2023年国际贸易原理与实务资料整理

1.贸易分类Clasｓificationofinternationaltrade:Expoｒttrade,Imｐoｒttradｅ,Trａｎｓittrａde。Dｉreｃtｔｒadｅ,Inｄirecｔtrade,Ｅntｒepoｔtrade。Vｉｓｉｂletraｄe，Invisiｂlｅtraｄｅ.2.ICC:InterｎaｔionａlＣhambｅrOfCoｍmｅrｃiaｌ（国际商会）3．Meｒcantilism重商:rｅｆerｓtothesｃhｏolｏfecｏnomicｔhoughtthａtcamｅｉｎtoexistｅｎceinEurｏpedｕringｔheｐeriodｆrom１５０0to１７50．theｔraｄetheoｒythatstatｅｓｔｈａtｎａtiｏnssｈoｕldaccｕmuｌatefｉｎａｎciaｌｗｅalth,ｕsuａｌlｙintheｆormofｇｏld,bｙencouragingexpoｒｔsaｎddｉscｏuragingimporｔsiscａlｌeｄmerｃaｎｔｉliｓｍ．Themaiｎproblemwiｔｈｍercanｔilismｉsｔhatａlｌcｏunｔriesengagedinexｐｏrtbutwasrestrictedfromiｍpｏrt,ａnotherpreveｎtiｏｎfromdeveｌｏpｍentｏfintｅｒｎationalｔrａｄe.4.ａbsｏlutｅofadvaｎtagｅ绝对优势：AｄａmSmithdevelopedthetradeｔheoryofabsolｕteａｄvａntａgeｉｎ177６．Ｓmiｔhstａteｄthattａriffsaｎdquotasshｏuldnｏtresｔｒiｃtｉnternatioｎaltｒade;itshouldbｅａlｌｏwｅdｔofｌｏwaccordｉngtomaｒkｅtｆｏrcｅs.ConｔrａｒytomerｃantilisｍSmithａrguedthａtａcountryｓhｏｕlｄcｏnceｎtｒaｔeonpｒｏduｃtｉｏnofgoｏｄsiｎｗhichitholｄsanabsoｌuteadvantage.Noｃounｔrywｏuldｔhｅｎneedtｏproｄuceａlltｈegoodsitｃonsumｅd.Accordｉngtotheabsolｕteaｄｖａntagetheory,inｔｅrｎatiｏｎａltrａdeisapoｓｉtivｅ-sumgame,ｂecaｕsethｅrearｅｇainｓforbotｈｃounｔｒiｅstoaｎexcｈange.５.ComparatiｖeAｄvantagｅ相对优势:fiｒｓroducedｂyDaviｄRiｃaｒdoin181７.Ｔhepriｎcｉpleofｃｏmpaｒatｉveadｖantageｓtaｔｅsｔhatａcｏuｎtrｙshｏuldspecialiｓeiｎprｏducingandexpｏrtingthｏｓeprｏductsｉnｗｈichiｓhaｓaｃomｐaratｉｖｅ,ｏrｒelａtivecost,advantageｃomparｅdwithoｔhｅｒcｏｕntriesandｓhoulｄiｍｐorttｈoｓegoodsinwhｉchithasaｃｏｍpａraｔivedisadvantage．Outofsuchｓｐeｃｉalｉsaｔion,itiｓarｇueｄ,ｗillaccｒuegｒeaterbenｅｆitfｏrａll．６.Ｒeａsｏnｓfoｒtraderesｔｒictioｎs：①ａdivｅｒsiｆiｅdeconｏmｙtobeleｓsｄeｐenｄentonｆｏrｅｉｇncｏuntrｉesboｔheconomiｃalｌyａndpoｌｉtically.②Pｒotectvｉtalｉｎdustrｉeｓ(ｓtabiｌiｔyａnｄeconｏmiｃdevｅloｐment).③Infａｎｔindｕstryａrgumｅｎt(aneｗindustryneedstｏｂｅpｒotecteｄuｎtｉlthｅlａboｒｆorceistrained，theproductiontｅchniｑuesａremastｅreｄandtheｏpｅｒａtiｏnbecｏmeslaｒｇeenｏuｇhtｏeｎjoythｅeconomiesofｓcaｌeandtobｅabｌetoｃompｅtｅintheｍａrkｅｔ.④Ｅmpｌｏｙment（proｔｅctｄｏmesticjobs⑤Pｕrｅpolitiｃalｒeａsonｓ７．taｒifｆs关税:aｔax,orｄuty，lｅｖieｄonａcoｍmoditywhencrossｅstheboundaryofａcusｔomsａｒea.①Accordingtoｔｈemｅthodsuseｄiｎimposｉnｇiｍpｏｒｔdutｉes:Spｅcifiｃduty:Ａtariffleviedasafixedchargｅforeaｃhuniｔｏｆｉｍportｅdgoｏdｓ．(Disａｄｖantage:Pｒotectｉveｖaluevariesiｎversｅｌywitｈｔｈepricｅｏftheimporｔ./／／Ａdvalｏremduty:Levｉedａｓａconstａntｐｅrceｎｔaｇｅofthｅｍonetaryvalｕeof1ｕnitoftｈｅiｍporｔeｄgoｏd.///Mixeｄorcomｐｏunddｕty:Adutyｐｌacｅdonｉmpoｒｔeditｅｍs,tｈeaｍountｏfwhichisｂasedｕpｏntｈeaｂoｖetwｏdutｉes．/／/Alteｒnａｔivｅduty:Adoptingeiｔheｒofthesｅｔｗoｄｕｔｉes②Accorｄingtodifferenttariffratｅs:Prefｅrentialdutieｓ:appliｅdaｃｃoｒdingtｏitsgeograｐhicａlsoｕrce.///ｇeneｒalizedprefeｒｅntialｄｕty:ｅxｔｅndedundertheGeneralSysｔemofPrｅｆeｒｅncｅs.///MFNｄuty:adutyfｏrnatｉｏnsentitｌeｄtoｍost-ｆavoreｄ-naｔioｎtreaｔmentortraｄiｎgｓｔatus///ｇeneｒalduty:anｏｎ-MFNTtaｒiff,appｌｉedtoｃｏunｔrｉｅswithoｕtＭFＮTａgreeｍent.③Accoｒdiｎgｔosｐeciaｌpurposｅs：Counｔervailingｄuｔｉｅs(CVD）:ａｔaｒiffdesigｎｅdto“counteｒ”ｔhｅeｆｆecｔsoftｈｅfｏrｅiｇnｅxpｏrtsubsｉdy.///Ａｎｔｉ－dumpingdｕtiｅs：adutyｔoimpｏrｔｓtooffsettｈeｅdｄeｃtｓｏfｄumpｉng.8．.ｆorｍsｏfnon－tarｉffbarriｅrｓ①quantitycｏntrolｍeasureｓ(non-autｏmatiｃｌicence、qｕｏta、quａntｉtativeｓａfeｇuardmeaｓures、ｐrohibition、volunｔarｙｅｘpｏｒtrestｒaiｎts即VERs)；②pricecｏntrolmｅasurｅｓ(ａdminisｔrａｔｉｖeｐrｉciｎg、variａｂlｅｃharges、aｎtｉdumpinｇｏｒcｏuntervａilinｇmeａｓuｒeｓ);③para-taｒifｆmeasurｅs（custoｍsｓurcharｇｅs、additiｏnalｔaxｅsaｎdchａrgｅs、inteｒnａlｔaxesanｄchargesleviｅdoniｍpｏrts、ｄeｃreedｃuｓtoｍsｖaluation）;④fｉｎａnｃemeａsｕreｓ(advaｎceｐayｍentreｑuirementｓ、mｕltｉｐlｅexｃhangeｒateｓ、restrictiveｏfficiａlfｏreｉgnexｃhａngeallｏcatｉｏn、prohｉbｉtionｏffｏreｉgnexchaｎgeallocation、bankautｈorizaｔion、surｒｅｎdｅrｒequirｅment);⑤ａnｔｉ－ｃｏmｐｅtiｔivemeaｓurｅs(sｉｎgｌｅchanneｌｆｏrimpoｒts、ｃｏmpulsoｒｙnationaｌｓervicｅ);⑥miscellaneouｓmeasｕｒｅｓ(tｏsubｓidizｅiｍporｔ-comｐｅtｉnｇｉnｄｕstｒｉes、goverｎmeｎｔprｏｃuｒｅｍｅntpolicy、aｄminiｓtraｔｉveｃlassifｉcａtiｏn、technｉcalmｅasuｒes).9.dumping:Dｕmｐinｇiｓｓｅllinｇexｐoｒｔsａｔaｐriｃｅthaｔisｔooｌｏw,lesstｈannorｍalorｆairvａlｕe.Typeｓ：①Predaｔorｙdumpｉnｇ:drivingcompｅtｉtorsouｔｏfｂusinessｉntheforｅigncｏuntry．②Sｐoraｄｉcdｕmpｉng:Foreｉｇnｐroducershａveteｍporarysurｐｌｕsthaｔtheyｅxportatｗhatevｅｒpricecangｅt．a)Cyｃlicａldｕｍpｉng:duｒingｐerｉoｄｓｏｆrｅcessionａfｉrmteｎdｓtolｏｗeｒitsｐｒicetｏlimitｔheｄｅclineinthｅｑｕａnｔitysｏlｄ.b）Sｅasonaldumｐiｎg:iｎｔenｄedtoｓelloffｅxｃessinvｅntｏriesofａproduct③Persiｓｔentduｍping:whenafirmwitｈmarkeｔpowｅrusesｐriceｄiscｒiminationbetwｅｅｎmａrketstoinｃreasｅｉtｓｔｏtalpｒofit10.Unｆaｉｒcomｐeｔｉtｉoncａusedｂy:①Soｃｉalｄumpinｇ:ｆｉｒmsiｎdeveｌoｐｉｎgnaｔionswitｈｌowｅｒlaborｃostsandpooｒeｒwoｒｋiｎgconditiｏｎｓ.②Enｖironｍeｎtａｌduｍpｉng：acountry’slaxenvｉronｍentaｌｓtａndａｒdｓ.③

Fｉnancｉａlsｅｒｖiｃｅsdumpiｎｇ:ａnation’slｏwｒequiｒｅｍｅｎtsｆorbaｎkcapital/asｓetratiｏｓ.④Cuｌtｕralｄumpｉng：ｃuｌturalbarriersａｉdiｎｇloｃalｆirmｓ.1１.Conｄｉtionｓｏｆｄｕmｐing:①Suchfirmmｕsthasmoｎopolypoweｒinｄｏmeｓticmarket.②

Sｅgmenteｄmarkets(nobuyｉnandsｅｌｌataｐrofitｂetwｅｅｎdomesticmarketaｎdfｏreignｍarket）.③

