语法专题指导课件-名词

五+二英语语法专题（一）名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。名词CollectiveNouns:

表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。Hisfamily_____notlarge.(be)Cf:Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.(be)在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.isare有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.

MaterialNouns:指无法分为个体的物质。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.

(两份）Threebeers,please.

(三杯）Itwasaspecialtea.

(一种）2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙滩）snows(积雪）waters(海域)…名词的数

不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。不可数名词的特点(1)Tablesaremadeof____.(84全国)

A.wood

B.woods

C.wooden

D.somewoods

(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.(87全国)

A.anadvice

B.advice

C.advices

D.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting______offamouswriters.(95全国)

A.wealth;work

B.wealths;works

C.wealths;work

D.wealth;works(1)没有复数形式；(2)不能直接在前面加不定冠词；(3)表示其数量不能直接在前面加数词，而要用apieceof之类的结构。

ABD名词的单复数情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾以辅音＋y结尾以辅音+o结尾以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加-es

把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watchesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves;可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys*3:以元音+o

videos;studios以oo结尾

zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)pianos一些缩写词

kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词

Eskimos;Filipinos直接在词尾加-s.*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。

单复数相同的情况：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu

只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compasses(圆规)apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle不规则复数：1.manmenEg:woman–women;chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-mediaatomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroes名词复数的规则变化(5)辅音字母+o结尾，加es读/z/但piano,photo,kilo,tobacco加s元音字母+o结尾，加s读/z/radio-radiosfoot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseox-oxenman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachersonesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名词复数的不规则变化(2):单复数形式相同onefish一条鱼fishes不同种类的鱼／各种各样的鱼threefish三条鱼somefish一些鱼肉可数名词不可数名词deer-deermeans-meansseries-series

species-speciesworks-works（工厂）Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans详见下表。_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ C.TheEvenses D.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’s BThePalmers’ CThePalmers DThePalmer’sMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。(1)DrSmithisgoingtopulloutoneofmy______.(86全国)

A.teeth

B.tooth

C.teeths

D.toothes(2)_____turngreeninspring.(86全国)

A.Leaf

B.Leafs

C.Leave

D.Leaves

(3)_____willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ (93上海)C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’当可数名词的数大于一时要用复数形式。特殊用法ADC可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语及转换1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.(93上海)

A.alotof;many

B.much;much

C.many;many

D.many;alot

2.Wewaited______forthebus.(95全国)

A.longtime

B.alongtime

C.thelongtime

D.somelongtime

3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.(85全国)

A.ManyB.Agreatmany

C.Alargenumberof

D.Agreatdealof

4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.(03上海)

A.manyof

B.massesof

C.thenumberof

D.alargeamountof

5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.(05上海春)

A.any

B.many

C.little

D.some

ABDBD6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.(2006辽宁)

A.quitealot

B.quiteafew

C.quiteabit

D.quitealittle

7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.(2006浙江)

A.toomuch

B.anumberof

C.plentyof

D.agoodmany

8.Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledgeBC1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以有复数形式。如，fishes,fruits,teas,allweathers。

2.有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时，是可数名词。如,shame/pity(憾事),interest(乐事),pleasure(乐事),surprise(意外事),disappointment(令人失望的人或事),success(成功的人或事),difficulty(难事),help(帮手)等。A不可数名词与可数名词的转换3.表示“一场/段/件/种……”时，要用a或an，此时多有形容词或of短语修饰。如，afinerain(一阵细雨),aheavysnow(一场大雪),alongtime(很长一段时间)。4.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等，可以用a(n)或数词修饰，也有复数形式。如twoteasandacoffee(两杯茶和一杯咖啡)；5.有的名词可数与否由意思而定。如：

paperglasstimeexerciseexperienceroom

不可数纸玻璃时间锻炼经验空间余地可数试卷玻璃杯次、倍习题、体操经历、房间6.有些不可数名词，无论在什么情况下也没有复数形式的，即使受形容词修饰也不能加不定冠词的。如advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,clothing等。名词的修饰语只能修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只能修饰不可数的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。

3.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。名词作定语1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s______walk.(2004上海春)

A.afourhour

B.afourhour’s

C.afour-hours

D.afourhours’

2.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.(1993全国)

A.cupofcoffee

B.coffee'scup

C.cupforcoffee

D.coffeecup3.The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.(01北京春)

A.bicycle’sshop

B.bicycleshop

C.bicyclesshop

D.bicycles’sshop4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_____journey.A.three-hour B.athreehour（05北京春）

C.athree-hourD.threehours一般用单数形式。如astonebridge(石桥),ameetingroom(会议室),morningexercise(早操),LondonAirport(伦敦机场),astorybook(故事书)，ashoeshop(鞋店)。DDBC2.man,woman要与所修饰的名词的数一致。如awomanteacher(一位女教师),twowomenteachers(两位女教师)。

3.sports,sales,clothes,goods,arts,customs等只用复数形式。如

asportsmeet(运动会),agoodstrain(货车),customshouse(海关),asalesmanager(营业主任)。4.数词+名词”作定语,若有连字符，名词用单数；若无连字符，名词用所有格。名词的搭配问题1We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.(N19993)A.wayB.choiceC.possibility D.selection

可以将“havenochoicebuttodo…”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：

IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.（05浙江卷）A．ideaB．feelingC．experienceD．sense类似的题还有：1.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin__________.(N1994)A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof_______.(1998上海)A.fare B.charge C.money D.pay3.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_______sothecompanyisdoingwell.（03北京春季）

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．Thinking4.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s______.（04天津）

Areach Bhand Chold Dplace问题2Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.（05上海卷）

A.threetimesthesizeas B.thesizethreetimesofC.threetimesasthesizeof D.threetimesthesizeof注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the+名词+of+对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：thesizeof;theweightof;thelengthof…….名词的格所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加’s，如：

Mary’sbook

以–s结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加’，如：

Teachers’Day,thestudents’reading-room

以–s结尾的专有名词所有格，如：

Engels’sworks或Engels’works’s结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：today’snewspaper,fifteenminutes’ride等与时间有关的名词。凡不能加’s构成所有格的名词，都可以与of结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：

Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：

Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.有时某些’s结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：

WecanmeetatMary’s.Hewenttohissister’sfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailor’satthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Paul’s.名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（不受损害）（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）1._______turngreeninspring.(NMET1986)A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves2.Hedroppedthe_______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup(NMET1993)3.Ineed_______cloth,forI’mgoingtomake_______clothes.(上海1993)A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot历年高考试题4.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswriters. (NMET1995)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_______.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material

(上海1996)6.You’llfindthismapofgreat_______inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET1998)A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness7.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.(上海1998)A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_______ofliving.(上海1998)A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_______ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol(上海1998)10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_______ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.(上海2001)A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.----Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?----No,it’soutof_______. (上海2001)A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_______.(上海2001)

A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities16.Forthesakeofherdaughter’shealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_______.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate(上海2002)17.Toregaintheir______afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.(上海2002)A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohn’spartyandonthat_______hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasion