二十五烷and

heptacosane.['traikəsein]二十三烷

[hep'tækəsein]二十七烷

★Aldosteroneisahormonesecretedbytheadrenal

cortex肾上腺皮质thatregulateselectrolyte[ə'driːn(ə)l]

['kɔːteks][ɪ'lektrəlaɪt]电解质andwaterbalancebyincreasingtherenal

['riːn(ə)l]肾(脏)的retention保留,滞留ofsodium

['səʊdɪəm]钠andtheexcretion[ɪk'skriːʃ(ə)n;ek-]

排泄(物);分泌(物)ofpotassium

[pə'tæsɪəm]钾.※-ose糖saccharide糖;糖类

['sækəraɪd]

monose单糖

monosaccharide

[mɒnə(ʊ)'sækəraɪd]

pentose戊糖

['pentəus]

ribose核糖

['raɪbəʊz;-s]deoxyribose脱氧核糖

[dɪ,ɒksɪ'raɪbəʊz;-s]

hexose['heksəus]己糖

glucose葡萄糖

['gluːkəʊs;-z]

fructose果糖

['frʌktəʊz;-s]

diose二糖,双糖

disaccharide[dai'sækəraid]

maltose麦芽糖['mɔːltəʊz;-s;mɒlt-]sucrose蔗糖['s(j)uːkrəʊz;-əʊs]

lactose乳糖['læktəʊz;-s]

cellobiose纤维二糖

[,seləu'baiəuz]

★Allcarbohydrate[kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]碳水化合物foods,astheyaredigested,eventuallybreakdownintosimplesugars(monose),suchasglucoseandfructose.★Sucroseisadisaccharide(diose)composedofonemolecule['mɒlɪkjuːl]分子ofglucoseandonemoleculeoffructose.★Themostimportantrepresentativesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,maltoseandcellobiose.★Glucosewithasix-carbon-atomaldehydesugaristermedanaldohexose.2.

transferase转移酶

['trænsf(ə)reɪz;'trɑːns-]methyltransferase,MT甲基转移酶[,meθil'trænsfəreis]◆phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase苯乙醇胺phenylethylamine苯乙胺◆T['kætɪtʃɒl;-kɒl]儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶catecholamine儿茶酚胺[,kætɪ'kəʊləmiːn]transaminase=aminotransferase转氨酶,氨基转移酶[træn'zæmɪneɪz(s)][ə,miːnəʊ'trænsfəreɪs]acetyltransferase乙酰转移酶kinase激酶['kaɪneɪz]

★

Nitric

['naɪtrɪk](含)氮的oxide(NO)

plays

animportant

role

in

cardiovascularsystem.[,kɑːdɪəʊ'væskjʊlə]心血管的

Nitric

oxide

synthase(NOS)is

thekeyenzymeduringthe

synthesis

['sɪnθɪsɪs]合成process

ofNO.

★Maltasecancatalyzethehydrolysisofmaltose

['kætəlaɪz]催化[haɪ'drɒlɪsɪs]水解作用

totwo

glucoses.

★

Amylase

and

lipase

valuestypically

willbe

elevated

in

the

early

or

acute

stage

ofpancreatitis.pancreas

['pæŋkrɪəs]胰腺[,pæŋkrɪə'taɪtɪs]胰腺炎

★The

salicylate

hydroxylasecan

catalyze

the

[sə'lɪsɪlət]水杨酸[hai'drɔksileis]羟化酶

decarboxylationandhydroxylationof

salicylate

to

[‘diːkɑː,bɒksɪ’leɪʃən]脱羧

[haidrɔksi‘leiʃən]

羟基化

form

catechol.★

Lowtemperature

reducedthe

activities

ofthe

enzymes

related

to

fiber

synthesis,includingphenylalaninedeaminase,polyphenol

oxidase,

[,fiːnaɪl'æləniːn;fenɪl-]

苯(基)丙氨酸[di'æmineis]脱氨(基)酶cinnamyl

alcoholdehydrogenase肉桂醇脱氢酶and

[si'næmil]

肉桂基

cinnamon['sɪnəmən]肉桂

peroxidase[pə'rɒksɪdeɪz]过氧化物酶.

★Someimportantcatecholamines儿茶酚胺类

suchas

epinephrine,norepinephrine

anddopamine[,epɪ'nefrɪ(ː)n]肾上腺素,[,nɔːrepɪ'nefrɪ(ː)n]去甲肾上腺素

canbemetabolized[mɪ'tæbəlaɪz]代谢

bycatechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)andmonoamineoxidase(MAO).

★Acetylcholineisakindofneurotransmitters.[,njʊərəʊtrænz'mɪtə]

神经递质Itissynthesizedinthecytoplasmfrom['sɪnθəsaɪz]合成['saɪtə(ʊ)plæz(ə)m]

细胞质

acetyl-CoAandcholinethroughthecatalyticaction胆碱

[,kætə'lɪtɪk]起催化作用的

oftheenzyme-cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT).

胆碱乙酰转移酶Acetyl-CoAissynthesizedinmitochondriawhich

[,maɪtəʊ'kɒndrɪə]线粒体,

arepresentinlargenumbersinthenerveending.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)isanenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofacetylcholinetocholineandacetate.Aspirin

(acetylsalicylicacid;ASA)◆Clinicaluses临床应用:Analgesia镇痛,Antipyresis解热,andAnti-inflammatory抗炎Effects

analgesia

[,æn(ə)l'dʒiːzɪə]n.痛觉缺失

algesia

[æl'dʒi:ziə,-siə]痛觉,感觉过敏

anti-inflammatoryadj.抗炎的n.抗炎药inflammatory[ɪn'flæmət(ə)rɪ]adj.炎症性的

★Aspirinisemployedformildtomoderatepainofvariedoriginbutisnoteffectiveforsevere

visceral['vɪs(ə)r(ə)l]内脏的

pain.

AspirinandotherNSAIDs(NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatoryDrugs非甾体抗炎药)

nonsteroidal[,nɔnstə'rɔidəl]非甾类化合物的,非类固醇的steroid

['stɪərɒɪd;'sterɒɪd]类固醇;甾族化合物havebeencombinedwithopioidanalgesics

opioid['əʊpɪɒɪd]类鸦片,阿片样物质,阿片类

analgesic[,æn(ə)l'dʒiːzɪk;-sɪk]镇痛药

fortreatmentofcancerpain,wheretheiranti-inflammatoryeffectsactsynergistically协同地

synergistic[,sɪnə'dʒɪstɪk]adj.协同的,协作的,协同作用withtheopioidstoenhanceanalgesia镇痛.High-dosesalicylateareeffectivefortreatmentofrheumaticfever风湿热,

rheumatoid类风湿性

arthritis

andotherinflammatoryjoint关节

conditions.rheumatic[rʊ'mætɪk]

风湿病(患者);风湿病的,风湿病引起的rheumatoid['ruːmətɒɪd]

患风湿症的,类风湿性的arthritis[ɑː'θraɪtɪs]关节炎B.OtherEffects★Aspirindecreasestheincidence

发病率oftransientischemicattacks短暂性脑缺血发作,unstableangina不稳定型心绞痛,coronaryarterythrombosis冠状动脉血栓形成withmyocardialinfarction心肌梗死,心肌梗塞,andthrombosisaftercoronaryarterybypassgrafting冠状动脉旁路移植术.Epidemiologicstudies流行病学研究

suggestthatlong-termuseofaspirinatlowdosageisassociatedwithalowerincidenceofcoloncancer结肠癌,possiblyrelatedtoitscyclooxygenase(COX)-inhibitingeffects.

★

Sodiumnitroprussideisapowerfulparenterally(parenteral

[pə'rent(ə)r(ə)l]肠胃外的,不经肠道的,注射用药物的)

administeredvasodilatorthatisusedintreating给药[,veɪzəʊ'daɪleɪtə]血管舒张药hypertensiveemergencies高血压急症aswellassevereheartfailure.★

Nitroprussidedilatesbotharterialandvenous

[daɪ'leɪt]使扩大动脉的['viːnəs]静脉的vessels,resultinginreducedperipheralvascularresistance外周血管阻力andvenousreturn.Theactionoccursasaresultofactivationofguanylylcyclase鸟苷酸环化酶,eitherviareleaseofnitricoxideorbydirectstimulationoftheenzyme.bisulfate硫酸氢盐◆ammoniumbisulfateNH4HSO4sulfite亚硫酸盐◆sodium,potassium+sulfite

bisulfite亚硫酸氢盐

◆potassiumbisulfiteKHSO3

sulfide硫化物

◆hydrogensulfide

H2S

★

Thereare

six

common

airpollutants:

ozone

['əʊzəʊn]臭氧,

nitrogen

dioxide,carbonmonoxide,

lead铅,

sulfur

dioxide

and

particulatematter粉尘.

★Hydrogen

sulfide

is

a

molecule

consisting

of

twohydrogen

atoms

and

onesulfur

atom.

★

Pharmacologyisanimportantsubjectstudyingtheinteractionsthatoccurbetweenalivingorganismandsomechemicalsandtheeffectsofthosechemicalsonthenormalandabnormalbiochemicalfunctionsoftheorganism.Thetwomainareasofpharmacologyarepharmacodynamicsandpharmacokinetics.Pharmacologyisanexperimentaldiscipline,whichdealswith

howdrugsinteractwithinbiologicalsystemsbyperformingexperimentalstudiesinvitro

[in'vi:trəu,-'vi-]在体外,在试管内,exvivo间接体内法,体外andinvivo

[in'vi:vəu,-'vai-]在体内.

★Pharmacologyresearchisdividedintopre-clinicalandclinicaltrials.Theformerinvolvesinvitro(testtubeorcellculture)andinvivo(animal)experiments,whichproducecriticalpreliminaryresults.Theseresultsformthebasisforevaluationofdrugcandidatesandtheirpotentialforfurtherdevelopmentintonewdrugs.Thelatteristheclinicaltestingofdrugcandidatesinhumansubjects,thiswillnormallyproceedthroughfourphasesofclinicalstudies.★Drugdevelopmentsconsiderationsarefirst,thesafetyofthedrugs;second,theeffectivenessoftreatmentsandthird,thehighselectivityofdrugs.Intheprocessofdrugdevelopments,pharmacologyplaysacrucialroleintargetdiscoveryandevaluation,drugmechanismelucidation阐明,drugstructuraloptimization,targetproteinrecognition,drugsynergism['sɪnədʒɪzəm]协同作用andtoxicitiesassessment.Pharmacokinetics(PK)★

Pharmacokinetics(PK)includestwointerrelatedprocesses.Thefirstprocessisdrugabsorption,distribution,metabolism

(biotransformation)andexcretion(ADME),andanotheristheevaluationofthequantitativekineticprocessesofADMEbykineticprinciplesandmathematicalmodels.★Absorptionisthepassageofthedrugfromitssiteofadministration给药intotheblood.Besidesgastrointestinal

[,gæstrəʊɪn'testɪn(ə)l]tract胃肠道thereareseveralotherroutesforabsorptionsuchasintramuscular[,ɪntrə'mʌskjʊlə]肌肉内的

orsubcutaneous[,sʌbkjuː'teɪnɪəs]皮下的

adminstration,andattimes,throughlungorskin,etc.Distributionisthedeliveryofdrugtothetissue.Toreachitssiteofaction,adrugmustcrossanumberofbiologicalbarriers(blood-brainbarrier,placental

[plə'sɛntl]barrier胎盘屏障,etc)andthepredominantlylipid['lɪpɪd]membranes脂质膜.Bothmetabolismandexcretioncanbeviewedasprocessesresponsibleforeliminationofdrug(parentandmetabolite

[mɪ'tæbəlaɪt]代谢物)fromthebody.Drugmetabolismchangesthechemicalstructureofadrug,thisaltereddrugproductiscalledadrugmetabolite,whichisfrequentlybutnotuniversallylesspharmacologicallyactive.Metabolismalsorendersthedrugcompoundmorewatersolubleandthereforemoreeasilyexcreted.TheADMEprocessesofadruginvolveitspassageacrossacellmembrane.Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthedrugmoleculesandthecellmembranesthataffectthistransferarethuscriticalinunderstandingthedisposition

[dɪspə'zɪʃ(ə)n]处置ofdrugsinthehumanbody.

Therearetwowaysthatdrugmoleculespassthroughthemembrane:eitherbypassiveprocessesorbymechanismsinvolvingtheactive

participaitonofcomponentsofthemembrane.★Mathematicalmodelsareoftenusedtodescribethekinetics[kɪ'netɪks;kaɪ-]动力学ofdrugelimination.Thesemainlyincludefirstorderkinetics,zeroorderkineticsandMichaelis-MentenkineticswithimportantPK

parameters参数[pə'ræmɪtə(r)z]suchast1/2,Vd,AUC,F,CLtot,Cssetc.

t1/2:half-lifeF:bioavailability[,baɪəʊə,veɪlə'bɪlɪti]生物利用度

Vd:apparentvolumeofdistribution

AUC:areaundertheconcentration-timecurveCLtot:totalbodyclearance

Css:steady-stateplasmaconcentrationPhaseⅠandphaseⅡMetabolism★DrugbiotransformationreactionsareclassifiedaseitherphaseⅠfunctionalization[,fʌŋkʃənəlai'zeiʃən]

功能化(oxidation氧化,reduction还原

andhydrolysis)reactionsorphaseⅡbiosynthetic[,baiəusin'θetik]

生物合成的(conjugation[kɒndʒʊ'geɪʃ(ə)n]接合)reactions.PhaseⅠreactionsintroduceafunctionalgroup

官能团ontheparentcompound.PhaseⅠreactionsgenerallyresultinthelossofpharmacological

activity药理活性,althoughthereareexamplesofretentionorenhancementofactivity.Inrareinstances,metabolismisassociatedwithanaltered['ɔːltəd]改变了的pharmacologicalactivity.

Prodrugs前药arepharmacologicallyinactivecompounds,designedto旨在,目的在于maximize['mæksɪmaɪz]最大化theamountoftheactivespeciesthatreachesitssiteofaction.Inactiveprodrugsareconvertedrapidlytobiologicallyactivemetabolites,oftenbythehydrolysisofanesteroramide

['eɪmaɪd;'æmaɪd]linkage连接

['lɪŋkɪdʒ]酰胺键.Ifnotrapidlyexcretedintotheurine['jʊərɪn;-raɪn]

尿,theproductsofphaseⅠbiotransformationreactionscanthenreactwithendogenous[en'dɒdʒɪnəs;ɪn-]内源的,内生的compoundstoformahighlywatersoluble水溶性的conjugate

['kɒndʒʊgeɪt].

★PhaseⅡconjugationreactionsleadtotheformationofacovalentlinkagebetweenafunctionalgroupontheparentcompoundorphaseⅠmetabolitewithendogenously内生地derivedglucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸,sulfate,glutathione[,gluːtə'θaɪəʊn]谷胱甘肽,aminoacids,oracetate.Thesehighlypolarconjugatesaregenerallyinactiveandareexcretedrapidlyintheurineandfeces['fiːsiːz]粪便.Anexampleofanactiveconjugateisthe6-glucuronide葡糖苷酸[ɡlu:'kjuərənaid]metaboliteofmorphine吗啡['mɔːfiːn],whichisamorepotent更强

analgesic

[,æn(ə)l'dʒiːzɪk;-sɪk]镇痛药thanitsparentcompound.

Thelipids['lipidz]脂类ofhumanplasma血浆['plæzmə]

aretransportedinmacromolecular[,mækrəuməu‘lekjulə]大分子的complexes复合物termedlipoproteins.Anumberofmetabolic

代谢的

[,metə'bɒlɪk]disordersthatinvolveelevationsinlevelsofanyofthelipoproteinspeciesarethustermedhyperlipoproteinemiasorhyperlipidemias.Thetermhyperlipemiadenotesincreasedlevelsof

triglycerides[traɪ'ɡlɪsə,raɪd]甘油三脂inplasma.

CompetitiveinhibitorsofHMG-CoAreductase(reductase-inhibitors;“statins”他汀类药物

)

Thesecompoundsarestructuralanalogs类似物

ofHMG-CoA.Lovastatin['ləuvə,stætin]洛伐他汀,atorvastatin[ə,tɔrvə'stætin]阿托伐他汀,fluvastatin氟-,pravastatin普-,simvastatin辛-,

androsuvastatin瑞舒-belongtothisclass.TheyaremosteffectiveinreducingLDL.Ithasestandardpracticetoinitiatereductaseinhibitortherapyimmediatelyaftermyocardialinfarction,irrespectiveoflipidlevels.Reductaseinhibitorsareusefulaloneorwithresins,niacin

['naɪəsɪn]烟酸,orezetimibe

依折麦布inreducinglevelsofLDL.Becausecholesterolbiosynthesisoccurspredominantlyatnight,reductaseinhibitors-exceptatorvastatinandrosuvastatin-shouldbegivenintheeveningifasingledailydoseisused.Absorptiongenerally(withtheexceptionofpravastatin)isenhancedbytakingthedosewithfood.※

dys-不良,困难,异常,障碍

dystrophy营养障碍,营养不良['distrəfi]dysfunction

机能不良,机能障碍[dis'fʌŋkʃən]dyslipoproteinemia

血脂蛋白异常

dysglycemia

血糖代谢障碍[disɡlai'si:miə]dyspnea呼吸困难[disp'ni:ə]dyspepsia[dis'pepsiə]

消化不良poordigestiondyskinesia运动障碍[,dɪskaɪ'niːzɪə][,dɪskɪ'niʒə]dystonia肌张力障碍[dɪs'təʊnɪə]◆tardivedyskinesia迟发性运动障碍

['tɑ:div]迟缓的,迟发的★Lecithin

[‘lesɪθɪn]卵磷脂may

prove

useful

in

alleviating

减轻the

symptoms

of

Senile

dementia老年痴呆症,[‘siːnaɪl]

高龄(所致)的,老衰的[dɪ'menʃə]痴呆Alzheimer‘s

['ælz'ɛmɚ]disease

阿尔茨海默氏症and

Tardive

dyskinesia.

★Dyslipoproteinemia

is

correlated

with

the

occurrence

and

development

ofatherosclerosis

[,æθərəʊsklɪə‘rəʊsɪs;-sklə-]

动脉粥样硬化,动脉硬化and

cardiocerebralvascular

diseases.

★Islet

['aɪlɪt]胰岛transplantation移植

hasalreadybeen

able

to

maintain

long-term

euglycemiaand

noninsulin['ɪnsjʊlɪn]胰岛素-dependence

inpatientswith

Type

1

Diabetes[,daɪə'biːtiːz]糖尿病.

★TheFDA

hasalready

approved

DBS

asa

treatmentfor

neurologic[,njuərə'lɔdʒikəl]

disorders神经系统疾病,

includingessentialtremor原发性震颤,

Parkinson‘s

disease['pa:kinsnzdizi:z]帕金森症,

dystonia,

and

severe

pulsivedisorder.※

-genesis起源,发生,形成

pathogenesis[,pæθə'dʒenisis]发病,致病,发病机制carcinogenesis[,kɑ:sinəu'dʒenisis]致癌作用,癌发生teratogenesis[,terətəu'dʒenisis]畸形发生,致畸作用mutagenesis[,mju:tə'dʒenisis]诱变,突变发生atherogenesis[,æθərəu'dʒenisis]动脉粥样化形成atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化

lithogenesis[,liθə'dʒenisis]结石形成

★Thedisorderoflipid脂类metabolismismajorpathogenesisoffattyliver.★Safeuse:notproduceanyorganicchlorideandotherharmfulsubstancesthatmayleadtocarcinogenesis,teratogenesisandmutagenesis,suchastrihalomethane三卤甲烷

andchloroform.※

abdomin/o-腹abdomen,belly,stomachabdominal腹部的

[æb'dɒmɪn(ə)l]endoabdominal[,endəu'æbdɔminl]腹内的abdominalgia腹痛abdominoscopy腹腔镜检查(法)※

lapar/o-腹laparotome剖腹刀laparotomy剖腹术

[,læpə'rɒtəmɪ]

laparoscope腹腔镜['læpərəuskəup]

laparoscopy腹腔镜检查[læpə'rɔskəpi]★Abdominoscopy---yourdoctorviewsyourabdominalcavitybymakingtinyincisionsinyourabdomen[æb'dəumen;'æbdəmen]

andinsertingafiber-optic纤维光学tubewithasmallcameralens.adrenoceptor肾上腺受体

●Adrenoceptoragonists

adrenomimetics

拟肾上腺素药

●Adrenoceptorantagonists★Adrenoceptoragonists(andantagonists)areclassifiedintothreetypes:α-

adrenoceptor

agonists(andantagonists),α,β-agonists(andantagonists)andβ-agonists(andantagonists).Theβ-antagonistshavewidespreadandimportantusesinthemanagementofcardiacarrhythmias心律失常,angina

[æn'dʒaɪnə]pectoris心绞痛,andhypertension.★Happinessisconnectedtotwokeymoodregulatorsthatourbrainsproduceserotonin

[,serə'təʊnɪn]血清素,5-羟色胺(血管收缩素)andnoradrenaline.※

andr/o-雄

※

estr/o-雌androgen雄(性)激素(-gen致…物)['ændrədʒ(ə)n]malehormone---

testosterone

[te'stɔstərəun]睾酮estrogen雌(性)激素['estrədʒən]

femalehormoneestradiol雌二醇[,estrə'daiəl]estriol雌三醇['e:striɔl]estrone雌酮['estrəun]★Naturalestrogensinclude

estradiol,estriolandestrone.Theestradiolproducesthemostactivelybiologicalfunction,subsequentisestriol,andthelastisestrone.★Theeffectsofestrogensaremediatedby

estrogenreceptor.※

ather/o粥样沉积,动脉粥样化atherogenesis动脉粥样化形成atherogenic致动脉粥样化的atherosclerosis,AS动脉粥样硬化●coronaryatherosclerosis●aortaatherosclerosis●

carotid

atherosclerosis

[kə'rɒtɪd]n.颈动脉adj.颈动脉的●

femoralatherosclerosis

['fɛmərəl]adj.股骨的;大腿的;大腿骨的antiatherosclerosis抗动脉粥样硬化●

antiatherosclerosisfactor–HDL

★Lack

of

physical

activity

may

increase

LDL,or

bad

cholesterol,and

decrease

HDL,orgoodcholesterol.

※

spir/o

螺旋spiral螺旋;螺旋形的['spaɪr(ə)l]spiramycin螺旋霉素[,spaiərə'maisin]acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素spirillum螺旋菌

[spaɪ'rɪləm]spirilla(pl)spirochete螺旋体['spaɪərəʊkiːt]

spirochetemia,spirocheticidal,spirocheticidespirochetolysis,spirochetolysin,spirochetosis

★

Endotoxinisakindoflipopolysaccharideinthecellwalllayerofgramnegativebacteriumandothermicroorganismincludingchlamydia衣原体[klə'mɪdɪə],rickettsia立克次体[rɪ'ketsɪə],spirocheteorsomethingelse.WhentheydiedorpropagatedactivelyamountofEndotoxinwillbereleased.※denti-牙※odont-牙toothdentofacial牙面的dentist牙医dentosurgical牙外科的

[,dentəu'sə:dʒikəl]odontolith牙垢,牙积石periodontitis牙周炎[,periədɔn'taitis]dentiform,dentoid,odontoid齿状的odontology,dentologyodontopathyodontalgia,dentalgiaodontoneuralgia※gingiv/o-龈gumgingivostomatitis龈口炎[,dʒindʒivəu,stəumə'taitis]gingivitisgingivalgiagingivectomy★Elderlypatientswithdiabetes[,daɪə'biːtiːz]糖尿病areoftenpaniedbyvaryingdegrees不同程度ofgingivitisandperiodontitis.※

bronch-,bronchi-支气管

bronchus['brɒŋkəs]支气管(pl)bronchi['brɒŋkaɪ]bronchitis支气管炎[,brɔŋ'kaitis]bronchiospasm支气管痉挛※

trache/o-气管

trachea气管;导管[trə'kiːə;'treɪkɪə]tracheal

气管的;导管的[trə'kiːəl]

endotracheal[,endəutrə‘ki(:)əl]气管内的

tracheitis

气管炎[,treɪkɪ'aɪtɪs]

tracheobronchitis气管支气管炎[,treikiəubrɔŋ'kaitis]★

Tracheitis:

Inflammation

and

infection

ofthe

trachea.

※

pulm/o-,pulmon/o-肺※

pneumon/o-肺pulmonohepatic肺肝的pulmoaortic肺与主动脉的aorta主动脉

pneumonorrhagia肺出血pneumonitis;pulmonitis,pneumonia肺炎

●bacterialpneumonia[njuː'məʊnɪə]

细菌性肺炎

pneumococcuspneumococcidepneumococcidalpneumococcemiapneumococcolysis

★

Pneumococcus

is

theleadingcauseof

pneumonia.★The

most

common

complications

of

flu

arebronchitis

and

secondary

bacterialpneumonia.※

salping-,tub-管,输卵管

oviduct['əʊvɪdʌkt]

salpingectomy,tubectomy输卵管切除术[,sælpɪn'dʒektəmɪ]

salpingo-oophorectomy[,əʊəfə'rektəmɪ]

salpingo-ovariectomy[,əʊvərɪ'ektəmɪ]

输卵管卵巢切除术

salpingitis[,sælpɪn'dʒaɪtɪs]

输卵管炎

★

Gynecological[,ɡaɪnɪkə'lɒdʒɪkəl]妇科的inflammation,suchasvaginitis[,vædʒɪ‘naɪtɪs]阴道炎,

cervicitis[,sɜːvɪ‘saɪtɪs]宫颈炎couldinfectoviduct,causesalpingitis.★Objective:Toexploretheclinicalvalueofgynecologicallaparoscopic[,læpərə'skɒpɪk]

surgery腹腔镜手术onhysteromyoma[histərəmai'əumə]子宫肌瘤.

lactate[læk'teɪt]

vi.分泌乳汁,喂奶n.乳酸盐sodiumlactatelactic乳的,乳汁的lacticacidprolactin,PRL催乳(激)素[prəʊ'læktɪn]●prolactin-releasinghormone,PRH★Hormoneimbalances,suchastestosterone

[te'stɒstərəʊn]睾酮,睾丸素deficiencyortoomuchoftheprolactin,cancauseerectile[ɪ'rektaɪl]

dysfunction,ED

勃起功能障碍.★

Papaya[pə'paɪə]木瓜isgalactagogue

containingphytoestrogens植物雌激素,andasmallamountofnaturalprogesterone[prə'dʒestərəʊn]黄体酮.sterone['stiərəun]甾酮,固酮aldosterone醛固酮menorrhea行经,月经,月经过多hypermenorrhea,menorrhagia,menometrorrhagiamenalgia痛经painfulmenstruationdysmenorrhea痛经;月经困难[,dɪsmenə'rɪə]★Afterage60osteoporosisesmuchmorecommon,particularlyforwomenwhohavegonethroughthemenopause.★Menstrualdisordersincludedysmenorrheaandamenorrhea,anduterinebleeding.★Asthenia[əs'θiːnɪə]无力;衰弱cold虚寒caninducemanykindsofmenopathysuchashypomenorrhea,delayedmenorrhea,menostasis,menalgia,andsoon.★Three

main

problemscanoccurinthe

prostate

gland:

inflammation

or

infection,called

prostatitis;

enlargement,

called

benign[bɪ'naɪn]良性的prostatic

hyperplasia(BPH);

andprostatecancer.

★Prostaglandin

E1(PGE1)

is

an

important

endogenous

[en'dɒdʒɪnəs;ɪn-]内源性的

substance

withmanyphysiological

andpharmacological

actionsand

has

widelyappliedinclinicalpractice.★Prostacyclin(PGI2),thromboxane

[θrɔm'bɔksein]血栓素antagonist,isapowerfulvasodilator血管舒张药

andinhibitsplatelet['pleɪtlɪt]

aggregation

[,æɡrɪ'ɡeɪʃən]

血小板聚集,soitcanpreventthethrombosis

[θrɒm'bəʊsɪs]血栓形成.antithyroid抗甲腺的(药)['ænti'θairɔid]

euthyroid甲状腺机能正常的[ju:'θairɔid]

hypoparathyroidism

甲状旁腺功能减退['haipəu,pærə'θairɔidizəm]

hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退

[,haɪpəʊ'θaɪrɒɪdɪz(ə)m]hyperthyroidism甲状腺机能亢进[,haɪpə'θaɪrɒɪdɪz(ə)m]thyrotoxicosis

甲状腺功能亢进;甲状腺毒症[,θaɪrəʊ,tɒksɪ'kəʊsɪs]

★

Congenital

hypothyroidism

(CH)

先天性甲状腺功能减退症is

the

most

prevalent

endocrine

disorder内分泌紊乱性疾病inthe

newborn

and

isroutinely

treatedwith

life-long

levothyroxine

replacementtherapy

替代疗法.★

Thyroidstimulating

hormone（thyrotropin）

releasing

hormone

(TRH)

stimulates

theanteriorpituitary[pɪ‘tjuːɪt(ə)rɪ]垂体前叶to

liberate

the

thyroid-stimulating

hormone(TSH)

and

prolactin[prəʊ'læktɪn]

催乳素.

★Adjuncts['ædʒʌŋkts]

toantithyroidtherapyDuringtheacutephase[feɪz]

ofthyrotoxicosis(hyperthyroidism),β-adrenoceptor-blockingagentswithoutintrinsic

sympathomimeticactivity[,sɪmpəθəʊmɪ'metɪk]拟交感的areextremelyhelpful.Propranolol

普萘洛尔,心得安[prəʊ'prænəlɒl]20-40mgorallyevery6hours,willcontroltachycardia[,tækɪ'kɑːdɪə],hypertension,andatrialfibrillation

心房纤颤;房颤;心房纤维颤动

.Propranololisgraduallywithdrawn撤退

asserum['sɪərəm]血清thyroxinelevelsreturntonormal.Diltiazem地尔硫卓,90-120mgthreeorfourtimesdaily,canbeusedtocontroltachycardiainpatientsinwhomβ-blockersarecontraindicated,eg,thosewithasthma['æsmə].Othercalciumchannelblockersmaynotbeaseffectiveasdiltiazem.Adequatenutritionandvitaminsupplements维生素添加剂areessential.Barbiturates[ba:'bitjuəreits]

巴比妥类药物accelerateT4breakdown(byhepaticenzymeinduction肝药酶诱导)andmaybehelpfulbothassedatives['sɛdətivz]

镇静剂andtolowerT4levels.★Yogurt

['jɒgət;'jəʊ-]酸奶supplies

the

brainwith

tyrosine['taɪrəsiːn]

酪氨酸,

an

aminoacid

thatboosts

blood

levelsofthe

neurotransmitters

dopamine

and

norepinephrine,

resulting

inamood

andmental

boost.

★Constant

worrying

causes

cortisol

['kɔːtɪsɒl]皮质醇and

epinephrine[,epɪ'nefrɪn;-riːn]

肾上腺素levelstorise-and

these

stresshormones应激激素,压力激素can

weaken

the

body’s

overall

immunity

免疫力[ɪ'mjuːnɪtɪ].

★

Thedrug

may

cause

histamine

release,

whichmaycause

cutaneous

flushing

皮肤潮红

andeven

bronchospasm

and

hypotension

in

some

patients.※

-lemma膜

oolemma卵膜

[,əuə'lemə]basilemma基底膜neurolemma神经膜※

mening/o-脑膜,脊膜meningococcus脑膜炎双球菌

intermeningeal脑脊膜间的

[,intəmi'nindʒiəl]meningomalacia脑膜软化meningoencephalomyelitis脑膜脑脊髓炎

meningitis脑(脊)膜炎

[,menɪn'dʒaɪtɪs]

meningomyelitis脊膜脊髓炎['meniŋɡəu,maiə'laitis]meningocerebritis,meningoencephalitismeningocephalitis脑膜脑炎★Enterovirusinfectionscancausemyocarditis,pneumonia,meningoencephalitis,orevenleadtodeath.★Allofβ-lactam,glycopeptidesandfosfomycin

playtheirbactericidaleffectviainhibitionofsynthesisofcellwall.★

Penicillins[penɪ'sɪlɪn]青霉素,cephalosporins,monolactams(aztreonam氨曲南),carbapenems碳青霉烯类(imi亚胺,mero美罗,pani帕尼,faro法罗,bia比阿,eta厄他+-penem-培南),

cephamycins头霉素类(

Cefoxitin[si'fɔksitin]头孢西丁,Cefmetazole头孢美唑,Cefotetan头孢替坦),andoxacephems氧头孢烯类(latamoxef拉氧头孢)areclassifiedasβ-lactamdrugsbecauseoftheiruniquelactamring.Theyinhibitbacterialgrowthbyinhibitingtranspeptidase[træns'pɛptɪdez]转肽酶

activityinbacterialcellwallsynthesis.★Penicillinisactiveagainstnearlyallstaphylococciandgram-positive

bacilli杆菌.Semisynthesized半合成

Penicillinsarenotonlyagainstgram-positiveorganismsbutgram-negativeorganisms.Thepenicillinsaremarkablynontoxic,b