Difｆｅrentｄemａndｅlastiｃiｔy.１2.ｔypeｓofｒegionaleconomiciｎtｅｇratｉoｎ：①PreｆereｎtｉａｌTradｅArｅaisatradingblｏcwhichgiｖeｓpｒeferｅntｉalaccｅsstoｃerｔainｐroductsｆromceｒtaiｎｃoｕｎtries．Ｔｈisisdｏnebyreduｃinｇtａｒifｆs,butdoesnotaｂolishthemｃomｐｌetely.②ＦreeTradeArea,allｂaｒrieｒstoｔhetradeｏfgoｏdsandｓerｖｉcesamonｇmｅmｂercoｕntriesarｅreｍoved.Buteachcｏunｔryiｓalｌｏwｅｄｔodetermineitsowntradｅpolicｉeswithregardtonｏnmembers．③CｕｓｔoｍsUnioniｓｏnｅstｅpfurｔherａlonｇthｅrｏａdtofｕlｌｅconｏｍicandpｏlitｉcａlｉnteｇｒａtion.Aｃustomsunionｅlimｉnatestraｄｅbarrｉeｒｓbｅｔweeｎｍembercouｎtｒiesaｎdａdoｐtsaｃomｍonexternａltradｅpoｌｉcy.④CoｍmonＭarkeｔｈａsｎobａrriersｔotrａｄｅｂetweenmｅmbercｏuntｒies,incluｄesａcommｏnexｔｅrnaltrａｄeｐoｌicy,aｎdaｌlowsfａctｏrｓｄucｔioｎｔomｏｖefrｅｅlybetweｅnmembers.⑤EcｏnｏｍicUnioｎinvolｖeｓｔhefｒeefｌowofpｒoductsandfａｃtorｓoｆproductioｎbｅtｗeｅnmeｍbercountrｉeｓandadopｔｉoｎofcoｍmｏneｘｔernａlｔｒadeｐoｌicy,bｕtiｔalsoreｑuｉrｅｓａｃｏmmoncｕｒreｎｃy,hａrmoｎiｚationoｆmeｍbｅrｓ’taxｒatesandacommoｎｍoｎetaｒｙpoliｃｙ,fiscalpolｉcy．13.Ｓｔatｉｃeffeｃtｓofｒｅgｉoｎalecｏｎoｍicinｔegration：Theeffeｃtsthatｏｃｃuｒdiｒｅctlyｏｎｔhefｏrmationｏfthｅｉnｔegｒaｔiｏｎproject.①Tｒadecreation:Econｏmicinteｇraｔｉoｎcrｅatesｔradethatwoｕldnｏｔhaveexiｓteｄotｈerｗise.②Tradｅdｉversiｏn:Econoｍegｒａtiondiｖertsｔrade,ａwａyｆｒoｍamoreｅｆｆicienｔnonmeｍbeｒsuｐpｌierｔoａlｅsｓefｆｉcienｔmeｍbersｕｐpliｅｒ．③Ａdmｉnｉｓｔrａtivesaving:Ecoｎｏｍicintegrａtiｏncaｎｌeadtoadminｉｓtraｔｉｖesａvingbyeｌiminaｔingtheneｅdfoｒgovｅrｎｍentofficialｓtoｍonitorthegoodsaｎｄｓeｒvｉｃesthatcroｓstheｂorders.④Collecｔｉｖeteｒmsoｆtrａdeimproving：Ifaｂlｏcofcountriesiｍpｏseｓｔhetａｒiff,tｈｅfalｌindｅmanｄｆｏｒｔheimpｏｒteｄgoｏdｓwiｌlｂeｓｕbstantial.⑤Ｇreaｔｅrbargainｉｎgｐowerintｒadeｎegotiaｔiongrｅatｅrｔhanｔheywouldｈavｅｈadneｇoｔiａtedontｈｅirｏwn.１4．Ｄynaｍiｃefｆｅcｔsofreｇioｎａlｅｃoｎomiciｎtegｒaｔｉon:①Inｃreaseｃomｐeｔitｉonaｎdecoｎoｍｉesofｓcaｌｅ.(Marｋetsiｚeｉｎcｒeaseｓloｗerdegreeoｆmonopｏly;Soｍeinｄｕstｒｉｅsｒｅｑuiｒelaｒgesｃａｄuｃｔiｏn;Inｔernalecoｎｏmｉeｓofscale(greaterｐroduction);Ｅxterｎaleｃoｎomｉｅsoｆscａleresｕｌｔedfromｃｈeａpeｒ;capｉtａl,moｒeｈighlyｓkillｅｄｌaｂoｒ，ｏrsupｅriorteｃhnolｏgy)②Stiｍｕlategｒeaterinvｅstmeｎtinthｅmｅmberｃountｒies.ｅ．g.maｓsiveU．S.iｎvestmentoccuｒrｅｄiｎtｈeEC1５．ｍainｄiffeｒencesbetwｅenＧATTaｎdWＴＯ:①Naｔｕre:GATT—adｈocandｐrovisｉonａl(neｖerｒatiｆiedinmeｍberｓ’parliａｍentandｃoｎｔainｅdnｏｐroｖiｓionｓforthecreａｔiｏnofanｏｒganizatiｏn)。ＷTO—perｍanent,hassoｕndlｅgａｌbasiｓ(mｅmbeｒｓhaveratｉfiedtｈeWTOagｒｅｅmeｎts②Scoｐe:GＡTT—ｇoｏdsonｌy。WTO—goｏds,servicesandｔrade－ｒelaｔｅdaspｅctｓｏfinｔellectuaｌpropeｒtｙriｇhｔs.③Aｐproａch：GＡTT—sｅleｃtivebasis（ｐｌuriｌatｅｒaｌ）。ＷTO—asiｎgｌeundｅrtａｋｉｎｇ(multｉlａteraｌ）④Disｐutesettlement:WTO:SｐecｉficｔimeliｍitｓfasteｒthantheGATＴ。Ｈaspeｒｍanentappｅｌlaｔebodyｔorevｉeｗfindｉｎgsｂydispｕteseｔtlemｅntpanel.【关系:①thｅWTＯreｐlaceｄGＡTTａsaｎｉnternatiｏnalorgａnizａｔion,bｕttheGAＴＴstｉllexistsastheＷTO’suｍbrｅllaｔreadｙfｏrtrａdeｉnｇoｏdｓ,ｕpdａtedasareｓｕltoftｈeＵruguayRoundnｅgoｔiationｓ.】16.ＦＯB＝Fｒeeonboard（ｎamedpｏrtoｆshiｐmｅnt)InFＯＢ,ｔhesｅllerisrｅquiｒedtodelivｅrgooｄsonbｏarｄavessｅlthatiｓtｏbedesｉgnatedbyｔhebuｙeｒaｔaｐaｒｔｉｃularporｔ.Theselｌer’sobliｇationunderＦOB:1）prｏvｉdｉnｇthegoods2）obtainingｅxpoｒtlｉｃensｅａｎｄothｅrdocｕmentｓ３)ｃarryingｏutallcuｓtomsｆｏrｍaｌiｔｉesfｏreｘｐｏrt4)ｄelｉvｅringtｈegoodｓonboａrdaｎｄｎotiｆyｔｈｅｂｕyeｒNotesfoｒ4):a.thevesseｌdesignａｔedbybｕyeｒb.ａttｈｅpaｒticulａrpoｒｔc．wｉｔhinthｅstipulatedｔｉmeperiod５）ｂeaｒiｎgalｌrisｋsｏflosｓofordａmagｅtoｔheｇoodｓunｔiltｈｅｔimｅtheｙ’ｖepassｅdthｅship’sraiｌ6）prｏvidiｎgtheｃoｍｍｅrｃｉaldocuｍeｎts,ｏriｔｓequiｖalentelectronｉcｍesｓaｇetobuｙerThebuyeｒ’obｌigatiｏnunderFOB:1)ｏbtainiｎgｉmpｏrｔliｃeｎseｏrotｈerofficialauthorｉzation２)ｃaｒryｉngoｕtａllｉｍｐｏrtcustｏｍｓfｏrｍalities3)ｐrepariｎgcaｒrｉagｅfｒomthｅnaｍeｄporｔofsｈｉpmentNoｔesｆor3):a．ｐaｙｉngtｈｅfreiｇｈtb.ｉｎformingthｅsｅlleroftheｎａｍｅandｔhedateofarｒivaloｆthesｈip4)bearｉngａllrisｋsofｌosｓoforｄaｍａgｅtｏtheｇoodsｆｒoｍthetimetｈey’ｖeｐassｅdtheship’ｓｒail5）taｋｉｎgdeliveryｏftｈegoodｓ,maｋｉｎgpaymenttotheｓelleｒＶariaｔｉonsofＦＯBTerｍｓ变体FOBＬｉnｅｒTerms：FOＢ班轮条件FＯBＵnｄerTａcklｅ:FOＢ吊钩下交货ＦOBStowｅd:FOB理舱费在内FOBＴｒｉmmeｄ:FＯＢ平舱费在内FOBStowedandTｒimmed:FOB理舱费和平舱费在内１7.ＣFR:ＣOSTANDFＲEIGHT(namedporｔｏfdｅsｔination)成本加运费（……指定目的港)UndｅrthｅCＦRterm,thｅｓellｅrmustpaythｅｃostｓａndｆreigｈｔnecessaryｔobringthegｏoｄstoｔhｅnamedpｏrtｏｆｄestｉｎatioｎ.Shipｍentａｄｖice(转船告知)AshipｐiｎgａｄvｉcｅconｔainｓＤｉffeｒenｃewithＦOB：Tｈeseｌleｒiｎsteadofthebuｙerisｒesponｓｉblｅfｏｒｍakｉngarｒａｎｇeｍentofthesｈip(chａrterinｇaｓhiｐｏrbookingaspacｅ)Ｔheselｌer‘sobｌigatioｎ：１)Beｒesｐｏnｓｉbleｆorｂoｏkｉｎgtheshｉpｐiｎgｓｐａｃe，dｅlivｅrｔhｅgoodｓonboarｄｔhｅｖessｅlatｔheｐortofshipmentｏｎtｈeｄateorwｉｔhiｎthepｅｒiodstｉｐulated.2)Ｇiｖethebuｙertheshｉｐpiｎｇadviceaｔonceaｆtｅｒｓhipｍent,soｔhatｔhebuｙercaｎarrａngeforinｓｕrａnｃe3)bearaｌｌrｉｓkｓoflossｏfordaｍagｅｔｏtheｇｏodsunｔilsucｈtｉｍeasｔheyhａvepasｓｅdtheshiｐ’sｒaｉlａttheportｏfshｉｐmｅnt．４）cleaｒtheｇoｏdsforｅxpｏｒｔanｄproｖideexportlicｅｎｓeorotherｏfficialａuｔｈorizaｔiｏnfortheexpｏｒtationｏftheｇooｄs.Thebuyer’ｓｏblｉgａｔiｏns：1)bｅａｒallrｉsksoｒdａmagetothegoodsfromthetimｅtheyhavepaｓｓedthesｈｉp’sraiｌattheportofshｉpmｅｎｔ.2)arraｎgeｆorinsｕｒａｎceａｎdpayｔheinｓｕrancepｒｅmiｕm．3)acｃeptｔhedｏcuｍｅntswhentenderｅdbyｔhesｅller，iftheyareｉnconformitｙｗithｔheｃｏntｒaｃtofsalｅ，aｎdpaythepricｅaｓｐrovidedintｈｅcｏnｔｒａct.4)acｃeptｄeliｖｅryofｇｏodsｗhenｔheyhaｖeｂeeｎdｅｌivereｄaｔthｅｎａmedportofdestinａtionaｎdｂearalｌchaｒgeｓａｓｗellａsthecostofcarｒyingoutthecustｏmsformaｌiｔiespayableuponiｍpoｒtationｏｆthegoodsaｎｄ,wheｒeneceｓｓary,ｆortｈeirtrａnsitthroughａnothercounｔｒy.ＳｐecialissuesunｄerCFRＳhｉppingaｄｖice(装船告知）：Aｓhippｉngadvｉcｅｃontａiｎsthｅvesｓｅlnａｍe,thevoyagｅnumber,thesailingdaｔeａnｄtｈedateoｆloadｉng．Ｔhｅpuｒpose:１)toinfｏrmtheｂｕyerｏｒitｓａｇenttomakepｒeparatｉonfortaｋiｎgdeliｖeｒｙoｆgoods2)toinfoｒmｔheｂuｙerｔoｅffeｃttheｉnsurａncｅＴhevariatｉoｎsofCFRＣFＲＬinerTeｒms(ＣFR班轮条件）ＣＦRＬanｄeｄ(CFR卸至码头)CFＲＥｘTackle（ＣFR吊钩下交货）CFRＥxＳhｉｐ’sHｏld（CFR舱底交货）1８．CIF(ｎameｄpoｒtoｆｄeｓtinaｔioｎ）COST,INSＵRANCＥＡNＤFREＩGHＴtｈesｅｌlermustpａyｔhecｏstsａndfreiｇhtnecesｓaｒyｔobriｎｇthegoｏdstoanaｍedportofdestinaｔｉon，ａｎｄｍｕstalsoｐrocureｍａrｉneinsuｒａncｅagａｉnsｔthebｕyer’sｒisｋｏｆｌossofordamａgeｔotheｇoodsdｕringｔheｃarrｉａge.CｏｍparｅdwithCＦRCＩFisthesａｍｅaｓCFReｘｃｅptthatｔhesellerisresponsibleｆｏｒeｆfｅｃtingiｎsuraｎｃe，ｐayingｔｈｅpremium(保险费）.(tｈeinsuranｃereｑuirｅdundeｒaCIFcontractｈａstocovermiｎimuｍcondiｔionｓ）Ｉngeneｒal,CIFinｖｏｌvｅstheexporｔeｒｉnthｒeecontｒacｔs:Contrａｃtofsale;Ｃontractofｉｎsuｒａｎce;Contraｃtoftransｐoｒtation.Thｅseller’sｏbｌiｇaｔionｓｕnｄerCIＦ１)pｒｏvｉdinｇtheｇｏoｄs2)cｌeaｒｉｎgthegoｏｄsfｏrexｐort３)ｏbｔainiｎgexｐortliceｎｓeｏrothｅrｏfｆiｃialauｔhorizaｔionｆoｒtｈｅexｐorｔationofｔｈegoods4）ｃharteringashiｐｏrbｏokiｎgａｓpace5)deliveringthｅgoｏdsｏnbｏarｄthｅvessｅlattheportofshipmentｏnthedateｏrwithinthepｅｒiodstiｐulatedandｎｏtifyingtｈebuyer6)beaｒｉngａllｒiｓkｓｏflosｓofordaｍagｅtothｅgooｄsｕntｉlsuchtimeastheyｈavｅpassｅｄtheｓhip’ｓｒａilatthｅｐortｏfshipｍeｎt7)arｒaｎgiｎgfｏraninsuranceandpａｙingtｈecosｔｓoffrｅｉghtanｄinsuranｃｅ8）ProvｉdｉｎgtｈｅbｕyｅｒwｉthｒelativedｏcumentsincluｄiｎｇtheinsurａncｅpolicyBuyｅr’soblｉgatioｎｓunｄerＣIF１)ｂearｉngalrisｋsｏfｌossofordａmagetｏthｅgoodｓｆrｏｍｔhetimeｔheｙhavｅpａssedthｅship’srａilaｔthepoｒｔofshipmｅnt2）aｃceｐtinｇｔheｄocumｅntsｗhｅntendeｒedbytheseller,iｆｔheyarｅinｃonｆormｉｔyｗiththecontrａctoｆｓａle,andｐaｙtｈｅｐｒiceaspｒovideｄinｔheｃontrａct３）ｔａｋｉｎgdeliveryoftheｇoodｓｗhenthｅyｈaｖeｂeeｎdelivｅrｅdaｔthenaｍeｄporｔofdeｓtinationaｎdbearingallｃｈargesofunloadinggｏodｓ4)cｌｅａringthｅｇoｏdsfｏriｍport５)cａrryｉngoutcuｓｔoｍsformalitiesｆｏrｉmportatioｎofｇoｏdｓVａｒｉationsofCIFCIＦＬｉnｅrTermｓ:CIＦLanｄｅd:CＩFEｘ-Shｉp’sＨｏlｄ：TheusｅｏfCIFＣIＦisprｅferreｄｂｙｂｕyｅr１)itmeanstheyhａｖelittｌｅｔｏdowｉtｈｔhegoｏdsuｎｔｉlthｅgｏoｄsarriｖeａtｔｈeｐorｔｏfｄesｔinatioｎintｈeircountrｙ.2)italloｗｓbuyｅrstocompaｒeｐrｉcesfrｏｍｓｕppliersaｒoundｔhｅwｏｒｌｄwitｈｏuthaｖiｎgtｏtakeiｎtoｃoｎｓｉdｅraｔiondifferinｇｆrｅightratｅs,sinceｔhesellerpaｙｓｔhefreigｈtａnｄiｎsurancｅ.Seller“likｅ”CIFtoo:undertｈeｐresｓｕreｆroｍtheirgoｖernmeｎt，sｅlｌerｉsreｑuirｅdｔｏｕsedomeｓticcａｒriersandｉnsurers.19.比较ＦＯB、CFR、ＣＩF(区别与共同点)①coｍmonaliｔｉes：a．Underａllthethrｅeterms,ｔheplａｃeofdeｌiveryorplacｅｏftraｎｓferringｒisksistheｓａｍe,thａtｉs，whentheｇooｄspasｓｔheship＇ｓrailattheportofshｉpmｅnt；b.Uｎderaｌlthethrｅetｅrｍs,tｈesellerisｒesponｓibleforcarrｙiｎgｏutexｐoｒtｃlearaｎcewhileｔhebuyｅriｓresponsibleforcaｒｒyiｎｇoutｉmpｏrｔｃlearanｃｅ．②Ｄifferｅｎces：a.UndeｒＦＯＢ，thｅbuyｅｒislｉaｂlefoｒbotｈcｏntｒaｃtingcarriａgｅaｎdtａｋingoｕtmarineiｎsurance；b.ＵndｅrCFR，thesellerislｉａｂleforcontｒａcｔingcarｒiａgeｗhilｅthebｕyeriｓliａblefｏrtａｋiｎgｏutmａrineinsｕraｎcｅ;c.ｔｈeｓeｌleｒisliableｆorbｏthcontｒacｔｉnｇｃarｒiageandtakingouｔmarineiｎsuranｃe.2０.为什么CＦR中,卖方及时发出装船告知是重要的?AｓｕndeｒCFR,ｔhｅbｕyｅｒmuｓttakｅrisksfoｒaperioｄofcａrｒiagedｕringwhichthebｕyerhasnomeansoｆcoｎtrollｉngoｒliｍiｔiｎｇtｈoserｉsｋｓ．Ｔｈｅcarrｉeｒused，thecosｔsincurredforｃarｒｉaｇeandthetimingｏｆｔhecarrｉａgｅarｅaｌlundeｒｔheseller'scontｒol.Theshippingａｄviｃeｓｅntpｌaysanimportａntrole,whicｈisｔｏinformtｈｅbｕyｅｒtｏtaｋeｏutinsurａnceｐromptly.If,hｏwｅveｒ，thｅｓｅｌlｅrfaｉlstodotｈｉｓ,itｗillhaveｔｏbeartｈerisksofloｓsofordａmagetoｔｈｅgoｏdsｉncｕrredｉntransit.２1.FＣA=ｆrｅecarriｅｒ(namedplaｃe)Ｓｅlｌer’ｓＯｂligａｔｉonｓ:１．Reｓponsibilｉties【A.DelivertｈegoｏdsＢ.CｌeaｒthegoｏdsforeｘpｏrtC.DｅｌivertｈｅgoodstothecarriernａmedbytｈebｕyｅrD.NotｉfyｔhebuｙeriｍmediatｅｌyE.Ｄｅlｉvertheｄｏcｕmentsoｆeqｕivalｅntｅlｅcｔronicｄatａ】2.ExpensesExｐenｓesbｅforethegoodｓhaｖeｂeendelｉveredｔoｔhecａrrier.3．RｉsksUｐonｄeliveｒytothｅcａｒｒier.Iｆdeliveｒyoccurｓaｔthｅｓelｌer’spｒｅmiｓes,theselｌerisresponsibleforloaｄing.Ifdeliveryｏcｃuｒsａtａｎｙｏtherplａcｅ，tｈeseｌｌｅrisｎotｒｅsponsｉblefoｒunloａdiｎg.2２．CPT(cａｒrｉａｇeｐａｉdto…nameｄplａceoｆdeｓtｉｎａtion）ＣPT=FCA+F(国外运费)23.ＣIP(caｒrｉagｅanｄinsｕrａｎｃepaidto…namedplacｅｏfdestinatｉoｎ）ＣIP=CＰT+I(国外保险费）24.methｏdsofexｐressingqualityｏfcommｏdityiｎthｅconｔraｃt：salｅasｓeeｎ。Sａlebyｓample(coｕnterｓａmｐｌｅ,ｓeaｌed~，reｆeｒｅnce~）。Sale2５．ｑuantity：①thesystｅmｓofweｉgｈtｓanｄmeaｓureｓ(metricsystem,interｎａtionalsyｓtｅｍｏｆuｎits，Britｉｓｈsｙstｅm,Americansystem)②ｑuanｔｉtyuniｔs(metｒicaｌｕnｉts，ｉncluｄｉngweｉght，ｌengtｈ,ａrea;numｂersinｃｌｕdingsomecustomaryunｉtssｕchａsdoｚen,gｒoss.)③methｏｄsofｒcalculaｔｉｎgweｉght(ｎetweight,grｏssｗeｉghｔ,ｃoｎｄitｉonedweiｇht，thｅorｅｔiｃalweiｇht)26.modｅｓoftrａnsｐｏｒｔ①OceaｎTraｎsｐort(Advaｎtage:eaｓypassage;ｌarｇeｃapacitｙ；ｌoｗcost///Ｄｉsａdvaｎｔaｇe:ｓlｏw；vulnerableｔobａｄwｅaｔher;lesｓpｕncｔuａl)TyｐesoｆSｈippiｎgSｅrｖicｅs:1)LiｎeｒTｒansporｔ(班轮运送)Ａpasｓeｎgerorcargovesｓｅlthatoperａtｅsoverareｇulａrrouｔeaｃｃordｉngｔoanadｖertisedtimｅ－ｔaｂle.【Featuｒeｓ:ｆixedroute,ｐｏｒｔs,ｓｃｈeｄulｅaｎｄｒelatｉvelyｆixeｄfｒeighｔ.Ølｏadｉｎｇanｄunlｏadｉngchａｒgesinｃｌudｅdiｎfreight.Øsｉmpｌeprｏceｄｕreｓandidｅａｌｆoｒcargooｆsmaｌlquanｔity．】２）ChａrterTｒansｐort租船运送.Ｔhepｒacticeofpayinｇｍoneyｔoaｓｈippinｇcompanyｔouseｔheirｂoaｔs.【Muchchｅapertｈantｈaｔｏfthelinｅr.Shｉpperｓmaycｈoosedｉrｅcｔｒｏｕte．Ｗidelyusedｉntｒａnspｏrｔingbuｌkcａrｇoes.】【ｖoyagecｈarｔer.Thecｈarteｒorhiｒｉnｇoｆaｖesｓeｌandcrewfｏrasiｎglevoyagｅ.Tｉmecｈarter:Thｅcharterｏｆaｓhipfoｒadｅfｉnitｅｐeｒｉodoｆｔｉme.】②RaｉlＴｒansport（Aｄvanｔagｅs：Ｌarｇecapacitｙ(sｅcｏndtooｃｅantrａnｓport);Relativｅlyhighsｐeed;Ecoｎｏmｉｃaｌ;Ｒelativｅlypunｃtuａl;Lesspｒonｅtoiｎterｒuptionsｂｙpoorwｅathｅr///Diｓadvａnｔages:Ｃonfinｅdｔorａｉｌroad;Ｌｅssflexｉblｅ)③AirTranｓpoｒt:(Advａnｔagｅs:Ｈighｓpeeｄ;Goodｑuａliｔy;Lowｒisk;Cｏmｐｅｔｉtiveｉnsurancｅprｅmiｕm;／/／Dｉsadvanｔages:Higｈcoｓt;Lowcapaciｔy;Vｕlnerabletodisruption;Ｓpａrselyｌocateｄｆacｉlities;）【Ｆourcategoriｅs:Sｃheｄuledaｉrlｉnes班机运送Ｃhａrterｅｄcａrrierｓ包机运送Cｏnsoｌidａｔedcoｎｓignｍｅｎtsbyfreightforwardｅrｓ集中托运Airexpreｓsseｒvice/dｅsktodeｓｋseｒｖice航空速递(1)Scheduledaiｒlineｓ:ｏperａｔinｇonasｃheｄulｅdservice,ｏｖerafixedａirlｉneanｄbeｔweenfixedａirpｏｒtｓ,suitablｅfoｒcoｎｖeｙingfresh,emergeｎtａndseaｓonａlgooｄｓ.（２)Ｃhａrteredcａrriers:tｈeｈiｒeofanaｉrcraｆtbyashｉppｅｒorｓｅvｅrａlｓhippeｒstoｄeｌｉvercaｒgoes,idealfｏrcarryinｇcargoｅsoflaｒgｅqｕａntitiesｏｒcarryｉnｇcargoesoｆdifｆｅreｎｔshippersｔothesameｄesｔinａtioｎ．(3）Consolidａtedconsigｎｍents:thｅairfreightforwarderuｓuallyａssembleｓanｕmｂerofｉndividualshipｍenｔsintoonecｏｎsiｇnmeｎtaｎddisｐａtchesthｅmｏｎonｅａｉrｗaybiｌｌ.Aｃonsolidａtedｓhｉpmentmａdeｕpｂyseveralshipmｅｎｔsｃａｎbedｉspatcｈｅdtｏonecommｏndestinatｉon.Mａnyshipｐeｒｓpｒeferｔhiskindoｆshipmentａstｈeｆreｉｇｈｔrateｉｓ７%-１0%lowｅrｔhaｎthatoｆａscｈｅduledairｌine.(4)Aiｒｅｘpressｓeｒvice:theexpressservｉceprovideｄbyairfreighｔfoｒwaｒdｅrsｓｐecializinｇintｈisｌineｏfbusinesｓbｅtweeｎconsiｇnors,airporｔsanｄｕsers，ｓuiｔablｅｆｏｒurgeｎｔｌyｎeedeｄartｉcｌesanｄimｐｏrtantdocuments】④InternａtｉonaｌＴraｎｓｐort:Onecoｎtｒａct,onetrａnspｏrtdocumｅｎt,oｎeoperaｔor,oｎefreigｈtｒate;Usｅofｃoｎtａineｒs【Ａdvａntａges:Highｅfficiency;Goｏｄqualｉty；Coｓtａndｔimesaving;Ｅconomyａndsimplicityoｆｄｏcumeｎtaｔion27.BillofLading（B/L)定义Abilloｆlaｄingisashｉppiｎｇdｏcumenｔtｈａｔservｅsasareceｉptoｆｔhｅgoods;adｏｃumentoｆtitle；thｅeｖｉdenceofthｅｃoｎtractＴypes：①Shiｐｐｅd(onbｏａrd)B／L，ＲｅｃeivedｆorshipmenｔB/Ｌ②ClｅaｎB/L，ＵｎclｅanB／L③SｔｒaigｈtＢ/L,BｌankB／L,OrｄerB/L④DirectB/L，TｒaｎsｓhipmentＢ／Ｌ,TｈｒｏugｈB／L⑤LｉnｅｒB/Ｌ,ConｔainerＢ／L,ComｂineｄＢ/L⑥LｏnｇformB/L,ShortｆｏrmＢ／L⑦others:ＯnｄecｋＢ/L,StaleＢ/L，Ante－dａｔｅｄＢ/L,ＡdvancedB/LRuleｓ:tｈeHａgueRｕles,ｔｈeHague-VｉsbｙRｕlｅｓ19６８，ｔhｅHamｂurgＲuｌes２８.otｈｅrshｉｐｐinｇdocuments:seawａｙbill,aｉrwaybill，mｕｌtimodaltransporｔdocuｍent２９.insuｒaｎｃe:1.Perilsａndrisks:(１)PerilsoftheseaNaturａlcａlaｍｉｔiｅs:bａdweather,lｉghteningeｔc.Fortuitoｕsａcciｄents:ｂｅiｎgstrandeｄ,ｓinkｉｎg,eｔｃ.(2)Ｅxtraneoｕｓrisｋs:Ｇenerａlextraneousrisｋs:tｈｅｆt,breakageetｃ.Specialextrａneousriskｓ:miｌｉtaryafｆairｓ，wａrｅｔc.2.ＯｃeａnaveragｅandchａrgｅｓＡverage(lｏsｓ）:①Ａｃtuaｌtｏtａlｌoｓｓ②Coｎstｒuctiveｔotallｏss③Ｐａｒticulaｒaveraｇｅ④Generalaveｒaｇe:Exｔraordinａry;Voｌuｎtaｒiｌｙandｒｅasonablｙmａｄe;Iｎtimeofpｅrｉl;Bｅsucceｓsfuｌ.⑤Ｓueanｄlaborexｐｅnsｅsandsalvagecｈａrges⑥Extrａｎeｏｕｓlosｓes30.pａymeｎt:biｌlｏfexchａnｇｅ,ｐromissｏrynote,cheqｕe3１．BｉｌlofＥｘchaｎgｅ:1.定义:awrｉｔtenorderｂythedｒaweｒtotｈedｒaweｅｔｏpaymonｅｙtｏthepａyeｅ.2．内容：(１）Ｔheｗordsoｆ“BiｌlofＥｘcｈanｇe”or“Dｒaft”(2）Anuｎｃｏnditｉonaｌoｒｄerｉnwriting(3)Ａsumcｅrtainiｎmoney；（４）TheTimeｏfpａymｅnｔ;(5）Theｎamｅofｔｈeｄraweｅ；(6）Thenamｅofthepａｙｅｅ;（7）Tｈeｄateaｎdplacｅofissuanceofdrａft；（８)Tｈeｎameandsignａtureoｆthedrａwｅｒ;3．Usage过程:①Iｓsuaｎce:Tｈeaｃｔｏｆtｈｅdrawerissuｉngadrａfttotｈedraｗｅe②Prｅｓｅｎtaｔｉoｎ：ademａndｔｏpayoraccｅpttｈedrａｆtｍａdetoｔhedrawｅe③Acceｐtancｅ:aｎagreｅmｅntｇenｅralｌｙoｎｔｈepartoftｈｅｄraweetopaｙthｅbｉlｌ.Anａcｃepteｄbｉｌlsｈａlｌbｅrｅturnｅdtｏthepreｓentingｐarty④paymenｔ⑤Endｏrｓeｍent:Tｈeactoｆthetｒansfｅrorinｔｒａnｓfｅrｒｉngaｄraｆttothetranｓｆereebｙｍakingasiｇnaｔｕreontheｂaｃｋｏfthedraft⑥Ｄishonｏraｎdrecourse:theｐayerrefuｓeｓorfaｉlstopayｏraccepｔthｅbiｌlwｈeｎtｈehoｌdermakespresｅnｔｍeｎttohim.⑦proｔest４．分类:①trａdeｄrafts,banker’ｓdrafｔｓ②Ｓightｄraft，timedraft③ｔｒａdeacｃeptaｎｃedｒaftｓ,bａnkeｒ’sacceｐｔancedｒaｆｔ④Cｌeandｒaft,dｏｃumentarｙdraｆt32.ｌeｔtｅｒofcredit１.定义:ＡnＬ/Ciｓthewritｔeｎprｏmiseoｆaｂａnkｔhａtacｔsatthｅreｑuｅｓtaｎｄonthｅinstｒｕctionｓoｆtｈｅapplicantandundｅrtａkｅsｔopaｙtｈeｂenefｉciａrytheamouｎtspecifｉedinthecredit，proｖidedthatthetｅrmｓａｎdｃｏnｄｉtioｎsofthecｒedｉtareobｓerｖeｄｂytheｂｅnefiｃiary.2.内容:①Nameａｎdａdｄrｅsｓoftheｉｓsｕingｂank②Ｔypｅoftheｃredｉｔ③Nａmeaｎdａddｒｅｓsofthebｅneｆｉciａry④Amounｔofｔｈｅcｒeditandｉtsｃurrencｙ⑤Eｘpirｙdａｔeｏｆthecreｄiｔandiｔｓpｌacetoｂeexpｉｒed⑥Ｎａmｅandadｄressｏfthｅａpｐlｉcａnｔ⑦L／Cｎumberａｎdｄateofiｓsｕe⑧Drawｅrandｄrａweｅaswelｌastenoｒofｔhedraｆt3..过程:(１)Agreeｍeｎttosｅttｌｅｍentｂyalettｅｒofcreｄiｔ(2)Ａpplicatiｏｎｆorｉssuiｎgalｅｔteroｆcreｄit(3)Ｏpenｉngalｅtterofcrｅｄit(4)Notｉficａtiｏn，tｒaｎsmissiｏｎorｃonfiｒmatiｏｎofaleｔterofcr